Closed

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

Closed

Definition: Closed

Closed

Adjective

1. Not open or affording passage or access; "the many closed streets made travel difficult"; "our neighbors peeped from behind closed curtains".

2. (mathematics) of a curve or surface; having no end points or boundary curves; of a set; having members that can be produced by a specific operation on other members of the same set; of an interval; containing both its endpoints.

3. Not open; "the door slammed shut".

4. Used especially of mouth or eyes; "he sat quietly with closed eyes"; "his eyes were shut against the sunlight".

5. Requiring union membership; "a closed shop".

6. With shutters closed.

7. Not open to the general public; "a closed meeting".

8. Not having an open mind; "a closed mind unreceptive to new ideas".

9. Blocked against entry; "a closed porch".

10. : (of the wings of birds and insects) closed together.

11. : shut down; "the airport is closed because of the weather"; "the many closed shops and factories made the town look deserted".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.

Date "closed" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references)

Specialty Definition: Closed

Domain	Definition
Food & Agriculture	A)of a forest or other tract of land to which entry is, or in which specified activities are prohibited or restricted, e. g. a range from which all(grazing by)livestock is excluded, or forest land(closed forest)to which human entry is, or in which specified activities are, prohibited, e. g. because of fire danger(closed fire-season), for the protection of game(closed game season)or of wildlife in general, such action being termed closure; b)of a forest, crop or stand having a closed canopy; hence closed forest, closed crop, etc. Source: European Union. (references)
Mathematics	Commutativity. . . is needed. . . to prove that A is closed under multiplication. Source: European Union. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Specialty Definition: Closed (poker)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In the game of poker, a betting round is said to be closed if no player will have the right to raise in the round. Normally this occurs when a player calls, and the next player whose turn it is to act is the one who made the last raise, so he cannot raise further (this ends the betting round). The round can also said to be closed before it has actually ended if there are still players remaining to act, but they will not be entitled to raise either because the last raise was a sub-minimum all-in raise (see Poker table stakes rules) or because the limit ("cap") on allowed raises has been reached.
The term is also used to describe a category of poker game in which no cards held by individual players are visible to any other player before the Showdown. Most forms of Draw poker, are closed games (draw games with a Rollout are an exception). Most forms of Stud poker, in contrast, are Open games, because some players' cards are dealt face up or are exposed during play (blind stud games are an exception). Most Community card poker games like Texas hold'em are considered closed as well, because the only cards exposed before showdown belong to everyone; the individual players' cards are never seen until showdown.

See also : Poker
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Closed (poker)."

Closed form

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In mathematics, closed form can mean either:

a finitary expression, rather than one involving (for example) an infinite series - this meaning usually occurs in a phrase like solution in closed form;

or

a closed differential form: see closed form (calculus).

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Closed form."

Closed set

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

In topology and related branches of mathematics, a set is called closed if its complement is open. Intuitively, if you are outside the set, and you "wiggle" a little bit, you will still be outside the set. Note that this notion depends on the concept of "outside", the surrounding space with respect to which the complement is taken. For instance, the unit interval [0,1] is closed in the real numbers, and the set [0,1] ∩ Q of rational numbers between 0 and 1 (inclusive) is closed in the space of rational numbers, but [0,1] ∩ Q is not closed in the real numbers. Some sets are neither open nor closed, for instance the half-open interval [0,1) in the real numbers.
The notion of closed set is defined above in terms of open sets, a concept that makes sense for topological spaces, as well as for other spaces that carry topological structures, such as metric spaces, differentiable manifolds, uniform spaces, and gauge spaces.
An alternative characterization of closed sets is available via sequences and netss. A subset A of a topological space X is closed in X if and only if every limit of every net of elements of A also belongs to A. In a first countable space (such as a metric space), it is enough to consider only sequences, instead of all nets. One value of this characterisation is that it may be used as a definition in the context of convergence spaces, which are more general than topological spaces. Notice that this characterisation also depends on the surrounding space X, because whether or not a sequence or net converges in X depends on what points are present in X.
Any intersection of arbitrarily many closed sets is closed, and any union of finitely many closed sets is closed. In particular, the empty set and the whole space are closed. In fact, given a set X and a collection F of subsets of X that has these properties, then F will be the collection of closed sets for a unique topology on X. The intersection property also allows one to define the closure of a set A in a space X, which is defined as the smallest closed subset of X that is a superset of A. Specifically, the closure of A can be constructed as the intersection of all of these closed supersets.
We have seen twice that whether a set is closed is relative; it depends on the space that it's embedded in. However, the compact Hausdorff spaces are "absolutely closed" in a certain sense. To be precise, if you embed a compact Hausdorff space K in an arbitrary Hausdorff space X, then K will always be a closed subset of X; the "surrounding space" does not matter here. In fact, this property characterizes the compact Hausdorff spaces. Stone-Čech compactification, a process that turns a completely regular Hausdorff space into a compact Hausdorff space, may be described as adjoining limits of certain nonconvergent nets to the space.

