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Al

Specialty Definition: Al

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Specialty Definition: AL

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

AL or al may stand for:

• Alabama
• Albania
• aluminium (Al)
• Arab League
• The American League in baseball

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "AL."

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Al Christie

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Al Christie, (November 24, 1881 - April 4, 1951) was a motion picture director, producer, screenwriter.

Born Alfred Ernest Christie, in London, Ontario, Canada, he was one of a number of Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood who made their way to Hollywood, California, attracted by the newly developing motion picture business. Al Christie began his career in 1909 working for David Horsley's Nestor Films company and by 1912 he was in charge of production a series of Western style films.

- Al Christie -

In 1916, he and his brother, Charles Christie, established their own production company, creating feature length films and short comedies. During his time in the film business, Al Christie was the author of 95 screenplays and directed and or produced more than 200 motion pictures.

He and his brother, Charles also built Hollywood's first luxury hotel. However, his motion picture company was a victim of the Great Depression and closed its doors. Unable to find work in the film indusry, he was forced to sell real estate to earn a living.

In 1926, Al Christie, along with actress Vera Steadman and Mrs. H. Prevost, mother of fellow Canadian actress Marie Prevost, was in a car accident in Florida. Mr.Christie, the driver, and Ms. Steadman suffered only minor injuries but Mrs. Prevost was killed.

Al Christie died after a lengthy illness and was interred in the Hollywood Forever Memorial Park Cemetery in Hollywood, California.

He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6771 Hollywood Blvd.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Al Christie."

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Alabama

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Alternate meanings: See Alabama (disambiguation)

Alabama

(In Detail) (Full size)
State motto: We Dare Defend Our Rights
Other U.S. States
Capital	Montgomery
Largest City	Birmingham
Area  - Total  - Land  - Water  - % water	Ranked 30th 135,765 km² 131,426 km² 4,338 km² 3.20%
Population  - Total (2000)  - Density	Ranked 23rd 4,447,100 34/km²
Admittance into Union  - Order  - Date	22nd December 14, 1819
Time zone	Central: UTC-6/-5
Latitude Longitude	30°13'N to 35°N 84°51'W to 88°28'W
Width Length Elevation  -Highest  -Mean  -Lowest	306 km 531 km   734 meters 805 meters 0 meters
ISO 3166-2:	US-AL

Alabama is a southern state located in the southern United States; the population of Alabama is 4,447,100 as of 2000.

USS Alabama was named in honor of this state.

History

Main article: History of Alabama

Among Native American people once living in present Alabama were Alabama (Alibamu), Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Koasati, and Mobile.

Alabama was once a region claimed by the Spaniards as part of Florida. The English also claimed it as part of the province of Carolina. Nevertheless, when the french took over Louisiana they also took over the territory including Alabama. Later when the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase and the Mississippi Territory, there was much controversy as to whether or not Alabama was included. Nevertheless, Alabama became the 22nd state in 1819.

The state of Alabama seceded from the Union and became a Confederate state on January 11, 1861. While not many battles were fought in the state, it contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the Civil War. After the war a provisional government was set up in 1865 and Alabama was readmitted to the Union in June 1868.

Law and Government

Main article: Law and Government of Alabama

See: List of Alabama Governors

The current governor of the state is Bob Riley (Republican) and the two U.S. senators are Jeff Sessions (Republican) and Richard C. Shelby (Republican).

Geography

Main article: Geography of Alabama

See: List of Alabama counties

Alabama is the 30th largest state in the United States with 135,765 km² (52,419 mi²) of total area. 3.2% of that is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water. About three-fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general incline towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. Alabama ranges in elevation from sea-level to a little more than 1800 ft near the Georgia line.

Economy

The 1999 total gross state product was $115 billion placing Alabama 25^th in the nation. The Per Capita Income for the state was $23,471 in 2000. Alabama's agricultural outputs are poultry and eggs, cattle, nursery stock, peanuts, cotton, vegetables, milk, and soybeans. Its industrial outputs are paper, lumber and wood products, mining, rubber and plastic products, transportation equipment and apparel.

The Heart of Dixie
State Bird:	Yellowhammer
State Capital:	Montgomery
State Flower:	Camellia
State Motto:	"We Dare Defend Our Rights"
State Song:	"Alabama"
State Tree:	Southern Pine

Demographics

Important Cities and Towns

Main article: List of cities in Alabama

• Montgomery

Education

Colleges and Universities

Air University Alabama A&M University Alabama State University Athens State University Auburn University Auburn University at Montgomery Birmingham-Southern College Concordia College-Selma Faulkner University Huntingdon College Jacksonville State University Judson College Miles College Oakwood College Samford University Southeastern Bible College Southern Christian University

Spring Hill College Stillman College Talladega College Troy State University Troy State University at Dothan Troy State University at Montgomery Tuskegee University United States Sports Academy University of Alabama System University of Alabama at Birmingham University of Alabama at Huntsville University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa University of Mobile University of Montevallo University of North Alabama University of South Alabama University of West Alabama

Professional Sports Teams

• Minor League baseball teams
  • Birmingham Barons
  • Huntsville Stars
  • Mobile BayBears
  • Montgomery Biscuits

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Alabama."

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Alagoas

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Alagoas is a small state in northeastern Brazil lying between the states of Pernambuco and Sergipe; touching the state of Bahia along a part of its southwestern border. It has an area of 27,933 square km. and a population of 2,818,000. The capital city is Maceió.

The state's name originates with the lakes along its coast near the city of Maceió. The coast is bordered by fringing reefs and many fine beaches. The economy has been agricultural, dependent largely on large sugar cane plantations with some tobacco. Sugar cane formed the basis for an alcohol industry that is in decline. Small to medium sized tanker ships took alcohol onboard in Maceió's port with considerable frequency during the peak period. Such loads still take place with less frequency. Another local industry is based on chemical products from brine pumped from deep wells on the outskirts of Maceió.

