Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Adobe |
AdobeNoun1. The clay from which adobe bricks are made. 2. Sun-dried brick; used in hot dry climates. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "adobe" was first used: 1739. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Energy | A building material made from clay, straw, and water, formed into blocks, and dried; used traditionally in the southwestern U.S. (references) |
Mining | A fine-grained, usually calcareous, hard-baked clayey deposit mixed with silt, usually forming as sheets in the central or lower parts of desert basins, as in the playas of the southwestern United States and in the arid parts of Mexico and South America. It is probably a windblown deposit, although it is often reworked and redeposited by running water. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Adobe is a construction material composed of sandy clay and (usually) straw, which can be cast into bricks or shaped directly into walls using wooden frames. Adobe structures are easily damaged by excessive moisture, but offer significant advantages in hot, dry climates, as they remain cooler than alternatives based on more "modern" materials.Adobe can be pronounced ah-doh-bee or uh-doh-bee. It can refer to either the bricks, the material used or for a building made of adobe. Buildings made of sun-dried earth are common in the Middle East, North Africa, and in Spain (usually in the Mudejar style), but Adobe had been in use by Native Americans in the Southwestern United States and the Andean region of South America for several thousand years, although often substantial amounts of rock are used in the walls of Pueblo buildings.
This method of brick making was imported in the 16th century by Spaniards from Mexico and Peru. A distinction is sometimes made between the smaller adobes, which are about the size of ordinary baked bricks, and the larger adobines, some of which are as much as from one to two yards long.
In more modern usage, the term "adobe" has come to mean a style of architecture that is popular in the desert climates of North America, especially in New Mexico. Cf. stucco.
Adobe is from the Spanish adobar which means "to plaster" and is traceable through Arabic to an Egyptian hieroglyph meaning brick.
Adobe, sometime abbreviated 'dobe, soil or land is land, such as sometimes encountered in the San Luis Valley of Colorado which is a hard packed clay. During or immediately after a rain, a road in such land is quite slick, although not muddy as the rain does not penetrate the clay very quickly
Composition of adobe
Adobe is a mixture of clay and sand. Too much sand and the material crumbles; too much clay and it will crack. To find the right combination experiment with the materials at hand until your bricks come out right. The same combining of sand and clay is used by Pueblo Indians to made the raw material for production of pottery or even to make molds for the casting of jewelry.
Adobe bricks
Bricks are made in an open frame, 25 cm (10 inches) by 36 cm (14 inches) is a reasonable size, but any convenient size is fine for your own use. After the mud is put into the frame the frame is removed. After a few hours the bricks are put on edge to finish drying. Bricks should be dried in the shade.Use the same mixture you use to make bricks for mortar when laying the bricks and for plaster on the interior and exterior walls. It is sometimes useful to include occasional pieces of wood as you lay a wall to give something to nail insulation onto.
Bricks can be made waterproof by adding emulsified asphalt to the mud. To test bricks for waterproofing immerse them in water for 24 hours. A good brick will not soak up more than about 16 mm (1/16th of an inch) of water. To test for strength, drop a finished brick from a height of 0.9 m to 1.5 m (3 to 5 feet) to see if it breaks. Sometimes if the sand is too fine, the finished bricks will be weak. Straw is sometimes, even traditionally, added to the mix when making adobe bricks, but offers no particular advantage.
Good insulation
Because an adobe wall, either with bricks or using a rammed earth technique, is massive it will hold heat or cold. That means insulation needs to be put on the outside of your wall so once your wall is warmed up it will maintain the stablity of the temperature of the building. A south facing adobe wall may be left uninsulated in order that it can collect heat during the day. It should be thick enough that it remains cool on the inside during the heat of the day but should be thin enough that the heat can be transferred through the wall by evening. Such a wall can be covered with glass to increase heat collection. Used in a passive solar home such a wall is called a Trombe wall.