A manifold is called closed if it has no boundary and is compact. This is a somewhat different notion from the one discussed above.

In film, a closed set is a sound stage to which no visitors are admitted.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Closed set."

Closed Telephone Numbering Plans

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Closed Telephone Numbering Plans
A 'closed' numbering plan is one in which the subscriber's number is a standard length, and is used for all calls, even in the same area. This has traditionally been the case in small countries and territories where area codes have not been required. However, there has been a trend in many countries towards making all numbers a standard length, and incorporating the area code into the subscriber's number.This usually makes the use of a trunk prefix (usually '0') obsolete. For example, to call Oslo in Norway before 1992, one would dial:

xxx xxx (within Oslo) (02) xxx xxx (within Norway) +47 2 xxx xxx (outside Norway) +47 22xx xxxx (after 1992)

This changed to 22 xxx xxx, so that an eight-digit number was used for all calls. In other countries, such as France, Belgium, Switzerland, and South Africa, the '0' is retained for domestic calls, whether local or national, eg:

Paris 01 xxxx xxxx (outside France +33 1 xxxx xxxx) Brussels 02 xxx xxxx (outside Belgium +32 2 xxx xxxx) Geneva 022 xxx xxxx (outside Switzerland +41 22 xxx xxxx) Cape Town 021 xxx xxxx (outside South Africa +27 21 xxx xxxx)

In Italy the '0' has been incorporated into the subscriber's number, and must be dialled internationally, eg:

Rome +39 06 xxx xxxx.

While the use of full national dialing is less user-friendly than only using a local number without the area code, the increased use of mobile phones, which require full national dialing and can store numbers, means that this is of decreasing importance. It also makes easier to display numbers in the international format, as no trunk code is required- hence a number in Prague Czech Republic can now be displayed as:
+420 2 xxxx xxxx formerly:
02 xxxx xxxx  (inside Czech Republic) 
+420 2 xxxx xxxx (outside Czech Republic)Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Closed Telephone Numbering Plans."

Closed-class word

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Closed-classes are so-called because they contain a relatively small number of items to which no new items can normally be added. In English, auxiliary verbs, are a closed class: there are a small number of them, and the list very rarely changes. Contrastingly, an open class, e.g. nouns or verbs, receive (or lose) new items much more rapidly than closed-classes. Other examples of closed-classes are:

conjunctions
determiners
prepositions
pronouns

The closed classes of the English language, in use hundreds of years ago, would still be easily recognisable by users today.
See also Open class word
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Closed-class word."

Closure

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

For closures in computer programs, see Closure (programming).
For closure in mathematics, see Closure (mathematics).
For closure in literature, see Dramatic closure.
For closure in parliamentary procedure, see Cloture.
For closure in personal relationships, see Closure (sociology).
For closure in philosophy, see Closure (philosophy).

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Closure."

Abbreviations & Acronyms: Closed

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
Entry	Source	Expression	Field
CL	English	Closed Loop	N/A
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Synonyms: Closed

Synonyms: closed in(p) (adj), closed(a) (adj), shut (adj), unopen (adj), unsympathetic (adj). (additional references)

Antonym: open (adj). (additional references)

Synonyms within Context: Closed

Context	Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Closure	Adjective: closed; Verb: shut, operculated; unopened.
Concealment	Januis clausis, with closed doors, a huis clos; hugger mugger, a la derobee; under the cloak of, under the rose, under the table; sub rosa, en tapinois, in the background, aside, on the sly, with bated breath, sotto voce, in a whisper, without beat of drum, a la sourdine.
Facility	Be at home in, make it look easy, do it with one's eyes closed, do it in one's sleep; (skillful).
Pain	Phrase: surgit amari aliquid; the place being too hot to hold one; the iron entering into the soul; "he jests at scars that never felt a wound"; "I must be cruel only to be kind"; "what deep wounds ever closed without a scar?".
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

Crosswords: Closed

English words defined with "closed": closed chain, closed in, closed session. (references)

Specialty definitions using "closed": closed air-circuit separately fan-ventilated aircooled machine, closed conduit, closed frame, closed loop, Closed Low, closed set, closed term, closed traverse, closed type head box ♦ downward closed ♦ head at closed valve. (references)

Etymologies containing "closed": Unclosed. (references)