In the last twenty years the tourist industry has found the beaches and Maceió itself has changed from a rather sleepy little port with coconut palm plantations along its beaches to high rise hotels. The northern coast is beginning to see some of this development in the form of resorts attracting people from the south and some from Europe.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Alagoas."

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Aluminium

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Magnesium - Aluminium - Silicon B Al Ga       Full table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	Aluminium, Al, 13
Chemical series	True metals
Group, Period, Block	13 (IIIA), 3 , p
Density, Hardness	2700 kg/m3, 2.75
Appearance	silvery
Atomic Properties
Atomic weight	26.981538 amu
Atomic radius (calc.)	125 (118) pm
Covalent radius	118 pm
van der Waals radius	no data
Electron configuration	[Ne]33s2 3p1
e- 's per energy level	2, 8, 3
Oxidation states (Oxide)	3 (amphoteric)
Crystal structure	Cubic face centered
Physical Properties
State of matter	solid
Melting point	933.47 K (1220.58 °F)
Boiling point	2792 K (4566 °F)
Molar volume	10.00 ×1010-3 m3/mol
Heat of vaporization	293.4 kJ/mol
Heat of fusion	10.79 kJ/mol
Vapor pressure	2.42 E-06 Pa at __ K
Speed of sound	5100 m/s at 933 K
Miscellaneous
Electronegativity	1.61 (Pauling scale)
Specific heat capacity	900 J/(kg*K)
Electrical conductivity	37.7 106/m ohm
Thermal conductivity	237 W/(m*K)
1st ionization potential	577.5 kJ/mol
2nd ionization potential	1816.7 kJ/mol
3rd ionization potential	2744.8 kJ/mol
4th ionization potential	11577 kJ/mol
5th ionization potential	14842 kJ/mol
6th ionization potential	18379 kJ/mol
7th ionization potential	23326 kJ/mol
8th ionization potential	27465 kJ/mol
9th ionization potential	31853 kJ/mol
10th ionization potential	38473 kJ/mol
Most Stable Isotopes
iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 26Al {syn.} 7.17 E5 y Epsilon 4.004 26Mg 27Al 100% Al is stable with 14 neutrons
SI units & STP are used except where noted.

Aluminium or aluminum (in the U.S. and Canada) is a chemical element in the periodic table with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. A silvery, ductile metal, aluminium is found primarily as the ore bauxite and is remarkable for its resistance to oxidation, its strength, and its light weight. Aluminium is used in many industries to make millions of different products and is very important to the world economy. Structural components made from aluminium are vital to the aerospace industry and very important in other areas of transportation and building in which light weight, durability, and strength are needed.

Notable characteristics

Aluminum is a soft, lightweight and but strong metal with a dull silver-gray appearance, due to a thin layer of oxidation that forms quickly when it is exposed to air and which prevents further corrosion. Aluminium weighs about one-third as much as steel or copper; is malleable, ductile, and easily machined and cast; and has excellent corrosion resistance and durability. It is also nonmagnetic and nonsparking and is the second most malleable metal and the sixth most ductile.

Applications

Whether measured in terms of quantity or value, aluminium's use exceeds that of any other metal except iron, and it is important in virtually all segments of the world economy. Pure aluminium is soft and weak, but it can form alloys with small amounts of copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, and other elements to make alloys having a variety of useful properties.

These alloys form vital components of aircraft and rockets. When aluminium is evaporated in a vacuum it forms a coating that reflects both visible light and radiant heat. These coatings form a thin layer of protective aluminium oxide that does not deteriorate as silver coatings do. Coating telescope mirrors is another use of this metal.

Some of the many uses for aluminium are in

• Transportation (automobiles, airplanes, trucks, railcars, marine vessels, etc.)
• Packaging (cans, foil, etc.)
• Construction (windows, doors, siding, etc.)
• Consumer durable goods (appliances, cooking utensils, etc.)
• Electrical transmission lines (because of its light weight, even though its electrical conductivity is only 60% of copper's)
• Machinery.

Its oxide, alumina, is found naturally as corundum, emery, ruby, and sapphire and is used in glass making. Synthetic ruby and sapphire are used in lasers for the production of coherent light.

Aluminium oxidizes very energetically and as a result has found use in solid rocket fuels and thermite.

History

Friedrich Wöhler is generally credited with isolating aluminium (Latin alumen, alum) in 1827. However, this metal was produced for the first time in impure form two years earlier by Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Ørsted. The invention of the Hall-Héroult process in 1886 made extracting aluminium from minerals inexpensive, and so it is now in common use throughout the world.

Ancient Greeks and Romans used this metal as dyeing mordant and as an astringent to bind wounds, and alum is still used as a styptic. In 1761 Guyton de Morveau proposed calling the base alum alumine.

Occurrence & resources

Although Al is an abundant element in the Earth's crust (8.1%), it is very rare in its free form and was once considered a precious metal more valuable than gold. It is therefore comparatively new as an industrial metal and has been produced in commercial quantities for just over 100 years.

Aluminum was, when it was first discovered, extremely difficult to separate from the rocks it was part of and, since the whole of the Earth's aluminum was bound up in the form of compounds, the most difficult metal on earth to get, despite the fact that it is one of the planet's most common.

For a while, precious aluminum was more valuable than gold, but the prices dropped continually and collapsed altogether when an easy extraction method was discovered in 1889.

Recovery of this metal from scrap (via recycling) has become an important component of the aluminium industry. A common practice since the early 1900s, aluminium recycling is not new. It was, however, a low-profile activity until the late 1960s when recycling of aluminium beverage cans finally placed recycling into the public consciousness. Sources for recycled aluminium include automobiles, windows and doors, appliances, containers and other products.

