Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Bosnian |
BosnianAdjective1. Of or relating to of characteristic of Bosnia-Herzegovina or the people of Bosnia. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country in the Balkan peninsula, formerly part of Yugoslavia.
Bosna i Hercegovina
Official languages Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian Capital Sarajevo President Dragan Čović Area
- Total
- % waterRanked 124th
51,129 km²
NegligiblePopulation
- Total (2002)
- DensityRanked 119th
3,922,205
78/km²Independence April 5, 1992 Airline1 Air Srpska Currency Convertible Mark Time zone UTC +1 National anthem Intermeco Internet TLD .BA Calling Code 387
History
Main article: History of Bosnia and HerzegovinaFor the first centuries of the Christian era, Bosnia was part of the Roman Empire. After the fall of Rome, Bosnia was contested by Byzantium and Rome's successors in the West. Slavs settled the region in the 7th century, and the kingdoms of Serbia and Croatia split control of Bosnia in the 9th century. The 11th and 12th centuries saw the rule of the region by the kingdom of Hungary. The medieval kingdom of Bosnia gained its independence around 1200 A.D. Bosnia remained independent up until 1463, when Ottoman Turks conquered the region.
During Ottoman rule, many Bosnians dropped their ties to Christianity in favor of Islam. Bosnia was under Ottoman rule until 1878, when it was given to Austria-Hungary as a colony. While those living in Bosnia enjoyed the benefits of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, South Slavs in Serbia and elsewhere were calling for a South Slav state; World War I began when Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinated the Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo. Following the Great War, Bosnia became part of the South Slav state of Yugoslavia, only to be given to Nazi-puppet Croatia in World War II. The Cold War saw the establishment of the Communist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia under Tito, and the reestablishment of Bosnia as a republic within its medieval borders.
The Bosnian declaration of sovereignty in October of 1991, was followed by a referendum for independence from Yugoslavia in February of 1992. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On November 21, 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties signed a peace agreement that brought to a halt the three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on December 14, 1995). The Dayton Agreement divides Bosnia and Herzegovina roughly equally between the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb Republika Srpska.
Politics
Main article: Politics of Bosnia and HerzegovinaThe Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina rotates among three members (Bosniak, Serb, Croat), each elected for a 4-year term. The three members of the Presidency are elected directly by the people (Federation votes for the Bosniak/Croat, Republika Srpska for the Serb). The Chair of the Council of Ministers is nominated by the Presidency and approved by the House of Representatives. He is then responsible for appointing a Foreign Minister, Minister of Foreign Trade, and others as appropriate.
The Parliamentary Assembly is the lawmaking body in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It consists of two houses: the House of Peoples and the House of Representatives. The House of Peoples includes 15 delegates, two-thirds of which come from the Federation (5 Croat and 5 Bosniaks) and one-third from the Republika Srpska (5 Serbs). The House of Representatives is comprised of 42 Members, two-thirds elected from the Federation and one-third elected from the Republika Srpska.
The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the supreme, final arbiter of legal matters. It is composed of nine members: four members are selected by the House of Representatives of the Federation, two by the Assembly of the Republika Srpska, and three by the President of the European Court of Human Rights after consultation with the Presidency.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Political divisions
Main article: Political divisions of Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina is divided into the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska. The district of Brčko is not part of either entity. The Federation is further divided into 10 cantons:
- Una-Sana
- Posavina
- Tuzla
- Zenica-Doboj
- Bosnian Podrinje
- Central Bosnia
- Herzegovina-Neretva
- West Herzegovina
- Sarajevo
- West Bosnia
Geography
Main article: Geography of Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia is located in the Western Balkans, bordering Serbia and Montenegro to the east and Croatia to the north and south-west. The port city of Neum in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton is the only link to the sea.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Bosnia and HerzegovinaNext to Republic of Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina was the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav Federation. For the most part, agriculture has been in private hands, but farms have been small and inefficient, and food has traditionally been a net import for the republic. The centrally planned economy has resulted in some legacies in the economy. Industry is greatly overstaffed, reflecting the rigidity of the planned economy. Under Josip Broz Tito, military industries were pushed in the republic; Bosnia hosted a large share of Yugoslavia's defense plants. Three years of interethnic strife destroyed the economy and infrastructure in Bosnia, causing unemployment to soar and production to plummet by 80%, as well as causing the death of anywhere between 60 and 200 thousand people and displacing half of the population. With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996-98 at high percentage rates on a low base; but output growth slowed appreciably in 1999, and GDP remains far below the 1990 level.
Holidays Date English Name Local Name Remarks November 25 National Day
Miscellaneous topics
- Communications of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Transportation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Military of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina
External links
Former 6 republics and 2 autonomous provinces of Yugoslavia:
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosna i Hercegovina | Croatia Hrvatska | Montenegro Crna gora | Macedonia Makedonija | Serbia Srbija (Kosovo, Vojvodina) | Slovenia Slovenija
Countries of the world | Europe | Council of Europe Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Bosnia and Herzegovina."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Bosnian language is one of the standard written versions of the Serbo-Croatian language, used primarily by Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina and elsewhere. The name for the language is a controversial issue. Croats and Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina call their language Croatian and Serbian.