Modern Usage: Closed

Domain	Usage
Screenplays	Said the store was closed for two hours yesterday (Clerks.; writing credit: Kevin Smith) Oh, come right in. Don't let the fact that my door is closed dissuade you in any way from entering my office (Beverly Hills Cop II ; writing credit: Larry Ferguson, Warren Skaaren) We're closed. (Touch of Evil; writing credit: Whit Masterson; Orson Welles) While you're at it, why don't you give me a nice paper cut and pour lemon juice on it? We're closed! (The Princess Bride; writing credit: William Goldman) Cut, cut, cut, this is a closed set (Blazing Saddles; writing credit: Andrew Bergman; Mel Brooks)
Lyrics	And when we get behind closed doors ("Behind Closed Doors"; performing artist: Charlie Rich) I closed my eyes and I slipped away (More Than a Feeling; performing artist: BOSTON) But as soon as I closed my eyes (Brokenhearted; performing artist: Brandy) The curtains are closed, the cats in the cradle ((I Just) Died In Your Arms; performing artist: Cutting Crew) You know i just closed by eyes (Father Of Mine; performing artist: Everclear)
Clever	When wrathful words arise, a closed mouth is soothing. (references; author: Irish Proverb) A closed mind is a good thing to lose. (references; author: unknown) Every closed eye is not sleeping, and every open eye is not seeing. (references; author: unknown) The first time we kissed, I closed my eyes, You closed your eyes and... We missed! (references; author: unknown)
Movie/TV Titles	Behind Closed Doors (2003) Closed Mondays (1974) The Closed Shop (1970) Behind Closed Doors (1958) Account Closed (1955)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Commercial Usage: Closed

Domain	Title
Books	Behind Closed Doors: A Novel (reference) Open Closed Open : Poems (reference) (more book examples)

Periodicals	Closed End Country Fund Report (reference) Kbfg Stock Report Closed End Fund Listing (reference) Lipper International Closed End Fund Service - Diskette (reference) Principia Pro For Closed End Funds - Cd-rom - Monthly (reference) (more periodical examples)

Theater & Movies	Behind Closed Doors (reference) The Roswell Report: Case Closed - The Declassified Evidence (reference) Pleasure Trade: Behind Closed Doors (reference) Roswell:Case Closed Video & Book (reference) (more DVD examples; more video examples)

Music	Behind Closed Doors [ORIGINAL RECORDING REMASTERED] (reference) Closed (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

High Tech	3M Overhead Projector Closed Head 2200 Lumens Enxlamp 3yr Warraty (reference) Overhead Projector Closed Dbl Head 2200lumens Enxlamp 3yr Warrant (reference) (more camera examples; more video game examples; more computer examples; more electronic examples; more software examples)

Consumer Goods	CST/Berger 60-ALQC120 Flat Head Contractor Tripod 63" Open / 38" Closed 5/8" x 11 Thread (reference) Delta 28-206 14" Professional Band Saw, Closed Stand 1 HP Motor (reference) (more baby examples; more wireless phone examples; more garden examples; more kitchen examples; more tool examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Image Slideshow: Closed

Photo Album: Closed

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Closed Loop Breathing System. Credit: NASA.		Mouth of a tidal pond has been closed up by a series of storms and high tides. Credit: America's Coastlines.
	An aerial view of a purse seiner after the purse has been closed and the net is being hauled aboard. Credit: Fisheries.		A view of tuna agitating the surface as the net is drawing closed. Credit: Fisheries.
	North Inlet - Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. Oyster and clam beds are closed in some portions of estuaries due to high levels fecal coliform bacteria, an indicator of sewage pollution. Credit: National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERR).		Figure 19. Hirondelle locking sounder. Prince Albert I of Monaco designed this apparatus in 1888. His idea was to modify a Baillie or Travailleur sounder by replacing the various valves with a spigot which closed after sediment entered the tube. The engineer Jules le Blanc built this instrument for Prince Albert. It was used sucessfully in 1888 off the Azores in depths of 600 to 2000 meters. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.
	Figure 2. H. Fol and E. Sarasin photometer, 1884 model. Left: device closed. Right: Device opened. This instrument was used in 1885 to study the penetration of light in Lake Leman and after that in the Mediterranean. It was tried off Cape Ferrat, France, in between 200 and 400 meters water depth. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.		An abandoned well in Carroll County is closed off. Credit: Lynn Betts.
	Closed road in a rehabilitation area along the Madison. Credit: Merv Coleman.		Pueblo Mountain WSA, a group photo of Sierra Club volunteers placing wooden water bars on a closed route. (WSA 2-81). Credit: Scott Moore.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

Digital Photo Gallery: Closed


"Nokia 7650 closed" by Mischar Jung Commentary: "Nokia 7650 cellphone front view."	"Closed for the day 1" by Matthias Wesemeyer Commentary: "Pub / cafe in Berlin-Kreuzberg, Germany."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

Sounds Captioned with "Closed".