Aluminium is a reactive metal and cannot be extracted from its ore, bauxite (Al₂O₃), through reduction with carbon. Instead it is extracted by electrolysis — the metal is oxidized in solution and then reduced again to the pure metal. The ore must be in a liquid state for this to occur. However, bauxite has a melting point of 2000°C, which is too high a temperature to achieve economically. Instead, the bauxite for many years was dissolved in molten cryolite, which lowers the melting point to about 900°C. But now, cryolite has been replaced by an artificial mixture of aluminium, sodium, and calcium fluorides. This process still requires a great deal of energy, and aluminium plants usually have their own power stations nearby.

The electrodes used in the electrolysis of bauxite are both carbon. Once the ore is in the molten state, its ions are free to move around. The reaction at the negative cathode is

Al³⁺ + 3e^- → Al

Here the aluminium ion is being reduced (electrons are added). The aluminium metal then sinks to the bottom and is tapped off.

The positive anode oxidizes the oxygen of bauxite, which then reacts with the carbon electrode to form carbon dioxide:

2O^2- → O₂ + 2e^-

O₂ + C → CO₂

This cathode must be replaced often because it turns into carbon dioxide. Despite the cost of electrolysis, aluminium is a cheap and widely used metal. Aluminium can now be extracted from clay, but this process is not economical.

Isotopes

Aluminium has nine isotopes, whose mass numbers range from 23 to 30. Only Al-27 (stable isotope) and Al-26 (radioactive isotope, t_1/2 = 0.72 × 10⁶ y) occur naturally. Al-26 is produced from argon in the atmosphere by spallation caused by cosmic-ray protons. Aluminium isotopes have found practical application in dating marine sediments, manganese nodules, glacial ice, quartz in rock exposures, and meteorites. The ratio of Al-26 to beryllium-10 has been used to study the role of transport, deposition, sediment storage, burial times, and erosion on 10⁵ to 10⁶ year time scales.

Cosmogenic Al-26 was first applied in studies of the Moon and meteorites. Meteorite fragments, after departure from their parent bodies, are exposed to intense cosmic-ray bombardment during their travel through space, causing substantial Al-26 production. After falling to Earth, atmospheric shielding protects the meteorite fragments from further Al-26 production, and its decay can then be used to determine the meteorite's terrestrial age. Meteorite research has also shown that Al-26 was relatively abundand at the time of formation of our planetary system. Possibly, the energy released by the decay of Al-26 was responsible for the remelting and differentiation of some asteroids after their formation 4.6 billion years ago.

Precautions

Aluminium is one of the few abundant elements that appear to have no beneficial function in living cells, but a few percent of people are allergic to it -- they experience contact dermatitis from any form of it: an itchy rash from using styptic or antiperspirant products, digestive disorders and inability to absorb nutrients from eating food cooked in aluminium pans, and vomiting and other symptoms of poisoning from ingesting such products as Kaopectate, Amphojel, and Maalox. In other persons, aluminium is not considered as toxic as heavy metals, but there is evidence of some toxicity if it is consumed in excessive amounts, although the use of aluminium cookware, popular because of its corrosion resistance and good heat conduction, has not been shown to lead to aluminium toxicity in general. Excessive consumption of antacids containing aluminium compounds and excessive use of aluminium-containing antiperspirants are more likely causes of toxicity. It has been suggested that aluminium may be linked to Alzheimer's disease, although that research has recently been refuted.

Spelling

The official IUPAC spelling of the element is aluminium; however, Americans and Canadians generally spell and pronounce it aluminum. In 1807, Humphrey Davy proposed aluminum for the name of this then-undiscovered metal, but he later decided to change the name to aluminium to conform with the "ium" convention used in most element names. The aluminium spelling then became the most common in both Britain and the United States. Then the United States changed over time to aluminum for popular purposes. The official name used in the United States in the field of chemistry remained aluminium until 1926 when the American Chemical Society decided to use the name aluminum in its publications.

In 1990 the IUPAC adopted aluminium as the standard international name for the element. Aluminium is also the name used in French, Dutch, German, Danish, and Swedish; Italian uses alluminio, Portuguese alumínio and Spanish aluminio. (The use of these words in these other languages is one of the reasons IUPAC chose aluminium over aluminum.) In 1993, IUPAC recognized aluminum as an acceptable variant, but still prefers the use of aluminium.

External Links

• WebElements.com - Aluminium
• EnvironmentalChemistry.com - Aluminium

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Aluminium."

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Aluminium oxide

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Properties

General
Name	Aluminium oxide Aluminum oxide (US)
Chemical Formula	Al2O3
Appearance	White crystalline powder or solid
Physical
Formula weight	101.96 amu
Melting point at SP	2303 K
Boiling point at SP	3250 K
Density	3.97 × 103 kg/m3
Crystal structure	Trigonal (hex)
Solubility	Insoluble
Thermochemistry
ΔfH0liquid	−1620.57 kJ/mol
ΔfH0solid	−1675.69 kJ/mol
S0liquid, 1 bar	67.24 J/mol·K
S0solid	50.9 J/mol·K
Safety
Injestion	Low hazard
Inhalation	May cause irritation or lung damage
Skin	Low hazard
Eyes	Low hazard
SI units were used where possible.

Aluminium oxide (also Aluminum oxide) (Al₂O₃) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen. It can also be called alumina - although this name is obsolete it is still frequently used in the mining industry.

Aluminium oxide is the main component of the principal ore of aluminium (bauxite), and the main component of the gems ruby and sapphire.

Aluminium oxide is responsible for metallic aluminium's resistance to weathering. Metallic aluminium is very reactive with atmospheric oxygen, and a thin layer of aluminium oxide quickly forms on any exposed aluminium surface. This layer protects the metal from further oxidation.