The language is based on the Western variant of the Shtokavian dialect and uses the Latin alphabet.
The irony of Bosnian language is that its speakers, Bosnian Muslims or Bosniaks, are, on the level of colloquial idiom, more linguistically homogenous than either Serbs or Croats, but have failed, due to historical reasons, to standardize their language in the crucial 19th century. The first Bosnian dictionary, rhymed Bosnian-Turkish glossary authored by Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi , was composed in 1631. But, unlike Croatian dictionaries, which were written and published regularly, Uskufi’s work remained an isolated foray. At least two factors were decisive:
-Bosnian Muslim elite wrote almost exclusively in Oriental (Arabic, Turkish, Persian) languages. Vernacular literature, written in modified Arabic script, was thin and sparse.
-Bosniaks’s national emancipation lagged behind Serbian and Croatian, and since denominational, rather than cultural or linguistic issues played the pivotal role, Bosnian language project didn’t arouse much interest or support.
So, prescriptions for the language of Bosnian Muslims in the 19th and 20th centuries were written outside of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Probably the most authentic Bosniak writers (the so-called "Bosnian-Muslim revival" at the turn of the century) wrote in an idiom that is closer to Croatian language than to Serbian, but possessed unmistakeably recognizable traits, primarily lexical ones. During the Communist Yugoslavia period, the language in Bosnia and Herzegovina was linguistically shaped in the following manner: the lexis was Serbianized but the Latin script became dominant; the official name was Serbo-Croatian. After the collapse of Yugoslavia Bosniaks remained the sole inheritors of the Serbo-Croatian hybrid in Bosnian variant and are trying to reshape it, under the new name of Bosnian language, into a distinct national/ethnic standard language. The main Croat and Serb objections are that the language should be called "Bosniak" or "Bosniac" because Bosniaks, or former Bosnian Muslims, consider it their standard language- and the name "Bosnian" is deceptive since it creates the impression that it is the official language of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is not true (Bosnia and Herzegovina has three official languages: Bosnian language,Croatian language and Serbian language). On more formal level, Bosnian language is beginning to take a distinctive shape: lexically, Islamic-Oriental loan words are becoming more frequent; phonetically and phonologically, the phoneme "h" is reinstated in many words as a distinct feature of Bosniak speech and language tradition; also, there are some changes in morphology and orthography that reflect Bosniak pre-WW1 literary tradition.
External links
- Bosnian language
- Learn Bosnian language: Basic phrases
- The Oslo Corpus of Bosnian Texts
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Bosnian language."
Crosswords: Bosnian |
| English words defined with "Bosnian": assail, attack. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I'm sure you must be late for something - volunteering at the Henry Street Settlement, or rolling bandages for Bosnian Refugees (You've Got Mail; writing credit: Nora Ephron) | |
Song Titles | Bosnian Hornpipes (performing artist: Steeleye Span) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
Books | |
Music |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
 |
| "Sniper vs. sniper" by Igor Beres Commentary: "Two Bosnian soldiers hunting for Serbian sniper that fired and killed civilian woman ." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | Since 1992 approximately 320,000 Bosnian refugees have lived in Germany under temporary protection, and another 25,000 have applied for asylum. (references) | |
Children | Bosnia and Herzegovina | The course, "Democracy and Human Rights" was developed by donors and international organizations working closely with Bosnian educators, and has been officially accepted by the canton and entity-level education ministries and the Brcko District Department of Education. (references) |
Civil Liberties | Slovenia | Bosnian refugees and the Albanian community have newsletters in their own languages. (references) |
Austria | The overwhelming majority of all Bosnian refugees have been integrated into the labor market. (references) | |
Economic History | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Nationalities: Bosniac (Muslim), Bosnian Croat; Bosnian Serb. (references) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Languages: Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian (formerly "Serbo-Croatian"). (references) | |
Serbia and Montenegro | After an insurrection in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1875, Serbia and Montenegro went to war against Turkey in 1876-78 in support of the Bosnian rebels. (references) | |
Human Rights | Bosnia and Herzegovina | She was charged with genocide and other crimes against Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats. (references) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | On August 15, Dragan Jokic, a lieutenant colonel on active service with the Bosnian Serb Army, surrendered voluntarily. (references) | |
Croatia | In March the Supreme Court ordered two Bosnian Croat suspects freed in the investigation of the 1993 Ahmici massacre in central Bosnia. (references) | |
Minorities | Macedonia | There are a number of ethnic-Macedonian Muslims and Bosnian Muslims in the country. (references) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | On January 6, two Bosnian Serb men threw an explosive device into the home of a Bosniak returnee in Bosanska Gradiska. (references) | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Hard-line Bosnian Croats continued to discourage some Croat returns to central Bosnia and actively have recruited displaced Croats to resettle in Herzegovina; however this intimidation has decreased. (references) | |