Play	Caption	Play	Caption
	Attic door slowing swinging closed.		Zipper zipping closed; zipping.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Familiar Quotations: Closed

Author	Quotation
A.b. Alcott	That is a good book which is opened with expectation, and closed with delight and profit.
Author Unknown	Keep your mouth closed until your mind is in gear.
Catullus	Suns may rise and set; we, when our short day has closed, must sleep on during one perpetual night.
Confucius	To save face keep lower half closed.
Denis Diderot	The infant runs toward it with its eyes closed, the adult is stationary, the old man approaches it with his back turned.
Irish Proverb	When wrathful words arise, a closed mouth is soothing.
John Keble	The watchful mother tarries nigh, though sleep has closed her infants eyes.
John Peter Altgeld	The laboring people found the prisons always open to receive them, but the courts of justice were practically closed to them.
Laurence Dunphy	A closed mind is an enigma indeed. Nothing ever goes in -- but odd things are forever coming out.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Historic Usage: Closed

Author	Date	Quotation
Marbury v. Madison	1803	If it is closed upon him, and cannot be inspected by him? (reference)
Communist Manifesto	1848	The feudal system of industry, under which industrial production was monopolised by closed guilds, now no longer sufficed for the growing wants of the new markets. (reference)
Treaty of Versailles	1919	The closure of contracts relating to cotton "futures", which were closed as on July 31, 1914, under the decision of the Liverpool Cotton Association, is also confirmed. (reference)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Use in Literature: Closed

Title	Author	Quote
Emma	Austen, Jane	Their conversation was soon afterwards closed by the entrance of her father
Sylvie and Bruno	Carroll, Lewis	I could but stand outside, and take a last look at the two sweet children, ere they disappeared within, and the golden gate closed with a bang
A Christmas Carol	Dickens, Charles	Scrooge closed the window, and examined the door by which the Ghost had entered
Les Miserables	Hugo, Victor	The sister closed the curtains, hoping that she would sleep
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man	Joyce, James	He closed the door and, walking swiftly to the bed, knelt beside it and covered his face with his hands
Grapes of Wrath	Steinbeck, John	His upper lip was long, and since his teeth protruded, the lips stretched to cover them, for this man kept his lips closed.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Non-Fiction Usage: Closed

Subject	Topic	Quote
Health		Try to keep your windows closed. (references)
		Wear long-sleeved shirts and closed shoes and socks. (references)
		The pelvic floor muscles also help keep the urethra closed. (references)
Business		Purchasing practices in Ukraine vary, including open and closed tenders. (references)
		In fact, Jaguar closed their showroom recently for lack of legitimate business. (references)
		In Shanghai a women's shelter was closed after 12 months because its funding ran out. (references)
Children	Pakistan	A reported 10,000 schools have closed in recent years due to a lack of teachers. (references)
	Turkmenistan	During the annual cotton harvest, some schools in agricultural areas are closed and students work in the fields. (references)
	Samoa	A second camp closed during the year following allegations of mistreatment of some of the children in their care. (references)
Civil Liberties	Pakistan	Several Ahmadi mosques remained closed. (references)
	Jordan	The church remained closed at year's end. (references)
	Mongolia	No newspapers were closed during the year. (references)
Economic History	Burma	All the loans have been closed. (references)
	Bahamas	The Uniroyal plant has since closed. (references)
	Austria	Even assuming success, shops will remain closed on Sundays. (references)
Human Rights	Iran	The proceedings were closed. (references)
	Micronesia	Juveniles may have closed hearings. (references)
	Cuba	Both trials were closed to the public. (references)
Minorities	Slovak Republic	The police closed the case because they were unable to locate the suspects. (references)
	Japan	The directive also required local governments clearly to state which jobs were closed to noncitizens. (references)
	Azerbaijan	Local Muslim leaders and government officials were featured, warning such agencies that they should be closed. (references)
Political Economy	PHILIPPINES	Rural banking remains completely closed to foreigners. (references)
	PERU	Peru closed out a $10.5 billion Brady Plan commercial debt restructuring in March 1997. (references)
	Saudi Arabia	Most trials are closed, and defendants usually appear before judges without legal counsel. (references)
Political Rights	Cameroon	While alone inside a closed booth, citizens choose a ballot and seal it into an envelope. (references)
	Turkey	The case to close HADEP, whose predecessor parties were also closed by the Government, was pending at year's end. (references)
	Saudi Arabia	In general journalists, academics, and businessmen believe that institutionalized avenues of domestic criticism of the regime are closed. (references)
Trade	Ukraine	Most river ports have been turned into open or closed joint stock companies. (references)
	Ukraine	Larger importers may prefer to establish their own closed and secured facility. (references)
	South Africa	The last of these loans was closed in 1968 and all amounts have been fully repaid. (references)
Travel	Maldives	Banks are also closed on Saturdays. (references)
	Peru	Business offices are closed on Saturdays. (references)
	Thailand	Closed on Thai and U.S. Official Holidays. (references)
Women	Mexico	A total of 64 cases were closed after sentences were passed. (references)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	The Pale Assistant Police Commander initially told IPTF human rights officers that the incidents happened "behind closed doors" so the police could not intervene. (references)
	Liberia	On the whole, women have not recovered from the setbacks caused by the civil war, when most schools were closed, and they could not carry out their traditional roles in the production, allocation, and sale of food. (references)
Worker Rights	Haiti	The law protects union activities and prohibits a closed shop. (references)
	South Africa	On July 31, the Pretoria High Court ordered the brothel to be closed. (references)
	China	Trials are brief and are closed if issues of state security are involved. (references)
Lexicography	Devil's Dictionary	DIARY, n. A daily record of that part of one's life, which he can relate to himself without blushing. Hearst kept a diary wherein were writ All that he had of wisdom and of wit. So the Recording Angel, when Hearst died, Erased all entries of his own and cried: "I'll judge you by your diary." Said Hearst: "Thank you; 'twill show you I am Saint the First" -- Straightway producing, jubilant and proud, That record from a pocket in his shroud. The Angel slowly turned the pages o'er, Each stupid line of which he knew before, Glooming and gleaming as by turns he hit On Shallow sentiment and stolen wit; Then gravely closed the book and gave it back. "My friend, you've wandered from your proper track: You'd never be content this side the tomb -- For big ideas Heaven has little room, And Hell's no latitude for making mirth," He said, and kicked the fellow back to earth. "The Mad Philosopher"
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Spoken Usage: Closed