Powdered aluminium oxide is frequently used as a medium for chromatography.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Aluminium oxide."

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American League

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The American League (or formally the American League of Professional Baseball Clubs) is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball in the United States of America. It developed from a minor league, the Western League, that aspired to major league status, was formed on January 29, 1900, expanded in 1900-1901 into major cities, and changed its name.

The older National League at first refused to recognize the new league and it was only after much contention that an agreement (the National Agreement) was signed that produced an acceptance of each league by the other as an equal partner in major league baseball.

Teams

Starting in 1901, the eight charter teams were the following:

• Baltimore Orioles
• Boston Americans
• Chicago White Sox
• Cleveland Blues
• Detroit Tigers
• Milwaukee Brewers
• Philadelphia Athletics
• Washington Senators

The Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, and Detroit franchises exist today in their same cities. The Boston Americans later became the Red Sox, and the Cleveland Blues later became the Indians.

The Baltimore Orioles moved to New York in 1903 and are today known as the New York Yankees. The Milwaukee Brewers became the St. Louis Browns in 1902 and became today's Baltimore Orioles in 1953. The Philadelphia Athletics moved to Kansas City in 1955 and then to Oakland in 1968. The Washington Senators relocated in 1961, becoming the Minnesota Twins.

Expansion and relocation

The American League has expanded four times. The first occurred in 1961, when the Los Angeles Angels and the Washington Senators joined the league, the latter replacing the previous Washington franchise, which had just relocated to Minnesota. The Los Angeles Angels are today known as the Anaheim Angels. The second Washington franchise moved to Texas in 1972 and became the Texas Rangers.

The second expansion occurred in 1969 when the Kansas City Royals and Seattle Pilots joined the league. The Pilots stayed just one season in Seattle before moving to Milwaukee and becoming today's Milwaukee Brewers. In 1977, the third expansion occurred adding the Toronto Blue Jays and Seattle Mariners. A fourth expansion took place in 1998 when the Tampa Bay Devil Rays joined, and in a reorganization, the Milwaukee Brewers moved to the National League.

See Major League Baseball for a complete listing to today's American League teams.

Other leagues

Several other sports have had leagues called "American League", usually with the sport name as a qualifier, such as the "American Football League" (which eventually merged with the National Football League, adopting the latter's name for the combination).

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "American League."

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Arab League

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Arab League or League of Arab States, is an organization of Arab states. It is similar to the Organization of American States, the Council of Europe or the former Organization for African Unity, in that its aims are primarily political; all of these organizations can be considered to be regional versions of the United Nations.

It is quite dissimilar from some other organizations such as European Union, because it has not achieved any significant degree of regional integration and the organization itself has no direct relations with the citizens of its member states. Instead, the League's charter states that the League shall coordinate economic affairs, including commercial relations; communications; cultural affairs; nationality, passports, and visas; social affairs; and health affairs.

The Charter of the Arab League also forbids member states from resorting to force against each other.

The Arab League was formed on March 22, 1945 by seven states. Its main goal is defined as:

Serve the common good of all Arab countries, Ensure better conditions for all Arab countries, guarantee the future of all Arab countries and fulfill the hopes and expectations of all Arab countries.

Leadership

Secretary-Generals of the Arab League

Name	Nationality	Appointed	Left Office
Amr Moussa	Egypt	2001
Dr. Ahmad Esmat abd al Meguid	Egypt	1991	2001
Chedi Klibi	Tunisia	1979	1990
Mahmoud Riyadh	Egypt	1972	1979
Abdul Khlek Hassouna	Egypt	1952	1972
Abdul Razek Azzam	Egypt	1945	1952

Members

The current and former members of the Arab League (and the date of their admission):

• Egypt 1945-3-22 (Founder)
• Iraq 1945-3-22 (Founder)
• Jordan 1945-3-22 (Founder)
• Lebanon 1945-33-22 (Founder)
• Saudi Arabia 1945-3-22 (Founder)
• Syria 1945-3-22 (Founder)
• Yemen 1945-5-5 (Founder)
• Libya 1953-3-28 (withdrew from the League in October 2002)
• Sudan 1956-1-19
• Morocco 1958-10-1
• Tunisia 1958-10-1
• Kuwait 1961-7-20
• Algeria 1962-8-16
• United Arab Emirates 1971-6-12
• Bahrain 1971-9-11
• Qatar 1971-9-11
• Oman 1971-9-29
• Mauritania 1973-11-26
• Somalia 1974-2-14
• Palestine 1976-9-9
• Djibouti 1977-4-9
• Comoros 1993-11-20

The headquarters of the League is Cairo, Egypt. During Egypt's suspension, Tunis, Tunisia served as the League's headquarters.