Political Economy | Uae | The UAE joined the US in providing assistance to the Kosovar refugees and the Bosnian Federation. (references) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | The degree of respect for human rights continued to vary among areas with Bosniak, Bosnian Croat, and Bosnian Serb majorities. (references) | |
Croatia | In a major switch from Tudjman's policies, the new government has taken an arms-length approach in dealing with Bosnian Croats and encouraged them to act more constructively. (references) | |
Political Rights | Bosnia and Herzegovina | The OSCE conducted general elections in 1996, 1998, and 2000, municipal elections in 1997 and 2000, and special elections for the RS National Assembly in 1997. With an election law in place, responsibility for conducting elections shifts to Bosnian authorities. (references) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Continued political influence over the media and the use of coercive tactics by some nationalist parties, particularly the SDS and HDZ, precluded full citizen participation without intimidation, especially in Bosnian Croat areas and parts of the RS. A multiethnic local government administers the Brcko municipality as a district under the direct oversight of the Brcko supervisor. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Bosnia and Herzegovina | However, in practice union membership in the RS is overwhelmingly Bosnian Serb and in the Federation overwhelmingly Bosniak. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
George W. Bush | 2001-2005 | Our soldiers, working with the Bosnian government, seized terrorists who were plotting to bomb our embassy. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Bosnian" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 96.10% of the time. "Bosnian" is used about 589 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 96.1% | 566 | 11,110 |
| Noun (proper) | 3.56% | 21 | 76,261 |
| Noun (singular) | 0.34% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Total | 100.00% | 589 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expression using "Bosnian": Bosnian convertible mark. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "Bosnian": bosnian-born, bosnian-croatian, bosnian-held, bosnian-muslim, Bosnian-serb, bosnian-serbian, Bosnian-serbs. | |
Ending with "Bosnian": ex-bosnian. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "Bosnian"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Chinese | 波西尼亚, 波斯語 . (various references) | |
Danish | BAM (Bosnian convertible mark), konvertibel bosnisk-hercegovinsk mark (Bosnian convertible mark), den serbisk-bosniske part (Bosnian Serbs). (various references) | |
Dutch | Bosnisch. (various references) | |
Esperanto | bosno, bosna. (various references) | |
Finnish | Bosnian vaihdettava markka (Bosnian convertible mark), BAM (Bosnian convertible mark). (various references) | |
French | bosnien, bosniaque. (various references) | |
German | bosnisch, bosnier. (various references) | |
Greek | BAM (Bosnian convertible mark), σερβοβοσνιακό τμήμα (Bosnian Serbs), βοσνιακό μετατρέψιμο μάρκο (Bosnian convertible mark). (various references) | |
Italian | BAM (Bosnian convertible mark), parte serbo-bosniaca (Bosnian Serbs), marco bosniaco convertibile (Bosnian convertible mark). (various references) | |
Korean | 보스니아 (Bosnia). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | osnianbay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | Bosniano. (various references) | |
Romanian | bosniac. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | bosanski, bosanac. (various references) | |
Spanish | bosnio. (various references) | |
Swedish | bosnisk. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Misspellings | |
"Bosnian" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Bashnya, Basnyat, bensonian, Bornean, Bosanka, bosian, Bosnias, Bousnina, Posnan. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-b-i-n-n-o-s" | |
-1 letter: anions, basion, bonsai, nasion. | |
-2 letters: anion, banns, basin, bison, nabis, nonas, obias, sabin. | |
-3 letters: abos, ains, anis, anon, bani, bans, bias, bins, bios, boas, inns, ions, isba, nabs, nans, naoi, naos, nibs, nobs, nona, obia, obis, sain, snib, snob. | |
-4 letters: abo, abs, ain, ais, ani, ban, bas, bin, bio, bis, boa, bos, inn, ins. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-b-i-n-n-o-s" | |
+1 letter: antisnob, nonbasic. | |
+2 letters: bignonias, sanbenito. | |
+3 letters: absconding, abstention, badmintons, blazonings, botanising, carbanions, jawbonings, sanbenitos. | |
+4 letters: abnegations, abstentions, antibaryons, balloonings, benzocaines, cannabinols, consignable, incubations, inobservant, intubations, nonabrasive, nonbotanist, noncabinets, nondisabled, nonsinkable, nonsyllabic, obtainments, pensionable, snowballing, subdominant, subnational, subornation, subpoenaing. | |
+5 letters: abominations, barnstorming, bastinadoing, benefactions, bombinations, brominations, cannabinoids, carbonations, combinations, concubinages, connubialism, conscionable, conurbations, crossbanding, cybernations, debonairness, hibernations, inconsolable, inconsolably, inconsumable, inconsumably, inebriations, inobservance, interrobangs, nonambiguous, nonbotanists, nondiabetics, nondisableds, nonlibraries, pawnbrokings, recombinants, sanctionable, snowboarding, subdominants, subornations, tobogganings, urbanisation. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Digital Art 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Quotations: Speeches | 9. Usage Frequency 10. Expressions 11. Expressions: Internet 12. Translations: Modern | 13. Derivations 14. Anagrams 15. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