Speaker	Phrase(s)
Robert Novak	Mr. Chairman, the Senate and House Intelligence Committees are conducting a very deep investigation over the intelligence failures, and they're moving very methodically, slowly, behind closed doors.
Trent Lott	Well, you know, we had to deal with the anthrax matter, and it hit the Senate first. And it's continued to be a problem. The Hart Building that senators use, half of the senators have their staffs and their offices in that building, it's still closed.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Speeches: Closed

Speaker	Term	Phrase(s)
Thomas Jefferson	1801-1809	But in a few, where the arrangements for the direct tax had been retarded, it will be some time before the system is closed.
Ronald Reagan	1981-1989	We have already taken actions to counter unfair trading practices to pry open closed foreign markets.
Bill Clinton	1993-2001	The expansion of trade hasn't fully closed the gap between those of us who live on the cutting edge of the global economy and the billions around the world who live on the knife's edge of survival.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Usage Frequency: Closed

"Closed" is generally used as a lexical verb (past participle) -- approximately 45.81% of the time. "Closed" is used about 5,897 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Lexical Verb (past participle)	45.81%	2,701	3,402
Lexical Verb (past tense)	32.36%	1,908	4,480
Adjective (general or positive)	21.84%	1,288	6,132
Total	100.00%	5,897	N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

Expressions: Closed

Expressions using "closed": a closed mouth catches no flies ♦ A closed sea ♦ be closed ♦ be closed down ♦ behind closed door ♦ behind closed doors ♦ closed account ♦ closed area ♦ closed book ♦ closed captioning ♦ closed car ♦ Closed chain ♦ closed championship ♦ closed circuit ♦ closed circuit TV ♦ closed closed inpredicate ♦ closed conduit ♦ closed corporation ♦ closed couplet ♦ closed cycle ♦ closed door ♦ closed door conference ♦ closed door meeting ♦ closed door session ♦ closed end ♦ closed for repairs ♦ closed fracture ♦ closed fund ♦ closed gentian ♦ closed group charter ♦ closed in ♦ closed interval ♦ closed lap ♦ closed loop ♦ closed market ♦ closed place ♦ closed primary ♦ closed rate ♦ closed respiratory gas system ♦ closed session ♦ closed set ♦ closed shed ♦ closed shedding ♦ closed shop ♦ closed syllable ♦ closed term ♦ closed type head box ♦ closed weir ♦ closed year ♦ downward closed ♦ especial closed cupboard for dairy produce ♦ get closed ♦ head at closed valve ♦ hold closed ♦ impervious to closed ♦ keep closed ♦ remain closed ♦ road closed ♦ the bidding is closed ♦ tightly closed ♦ trial behind closed doors ♦ with closed doors. Additional references.
Hyphenated Usage
	Beginning with "closed": closed-access, closed-belief, closed-boundary, closed-box testing, closed-captioned, closed-centre, closed-chain, closed-chest, closed-circuit, closed-circuit television, closed-circuit-tv-monitored, closed-circular, closed-class word, closed-cycle, closed-door, closed-doors, closed-down, closed-drainage, closed-end, closed-end, closed-end fund, closed-end investment company, closed-ended, closed-eyed, closed-form, closed-group, closed-heart surgery, closed-in, closed-loop, closed-meshed, closed-minded, closed-mouthed, closed-off, closed-ring, closed-shop, closed-string, closed-system, closed-up, closed-world, closed-worlder, closed-worlders, closed-xxxx.
	Ending with "closed": long-closed, now-closed.
	Containing "closed": behind-closed-doors.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Closed