Timeline

• 1942 - The United Kingdom promoted the idea of the Arab League in an attempt win over Arabs as allies in war against Germany.
• 1944 - Official representatives from Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, North Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Transjordan (Jordan) and Palestine met in Alexandria, Egypt, and agree to form the League of Arab States.
• 1945 - Arab states signed the Arab League Pact, thereby formally inaugurating the league.
• 1946 - Arab League members sign the Cultural Treaty.
• 1950 - League members signed the Joint Defence and Economic Cooperation Treaty.
• 1953 - The Economic and Social Council was formed; Libya joined the Arab League.
• 1956 - Sudan joined the Arab League.
• 1958 - Morocco and Tunisia joined the Arab League; the League was recognized by the United Nations, and became the UN's organisation for education, science and culture in the Arab region.
• 1961 - Kuwait joined the Arab League.
• 1962 - Algeria joined the Arab League.
• 1964 - The first summit convened in Cairo; the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALESCO) was set up; a second league summit that autumn welcomed the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
• 1967 - South Yemen joined the Arab League.
• 1971 - Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates joined the Arab League.
• 1973 - Mauritania joined the Arab League.
• 1974 - Somalia and Palestine (represented by the PLO ) joined the Arab League.
• 1976 - Arab League summit in Cairo authorises the formation and deployment of an Arab peacekeeping force in Lebanon.
• 1977 - Djibouti joined the Arab League.
• 1979 - Egypt was suspended from the Arab League in the wake of President Anwar Sadat's visit to Jerusalem and Egypt's peace agreement with Israel; the Arab League headquarters were moved to Tunis.
• 1987 - The Arab League unanimously endorsed a statement Iraq's defense of its legitimate rights in its dispute with Iran.
• 1989 - Egypt was readmitted into the Arab League; the league's headquarters was moved back to Cairo.
• May 1990 - A summit meeting in Baghdad criticized Western efforts to prevent Iraq from developing advanced weapons technology.
• August 1990 - At emergency summit, 12 out of 20 states present condemned the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait; unified Yemen joined the Arab League.
• 1993 - Comoros joined the Arab League.
• 1994 - The Arab League condemned a decision by the Gulf Cooperation Council to end the secondary and tertiary trade embargo against Israel and insists that the embargo could be lifted only by the league's council.
• 1996 - The Arab League Council determined that the waters of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers be shared equitably between Iraq, Syria and Turkey. This followed complaints by Syria and Iraq that extensive construction work in southern Turkey was restricting their water supply.
• 1998 - The Arab League secretary-general condemned the use or threat of force against Iraq; Arab League interior and justice ministers signed an agreement to strengthen cooperation against terrorism; the Arab League denounced bomb attacks against US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, and US missile strikes against Afghanistan and Sudan.
• 2001 - Amr Moussa was appointed secretary-general, replacing Esmat Abdel Meguid.
• October 2002 - Libya's leader Moammar Gadhafi, announced Libya's withdrawal from the league, because of "Arab incapacity" in resolving the crisis between the United States and Iraq and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
• March 24, 2003, the League voted 21-1 in favor of a resolution demanding the immediate and unconditional removal of US and British soldiers from Iraq. The lone dissenting vote was cast by Kuwait.

External links:

• Official website

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Arab League."

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ISO 3166-2:AL

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

ISO 3166-2 codes for Albania. The purpose of this family of standards is to establish a worldwide series of short abbreviations for places, for use on package labels, containers and such. Anywhere where a short alphanumeric code can serve to clearly indicate a location in a more convenient and less ambiguous form than the full place name. US readers may wish to consider them as the equivalent of worldwide zip or postal codes. Within the Wikipedia, the codes from the country pages link to the pages for the locations they identify.

Newsletters

ISO 3166-2:2002-05-21

See also

• ISO 3166-2, the reference table for all country region codes.
• ISO 3166-1, the reference table for all country codes, as used for domain names on the internet.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "ISO 3166-2:AL."

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List of people by name: Al

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

List of people by name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Aa - Ab - Ac - Ad - Ae - Af - Ag - Ah - Ai - Aj - Ak - Al - Am - An - Ao - Ap - Aq - Ar - As - At - Au - Av - Aw - Ax - Ay - Az