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Expression	Frequency per Day	Expression	Frequency per Day
closed end fund	113	closed adoption	21
closed end funds	110	alarm circuit closed	20
closed cell foam	89	closed loop	19
closed circuit television	87	closed sign	18
closed captioning	86	behind closed door lyrics	17
closed head injury	85	closed circuit camera	17
closed caption	67	closed toed shoes	16
behind closed door	63	closed eyes lyrics so tight	15
closed	50	closed end bond funds	15
closed circuit tv	43	closed corporation	14
open closed sign	39	closed endfunds.com	13
closed eyes so tight	33	closed end	13
closed toe sandal	33	closed eyes so tight vi3	13
closed caption decoder	30	closed cervix	13
closed die	28	closed door	11
closed end mutual funds	27	closed school	11
closed dragster thrill top	24	video closed captioning	11
closed eyes lyrics so tight vi3	23	closed head injury attorney	10
closed circuit	22	cell closed foam insulation	10
closed college	21	case closed	10
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Modern Translation: Closed

Language		Translations for "closed"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Afrikaans		toe (as, now, shut, then, to, toward, towards, well, well then, when). (various references)

Albanian		i zënë (busy, caught, engaged, foul, occupied), i mbyllur (barred, cagey, cagy, close, confined, enclosed, finished, glued, laid up, landlocked, locked, made, pent up, reserved, sealed, self contained, shut, shut in, uncommunicative, uncompanionable, unconversable, unsociable, unsocial, withdrawn), i izoluar (confined, isolated, secluded, sequestered), i bllokuar (blocked, locked). (various references)

Arabic		‏مقفل (locked), ‏مقصور على, ‏مغلق (bolted, fast, locked, mac, sealed, shut, shut in), ‏مسدود (blocked, congested, obstructed, plugged, sealed, shut off, stopped). (various references)

Bavarian		zua (shut). (various references)

Bulgarian		ограничен (close, confined, contracted, finite, hidebound, illiberal, insular, limitary, limited, mean, narrow, narrow minded, one track, open, parochial, pot-bound, restricted, scanty, small minded, sparing, strict, stringent, suburban), затворен (close, confined, imprisoned, jailed, jugged, landlocked, locked, mediterranean, narrow, pent, pent up, recluse, reticent, shut in), запушен (wadded). (various references)

Chinese		闭合. (various references)

Czech		zavřený (close, shut), uzavřený (cagey, cagy, incestuous, pent, recluse, retiring, select, taciturn, unapproachable, withdrawn). (various references)

Danish		lukket (shut). (various references)

Dutch		gesloten (shut), dicht (compact, concentrated, dense, shut, thick), toe (shut). (various references)

Esperanto		fermita (shut). (various references)

Finnish		umpinainen (covered), suljettu (totally-enclosed), rauhoitus-, rauhoitettu, kiinni (fast, shut), kielletty (prohibited), avaamaton (uncut, unopened). (various references)

French		fermé. (various references)

German		geschlossen (bodily, concentrated, dense, locked, narrow, shut, shutted, solid, solidly, thick, unbroken, unified, United), gesperrt (barricided, blocked, inaccessible, locked), zu (a, an, as, at, at the rate of, beside, bought in addition, for, in, inside, into, off, on, per, shut, to, too, too much, toward, towards, unto, with, within). (various references)

Greek		κλειστόσ (close, shut), κλειστός (locked), κλειστό, Απαγορευμένος. (various references)

Hebrew		מסוגר, קמוץ (clenched, economy, frugality, parsimony, retrenchment, saving, thrift), פקוק (corked, plugged, stoppered, thrombosed), אפוץ (crowded), בלום (braked, full), סתום (abstruse, blocked, closing, congested, corking, incomprehensible, obscure, stopped up, stopping, vague, vagueness), סגור (locked up, shut). (various references)

Hungarian		csukott (close, sealed, shut). (various references)

Indonesian		tertutup (sealed, stoped). (various references)

Irish		dúnta. (various references)

Italian		chiuso (close, enclosed, exclusive, pen, shut, stuffy, through). (various references)

Japanese Kanji		締め切り (closing, cut-off, deadline, end, No Entrance), 締切り (closing, cut-off, deadline, end, No Entrance), 締切 (closing, cut-off, deadline, end, No Entrance), 休業 (business suspended, holiday, shutdown), 休み中 (on break), 〆切り (closing, cut-off, deadline, end, No Entrance), 〆切 (closing, cut-off, deadline, end, No Entrance), クレブス回路 (checkroom, cleanser, cleansing cream, cleansing lotion, cleric, cloakroom, clone, close, closed stance, closed system, closet, close-up, closure, crawl, Kraepelin, Krebs cycle, Kremlin, Kremlinology). (various references)

Japanese Katakana		しめきり (closing, cut-off, deadline, end, No Entrance), きゅうぎょう (business suspended, holiday, shutdown), やすみちゅう (on break), クローズド . (various references)

Korean		닫히는. (various references)

Manx		jeight (shut). (various references)

Papiamen		cerá (shut). (various references)

Pig Latin		osedclay.(various references)

Polish		zamknięty (shut). (various references)

Portuguese		fechado (airless, cabined, close, close-mouthed, covered, fast, inmate, pent, shut, timid, wattled, wicker, windless). (various references)

Portuguese Brazilian		fechados, fechado, fechadas, fechada. (various references)