• Alain, archbishop of Auxerre, scholastic philosopher
• Alamanni, Luigi, (1495-1556), poet
• Alan, Ray, ventriloquist
• Alarcon, Pablo, actor
• Alas, Leopoldo, author of 'La Regenta'
• Alba, Jessica Marie, (born 1981), US actor
• Albanel, Charles (1616-1696), Jesuit explorer of Canada
• Albani, Emma, (1847-1930), canadian soprano
• Albano, E. Fernández, Chilean president
• Albarn, Damon, (born 1968), singer-songwriter
• Al-Batani, (850-929), astronomer
• Albategnius, (see Al-Batani)
• Albee, Edward, (born 1928), dramatist
• Albéniz, Isaac, (1860-1909), Spanish pianist and composer
• Alberich of Reims, (ca.1085-1141) scholastic philosopher
• Alberoni, Giulio, (1664-1752), cardinal
• Albert The Degenerate, (ca. 1240-1314), count of Thuringia and Saxony
• Albers, Josef, (1888-1976), painter
• Albert of Aix, (fl. c. AD 1100), historian of the first crusade
• Albert The Warlike, (1522-1557), prince of Bayreuth, (Germany)
• Albert I of Belgium, (1875-1934), king of Belgium
• Albert II of Belgium, (born June 6, 1934), king of Belgium
• Albert I of Brandenburg, (c. 1100-1170), Margrave of Brandenburg
• Albert III of Brandenburg, (1414-1486), Margrave of Brandenburg
• Albert, Frederick Augustus, (1828-1902), king of Saxony
• Albert I of Habsburg, (ca 1250-1308), German emperor, duke of Austria
• Albert II of Habsburg, (1397-1439), German emperor, king of Bohemia and Hungary, and (as Albert V) duke of Austria
• Albert of Mainz, (June 28, 1490-September 24, 1545), elector and archbishop of Mainz (Germany), and archbishop of Magdeburg
• Albert I of Monaco, (1848-1922), Monaco prince
• Albert of Prussia, (1490-1568), Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and first duke of Ducal Prussia
• Albert, Charles of Savoy, (1798-1849), King of Sardinia
• Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, (1819-1861), Queen Victoria's husband & consort
• Albert III of Saxony, (1443-1500), duke and elector of Saxony
• Alberti, Domenico, (1710-1740), composer
• Alberti, Leone Battista, (1404-1472), architect
• Albertinelli, Mariotto, (1474-1515), Italian painter
• Albertson, Jack, (1907-1981), actor
• Albertz, Heinrich, (1915-1993), theologian and politician
• Albinoni, Tomaso, (1671-1751), Italian composer
• Albinus, Clodius, (died 197), Roman emperor
• Albion, Robert G, historian
• Albita, singer
• Albornoz, Severo Ochoa de, (1905-1993), Spanish scientist, Nobel Prize laureate
• Albreht, Fran, (1889-1965), poet
• Albreht, Ivan, poet
• Albreht, Vera, poet
• Albric of London, scholastic philosopher
• Albright, Madeleine, (born 1937), US Secretary of State
• Albritton, Rogers, philosopher
• Albuquerque, Afonso de, Portuguese naval general and viceroy of India
• Albuquerque, Matias de
• Albuquerque, Mouzinho de
• Albuquerque, Teresa de
• Alcántara, Francisco Linares, Venezuelan president
• Alcazar, Pedro 'El Rockero', (born 1975), world champion boxer
• Alchimowicz, Kazimierz, Polish painter
• Alcibiades, (ca 450 BC-404 BC), Athenian general and politician
• Alcidamas, (born 4th century BC), Greek rethorician
• Alcott, Louisa May, (1832-1888), British author
• Alcuin, (ca. 735-May 19 804), English monk
• Alda, Alan, (born 1936), US actor
• Aldag, Roger, Canadian athlete
• Alden, Howard, musician
• Alderton, Terry
• al-Din Muhammad Rumi, Jalal, (1207-1273), poet
• Aldini, Giovanni, (1762-1834), physicist
• Aldington, Richard, (1892-1962), poet
• Aldiss, Brian, (born 1925), British science fiction writer
• Aldrich, Henry, (1647-1710), English theologian, philosopher
• Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, US novelist
• Aldringer, Johann, (died 1634), Austrian soldier
• Aldrich, Robert, film director
• Aldrin, Edwin "Buzz, (born 1930), US astronaut
• Alechinsky, Pierre, (born 1927)
• Alegria, Claribel, poet
• Aleichem, Sholom, (1859-1916), (real name Solomon Rabinovitz), Fiddler on the Roof
• Alenio, Giulio, (1582-1649), missionary
• Aleixandre, Vicente, (died 1984), literature Nobelist
• Alekhine, Alexandre, (1892-1946), world chess champion
• Aleksandrov, Josip Murn, (1879-1901), poet
• Alekseev, Mikhail
• Aleksey I of Russia, (1629-1676)
• Aleman, Mateo, (1547-ca 1609)
• Alen, William van, architect
• Ales, Mikolas, (1852-1913), painter
• Alessi, Galeazzo, (1512-1572), architect
• Alexander, (1857-1893), patriarch of Constantinople
• Alexander Aetolus, (3rd century BC), Greek poet
• Alexander of Alexandria, Coptic Pope, Patriarch of Alexandria between 313 and 328
• Alexander II of Alexandria, Coptic Pope, Patriarch of Alexandria
• Alexander of Aphrodisias, (2nd century AD), greek philosopher
• Alexander, Arthur, musician
• Alexander Balas, ruler of the Seleucid kingdom between 150 and 146 BC
• Alexander of Battenberg, (1857-1893), king of Bulgaria
• Alexander, Bruce, author
• Alexander III of Byzantium, Byzantine Emperor
• Alexander Cornelius, (1st century BC), Greek grammarian
• Alexander, Christopher, (1822-1882), Victorian architect
• Alexander I of Epirus, king of Epirus 4th century BC
• Alexander II of Epirus, (died ca. 260 BC), king of Epirus 3th century BC
• Alexander of Greece (rhetorician), Greek rhetorician
• Alexander of Greece (king), (1917-1920), king of Greece
• Alexander, Grover Cleveland, (1887-1950), baseball Hall of Famer
• Alexander of Hales, (died 1475), scholastic philosopher
• Alexander, Sir Harold, (1891-1969), British Field Marshal
• Alexander Jannaeus, king of Judaea 103-76 BC
• Alexander, Jason, (born 1959), comedian
• Alexander, Lloyd, (born 1924), US fantasy author
• Alexander III of Macedonia, the Great, (356 BC-323 BC), king of Macedonia, conqueror of Persia and India
• Alexander, Mark Boyd, (1563-1601), poet
• Alexander Obrenovich, (1876-1903)
• Alexander of Constantinople, patriarch of Constantinople
• Alexander of Pherae, despot of Pherae between 369 and 358 BC
• Alexander of Poland, (1461-1506),
• Alexander I, Pope, (pope 97-105)
• Alexander II, Pope, (pope 1058-1061)
• Alexander III, Pope, (pope 1164-1168)
• Alexander IV, Pope, (pope 1243-1254)
• Alexander V, Pope, (Peter Philarges ca. 1339-May 3, 1410)
• Alexander VI, Pope, (1431-1503), Roman pope
• Alexander VII, Pope, (1599-1667)
• Alexander VIII, Pope, (pope 1689-1691),
• Alexander I of Russia, (1777-1825), Russian, Polish ruler
• Alexander II of Russia, (1818-1881)
• Alexander III of Russia, (1845 - 1894)
• Alexander I of Scotland, (ca 1078 - April, 1124)
• Alexander II of Scotland, (1198 - July 6, 1249)
• Alexander III of Scotland, ( 1241 - 1286), Scottish king
• Alexander I of Serbia, (1842-1858), Serbian king
• Alexander Severus, (208-235), Roman emperor
• Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1888-1934), first king of Yugoslavia
• Alexandra of Denmark, (1844-1925), widow of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom
• Alexandra of Hesse, (1872-1918), wife of the czar Nicolai Romanov, killed with her family
• Alexandros II of Alexandria, Coptic Pope 702-729
• Alexandrov, Alexander, (1883-1946), Russian composer
• Alexiou, Haris, musician
• Alexis
• Alexius I Comnenus, (1048-1118), Byzantine Emperor
• Alexius II Comnenus, (1167-1183), Byzantine Emperor
• Alexius III Angelus, Byzantine Emperor
• Alexius IV, Byzantine Emperor
• Alexius V, Byzantine Emperor
• Alexius I, Patriarch, Patriarch of Constantinople, Metropolitan of Moscow 1945-1970
• Alexius, Metropolitan of Moscow between 1354 and 1378
• Alexius II, Patriarch, Metropolitan of Moscow
• Alfano, Franco, Italian opera composer
• Alfaro, Carlota (born 1933), fashion designer
• Al-Farabi, (870-950), scientist
• Al-Fayed, Dodi, (1955-1997), playboy
• Alfelt, Else, (1910-1974), painter
• Alferov, Zhores Ivanovich, (born 1930), physicist
• Alfonsi, Peter, scholastic philosopher
• Alfonso I of Aragon, (1082-1134), king of Aragon and Navarre in 1104
• Alfonso II of Aragon, (1154-1196), king in 1162
• Alfonso III of Aragon, (1265-1291), king in 1285
• Alfonso IV of Aragon, (1299-1336), king in 1327
• Alfonso V of Aragon, (1394-1458), king in 1416
• Alfonso I of Asturias, (693-757), king in 737
• Alfonso II of Asturias, (759-842), king in 791
• Alfonso VI of Castile, (1040-1109), king of Castille in 1072 and of León in 1065
• Alfonso VII of Castile, (1105-1157), the Emperor, king of Castille and León in 1126
• Alfonso VIII of Castile, (1155-1214), king of Castille in 1158
• Alfonso IX of Castile, (1171-1230), king of Leon 1188-1230
• Alfonso X of Castile, (1221-1284), king of Castille 1252
• Alfonso XI of Castile, (1311-1350), king of Castille and León in 1312
• Alfonso III of Leon, (848-910), the Great, king in 866
• Alfonso IV of Leon, (ca900-933), king of León between 926 and 931
• Alfonso V, (ca999-1028), king of León and Galicia
• Alfonso I Henriques, (1109-1185), first king of Portugal
• Alphonso II of Portugal, (1185-1233), king in 1212
• Alphonso III of Portugal, (1210-1279), king in 1247
• Alphonso IV of Portugal, (1290-1357), king in 1325
• Alphonso V of Portugal, (1432-1481), king in 1438
• Alphonso VI of Portugal, (1643-1683), king in 1656
• Alfonso XII of Spain, (1880-1904), later one of the Kings of Spain
• Alfonso XIII of Spain, (1886-1941)
• Alfred the Great, (847?-899), of Wessex, English
• Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, (1844-1900), later Duke of Edinburgh and Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, second son of Victoria of the United Kingdom
• Alfred of Sareshel, scholastic philosopher
• Alfvén, Hannes Olof Gösta, (1908-1995), physicist
• Alfvén, Hugo, Swedish musician
• Algardi, Alessandro, (1598-1654), sculptor, painter
• Algarotti, Francesco, (December 11 1712 – May 3 1764)
• Alger, Horatio, Jr, (1832-1899), Unitarian minister, author
• Algren, Nelson, (1909-1981), The Man With the Golden Arm
• Alhazen (Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn Alhasan)
• Ali Ben Abu Talib, (c. 600-661), caliph and imam
• Ali, Laila, (born 1977), US world champion female boxer, daughter of Muhammad Ali
• Ali, Muhammad, (born 1942), US world champion boxer, The Greatest
• Ali Pasha, Mohammad, Ottoman governor in Egypt
• Ali, Ramadan (born approx. 1940), brother, trainer of Muhammad Ali.
• Alia, Ramiz, Albanian president 1985-1992
• Ali, Rashied, musician
• Ali, Tatyana, (born 1979), actress, singer
• Alibekov, Kanatjan, Senior Soviet Bioweapons Expert from 1970-1992.
• Alice of Athlone
• Alighieri, Dante, (1265-September 14, 1321), Italian poet
• Alison, Archibald, (died 1839), Scottish author
• Alisoun, poet
• Alizoti, Fejzi, Albanian politician
• Alkan, Siegfried, (1858 - 1941), German composer
• al-Kathiri, Hussein
• al-Kathiri, Ja'far bin Mansur
• al-Kashi, Ghiyath, (circa 1370), Arab mathematician
• Al-Khwarizmi, (780-850), (Al-Khwarazmi) founder of Algorithm algebra, mathematician, astronomer
• Allacci, Leone, (1586-1669), Greek scholar and theologian
• Allan, David, (1744-1796), painter
• Allansson, Ove, Swedish writer
• Allectus, Roman Emperor
• Allegri, Gregorio, (1582-1652), Italian composer
• Allen, A. A, US televangelist
• Allen, Andrew, astronaut
• Allen, Carl, musician
• Allen, Charlotte Vale, (born 1941), romantic novels writer
• Allen, Chesney, British comedian
• Allen, Daevid, musician
• Allen, Damon, athlete
• Allen, Donald, (New American Poetry)
• Allen, Ethan, (1738-1789), American patriot leader
• Allen, Fred, (1894-1956), comedian
• Allen, George, (born 1922), American football coach
• Allen, Ginger Lynn, (born 1962), actress
• Allen, Grant, (1848-1899), The Woman Who Did
• Allen, Joseph, astronaut
• Allen, Paul, (born 1953), entrepreneur
• Allen, Red, (1908-1967), musician
• Allen, Richard, (1760-1831), ex-slave, religious leader, A.M.E. Church founder
• Allen, Richard V, United States National Security Advisor, 1981-82.
• Allen, Richard, pen name of British author James Moffat
• Allen, Roger MacBride, author
• Allen, Steve, (1921-2000), actor, composer, writer
• Allen, William, (1803-1879)
• Allen, Cardinal William, (died 1594), English cardinal.
• Allen, Woody, (born 1935), US comedian actor and director
• Allenby, Edmund, (1861-1936), British soldier
• Allende, Isabel, (born 1942), Chilean author
• Allende, Salvador, (1908-1973), Chilean president
• Allesbrook, Geoffrey Pole, (1956-1959)
• Alley, Kirstie, (born 1955), US actress
• Allingham, Margery, (1904-1966), author
• Allingham, William, (1828?-1889), poet
• Allinson, Sidney, Canadian writer
• Allison, Ben
• Allison, Mose, (born 1927), musician
• Allison, William Boyd, (1813-1894),
• Allix, Pierre, (1641-1717), French protestant writer
• Allman, Duane, (1946-1971), of the Allman Brothers Band
• Allman, Eric, sendmail
• Allman, Greg, musician
• Allmers, Hermann, (born 1821)
• Allori, Alessandro, (1577-1621), Italian painter
• Allori, Cristofano, (died 1621), Italian painter.
• Allred, James V, American Governor of Texas (1935-1939)
• Allston, Washington, (1779-1843), painter
• Allsup, Tommy, musician
• Alma-Tadema, Lawrence, (1836-1912), painter
• Almada, Mario, actor
• Almagro, Diego De, (1475-1538)
• al-Mahdi, Mulay Hassan bin
• al-Maktoum, Rashid Bin Said, (1979-1991), prime minister
• Almeida, Joaquim de, portuguese actor
• Almodovar, Pedro, (born 1951), Spanish film director
• Almqvist, Carl Jonas Love, Swedish writer
• al-Nahayan, Zaid bin Sultan
• Alonso, Alicia, prima ballerina
• Alonso, Damaso, poet
• Alonso, Maria Conchita, Cuban born, [Venezuela|Venezuelan]] nationalized actress
• Alphege, (954-1023), Archbishop of Canterbury, Saint
• Alphonso I of Portugal, (1109-1185), first king of Portugal in 1139
• Alphonso II of Portugal, (1185-1233), king in 1212
• Alphonso III of Portugal, (1210-1279), king in 1247
• Alphonso IV of Portugal, (1290-1357), king in 1325
• Alphonso V of Portugal, (1432-1481), king in 1438
• Alphonso VI of Portugal, (1643-1683), king in 1656
• Alpini, Prospero, (1553-1617), Italian botanist
• al-Qu'aiti, Awadh bin Saleh
• al-Qu'aiti, Saleh bin Ghalib
• al-Raschid, Haroun, caliph of Baghdad
• al-Rasheed, Mohammed Ahmad
• Al-Saud, Sultan Salman, astronaut
• Alsop, Vincent, (ca. 1630-1703)
• Alsted, Johann Heinrich, (1588-1638), German theologian
• Alston, Charles, (1907-1977), painter
• Alston, William
• Altamirano, Luis, Chilean president
• Altdorfer, Albrecht, (1480-1538), German painter
• Alterman, Natan, poet
• Altishoven, Eduard Pfyffer von, Swiss president
• Altman, Robert, (born 1925), film director
• Altman, Scott, astronaut
• Altman, Sid, Molecular Biologist
• Alured of Beverley
• Alvarado, Pedro de, (1495-1541)
• Alvares Pereira, Nuno, (1360-1431), Portuguese general
• Alvarez, Elvis, world champion boxer, murdered
• Alvarez, Enrique, sculptor
• Alvarez, Francisco, (1465?-1541?)
• Alvarez, Jorge Montt, Chilean president
• Alvarez, Julia, author
• Alves, Laura, actress
• Alypius, patriarch of Constantinople
• Alypius of Antioch, geographer
• Alypius, Patriarch, patriarch of Constantinople
• Alzado, Lyle, American football player