Romanian		cu uşile închise (with closed doors), obraznicul mãnâncã praznicul (a closed mouth catches no flies). (various references)

Russian		крытый (covered), находящийся под током, закрытый (close, enclosed, high-necked, hooded, occlusal, shut, unopened), закрывать закрытый, замкнутый (antisocial, clannish, cliquy, close, close-mouthed, enclosed, incommunicative, morose, retired, secretive, self contained, self-contained, shut in, spaceless, tight-lipped, withdrawn), запертый (locked, pent). (various references)

Scottish		dùinte (shut). (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		zatvoren (cloistered, confined, jailed, landlocked, not public, reserved, unopened). (various references)

Spanish		cerrado (close, cloudy, covered, reserved, sharp, short, shut, thick, tight). (various references)

Swedish		stängd (open, shut), sluten (bent, covered, reserved, reticent, sealed, shut). (various references)

Thai		ที่ไม่เปิดรับสิ่งใหม่, ที่อยู่ได้ด้วยตัวเอง, ปิด (close, occlude). (various references)

Turkish		kapatılmış (confined, covered, pent up, shut), kapanmış (cicatriced, enclosed, shut), kapalı (backhanded, cloistered, close, cloudy, cloudyly, covered, enclosed, Gray, grey, impenetrable, indoor, muggy, murky, off, overcast, privy, sable, sealed, secluded, shut, skyless, sullen, unopened). (various references)

Turkmen		яapyk (covered, enclosed). (various references)

Ukrainian		критий (barred), зачинений (close), закінчений (complete, ended, finished, perfect, thorough), закритий (close, covered, enclosed, hooded, private, shut, spaceless), замкнений (pent, shut in, withdrawn). (various references)

Vietnamese		điều mù tịt (closed book), điều biết rất ít (closed book). (various references)

Welsh		cloe%dig (locked), caee%dig (fenced), caead (cover, lid, shut, top). (various references)

Yucatec		k'ala'an (shut). (various references)

Zulu		-valwa (be closed, close). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Ancestral Language Translations: Closed

Language	Period	Translations
Latin	500 BCE-Modern	conclusae, conclusi, conclusis, conclusus, conclususque. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Bible Trace: Closed

Language	Date	Source	Genesis Chapter 2, Verse 21
Greek (transliterated)	250 BC	Septuagint	Kai epebalen o qeoV ekstasin epi ton adam kai upnwsen kai elaben mian twn pleurwn autou kai aneplhrwsen sarka ant' authV
Latin	405	Vulgate	Inmisit ergo Dominus Deus soporem in Adam cumque obdormisset tulit unam de costis eius et replevit carnem pro ea
Old English	990	West Saxon	Ða sende God slæp on Adam, ond ða ða he slep, ða genam he an rib of his sidan, ond gefylde mid flæsce ðær ðæt rib wæs.
Middle English	1395	Wyclif	Thanne send ynne the Lord God slep into Adam, and whanne he was asleep, he toke oon of his ribbis, and fulfillide flehs for it.
Renaissance English	1526	Tyndale	Then the LORde God cast a slomber on Adam and he slepte. And then he toke out one of his rybbes and in stede ther of he fylled vp the place with flesh.
Jacobean English	1611	King James	And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof;
Victorian English	1833	Webster	And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept; and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh in its place.
Basic English	1964	Ogden	And the Lord God sent a deep sleep on the man, and took one of the bones from his side while he was sleeping, joining up the flesh again in its place:
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Matched Bible Translations: Closed