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of people by name: Al."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: Al

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Synonyms within Context: Al

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Modern Usage: Al

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Commercial Usage: Al

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Image Slideshow: Al

Photos: Al More pictures...

Illustrations: Al More pictures...

Computer Images: Al More pictures...

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Photo Album: Al

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Talladega, AL. Credit: NASA.		Driving pin for steady rod support Level party of Al Thorson. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
	Coastal Pelagic Fisheries: Small coastal pelagic species are exploited by coast al purse seiners. Top: Coastal purse seiners in the harbor of Fuengirola, Spain . Bottom: Anchovies caught in the Alboran Sea by coastal purse seiners and landed in Fuengirola, Spain. Credit: Fisheries.		Figure 51. Pettersson universal apparatus designed by Otto Pettersson in 1904. This instrument sampled plankton and water, as well as measuring temperature, current velocity, and current direction. It was used for the first time in the Skaggerak and also in the Baltic Sea. The thermometer is placed in the horizont al cylinder shown at the back of the image. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.
	Tech. Sgt. Al Perkins.		379th Air Expeditionary Wing, Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar.
	Cheryl Whalen, NRCS, discusses the landscaping plan for a community garden in the Echo Park area of Los Angeles, CA. Alice Young, NRCS, and Al Renmer are in the background. [Slide 97CS2984]. Credit: Bob Nichols.		NRCS employee Kerry Perkins, and Ted Smidt and landowner Al Moore observing progress of conservation plan on Hurd Creek, Washington. Credit: Gary Wilson.
	Mark and Angela Parker and their family working in their home garden. Gee's Bend, AL. May 1939. Credit: USDA.		A tenant farmer and a member of his family hoeing cotton. Eutaw, AL. July 1936. Credit: USDA.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Al
 

"Burj Al Arab" by Martin Manegold Commentary: "7 Star Hotel in Dubai."	"Guerra al capitol" by Feike Kloostra Commentary: "Wall with propaganda graffiti on it."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Use in Literature: Al

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Non-Fiction Usage: Al

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Spoken Usage: Al

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Speeches: Al

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Usage Frequency: Al