Language	Genesis Chapter 2, Verse 21
Cebuano	Ug gipahinanok ni Jehova nga Dios si Adam ug nahakatulog siya; unya mikuha siya ug usa sa iyang mga gusok ug gitakpan niya ang unod sa dapit niini.
Croatian	Tada Jahve, Bog, pusti tvrd san na èovjeka te on zaspa, pa mu izvadi jedno rebro, a mjesto zatvori mesom.
Danish	Så lod Gud HERREN Dvale falde over Adam, og da han var sovet ind, tog han et af hans Ribben og lukkede med Kød i dets Sted;
Dutch	Toen deed de HEERE God een diepen slaap op Adam vallen, en hij sliep; en Hij nam een van zijn ribben, en sloot derzelver plaats toe met vlees.
Finnish	Niin Herra Jumala vaivutti ihmisen raskaaseen uneen, ja kun hän nukkui, otti hän yhden hänen kylkiluistaan ja täytti sen paikan lihalla.
French	Alors l`Éternel Dieu fit tomber un profond sommeil sur l`homme, qui s`endormit; il prit une de ses côtes, et referma la chair à sa place.
German	Da ließ Gott der HERR einen tiefen Schlaf fallen auf den Menschen, und er schlief ein. Und er nahm seiner Rippen eine und schloß die Stätte zu mit Fleisch.
Hungarian	Bocsáta tehát az Úr Isten mély álmot az emberre, és ez elaluvék. Akkor kivõn egyet annak oldalbordái közûl, és hússal tölté be annak helyét.
Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari	Lalu TUHAN Allah membuat manusia tidur nyenyak, dan selagi ia tidur, TUHAN Allah mengeluarkan salah satu rusuk dari tubuh manusia itu, lalu menutup bekasnya dengan daging.
Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama	Maka didatangkan Tuhan Allah atas Adam itu tidur yang lelap, lalu tertidurlah ia. Maka diambil Allah sebilah tulang rusuknya, lalu ditutupkan-Nya pula tempat itu dengan daging.
Maori	¶ Na ka mea a Ihowa, te Atua, kia parangia a Arama e te moe, a moe ana ia: na tangohia ana e ia tetahi o ona rara, a whakatutakina atu ana te kikokiko hei whakakapi mo reira;
Norwegian	Da lot Gud Herren en dyp søvn falle på mennesket, og mens han sov, tok han et av hans ribben og fylte igjen med kjøtt.
Portuguese	Então o Senhor Deus fez cair um sono pesado sobre o homem, e este adormeceu; tomou-lhe, então, uma das costelas, e fechou a carne em seu lugar;
Rumanian	Atunci Domnul Dumnezeu a trimes un somn adknc peste om, wi omul a adormit; Domnul Dumnezeu a luat una din coastele lui wi a knchis carnea la locul ei.
Swedish	Då lät HERREN Gud en tung sömn falla på mannen, och när han hade somnat, tog han ut ett av hans revben och fyllde dess plats med kött.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Derivations & Misspellings: Closed

Derivations
	Words beginning with "closed": closedown, closedowns. (additional references)
	Words ending with "closed": disclosed, enclosed, foreclosed, inclosed, unclosed, undisclosed, unenclosed. (additional references)
Misspellings
	"Closed" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: clessed, clopet, Closey, closset, closted, clozed, clozet, clumsed, cosied, Klokeda, Kolsek, losed, Mcloskey. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Rhyming with "Closed"

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "closed" (pronounced klō"zd)
5	k l ō" z d	disclosed, enclosed, foreclosed, undisclosed.
3	-ō" z d	composed, decomposed, deposed, juxtaposed, disposed, dozed, exposed, hosed, imposed, nosed, opposed, overexposed, posed, predisposed, proposed, reimposed, superimposed, supposed, transposed, unopposed.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

Anagrams: Closed

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "c-d-e-l-o-s"
	-1 letter: clods, close, codes, coeds, colds, coled, coles, decos, dolce, doles, lodes, scold, socle, soled.
	-2 letters: cels, clod, code, cods, coed, cold, cole, cols, deco, dels, docs, does, dole, dols, dose, elds, lode, lose, odes, olds, oles, sled, sloe, sold, sole.
	-3 letters: cel, cod, col, cos, del, doc, doe, dol, dos, eds, eld, els.
	Words containing the letters "c-d-e-l-o-s"
	+1 letter: coddles, coldest, coleads, scolded, scolder, scowled, solaced.
	+2 letters: beclouds, caseload, celadons, cheloids, cladodes, closeted, closured, clowders, coalshed, coddlers, codeless, coldness, coleseed, collides, colludes, coloreds, condoles, condyles, consoled, cordless, couldest, decalogs, decolors, disclose, enclosed, inclosed, occludes, pedocals, schooled, scleroid, scolders, scrolled, secondly, slouched, unclosed, wedlocks.
	+3 letters: accolades, blockades, boldfaces, caboodles, calloused, canoodles, caseloads, chlorides, clerkdoms, cloddiest, clodpates, clodpoles, closedown, cloudiest, cloudless, cloudlets, clupeoids, coalesced, coalsheds, coholders, colanders, coleaders, coleseeds, collapsed, colliders, colluders, colonised, concludes, condolers, conelrads, consulted, convulsed, cordelles, counseled, coverlids, credulous, creolised, deadlocks, decolours, decouples, delicious, disclosed, discloser, discloses, dislocate, domiciles, downscale, escaloped, focalised, glucoside, glycoside, headlocks, helicoids, idiolects, lacewoods, localised, locoweeds, lodicules, logicised, melodicas, nucleoids, opalesced, osculated, rockslide, scalloped, sclerosed, scolloped, scoundrel, shylocked, solecised, solecized, solicited, splotched, subcooled, vocalised.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern

5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Slideshow
7. Images: Photo Album
8. Images: Digital Art

9. Sounds
10. Quotations: Familiar
11. Quotations: Historic
12. Quotations: Fiction

13. Quotations: Non-fiction
14. Quotations: Spoken
15. Quotations: Speeches
16. Usage Frequency

17. Expressions
18. Expressions: Internet
19. Translations: Modern
20. Translations: Ancient

21. Bible Trace
22. Abbreviations
23. Acronyms
24. Derivations

25. Rhymes
26. Anagrams
27. Bibliography

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.