For the software company, see Adobe Systems
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Adobe."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Adobe Systems is a computer software company, founded in December 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke after they left Xerox PARC to further develop and commercialize the PostScript page description language. Apple Computer subsequently licensed for use in their LaserWriter printer product line in 1985, thereby sparking the desktop publishing revolution. The company name comes from the Adobe Creek which ran near the company's original offices in Mountain View, California. The headquarters of the company are located in San Jose, California. There are about 3400 employees working for Adobe in 2002.
Adobe's first retail product (the PostScript language doesn't count, since it is licensed to manufacturers, not sold to end users) was digital fonts. In 1996, the company announced the OpenType font format, jointly with Microsoft, and in 2002-03 Adobe completed the conversion of its library of Type 1 fonts to the new format.
In the mid-80s, soon after introducing PostScript, Adobe entered the consumer software market by introducing Adobe Illustrator, a vector-based drawing program for the Apple Macintosh. This was the logical outgrowth of commercializing their in-house font-development software and to help popularize the use of laser printers. Unlike MacDraw (the standard vector-based drawing program for the Mac), Illustrator described all shapes with the more flexible Bézier curve, and provided a level of accuracy sorely missing. Font rendering in Illustrator, however, was left to the Macintosh's QuickDraw routines and would not be superseded by a PostScript-like approach until Adobe's own ATM (Adobe Type Manager) and Apple's eventual adoption of TrueType.
Although Illustrator was an excellent product (still) highly valued by the prepress industry, Adobe eventually hit its stride with the introduction of Adobe Photoshop for the Macintosh in 1989. Although there were competitors, Photoshop 1.0 was extremely stable, well-featured, and of course came from a major player that could afford to market it professionally. It was a combination that soon eclipsed all else.
If Adobe made any mistakes with the Macintosh, it might have been their missing the opportunity to develop their own publishing program. This was done instead by Aldus (which released PageMaker in 1985) and later Quark (which released QuarkXPress). Adobe was also too late to address the emerging Windows DTP market, and thus let Corel Corp. dominate it with Corel Draw. In a classic failure to predict the direction of computing, Adobe released Illustrator for Steve Jobs' ill-fated NeXT computer but a far-too-featureless version for Windows.
History has been kind, however. Since it always had PostScript interpreter licensing to fall back on, Adobe simply outlasted its rivals in the late 80s and early 90s, and eventually bought them out or, like Microsoft, kept improving its applications until they met or exceeded the competition's. For reasons unknown, Corel never leveraged their Draw product to do professional illustration—users quietly derided it as something only office users would touch—so when Illustrator was finally revamped for Windows, prepress users found it too good to ignore. Corel's interest in acquiring WordPerfect from Novell Corp. at the same time may have proved to be a key distraction. In 1994, Adobe took over Aldus and thus acquired PageMaker.
Adobe's latest efforts are mainly centered on Portable Document Format (PDF). Although sales of their Acrobat product (which is a PDF file generator) were slow to start in the mid-90s, Adobe kept with the product, perceiving long-term revenue potential, which has since panned out. There are also ancilliary benefits, such as providing a common, high-quality data exchange infrastructure for their publishing applications.
Among open software advocates, some see Adobe as overly aggressive. This started with their choice to make their high-quality Type 1 fonts encrypted and a proprietary format, allowing them to charge licensing fees to any other company wishing to make them. The size of the fees were a factor in Apple and Microsoft's decision to develop their own standard, TrueType. At the show at which TrueType was introduced, Warnock followed TrueType talks from both Apple and Microsoft VPs, and was near tears as he said that they were being sold "smoke." A few months later Adobe published the Type 1 specification, and soon released the "Adobe Type Manager" software, which allowed for WYSIWYG scaling of Type 1 fonts on screen, just like TrueType. However, these moves were too late to stop the rise of TrueType, which became the standard for business and the average Windows user, with Type 1 retaining the graphics/publishing market.
The most damaging incident for Adobe's reputation was the FBI's arrest of Dmitry Sklyarov for what Adobe said was a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Sklyarov was arrested July 17, 2001 at the DEF CON conference in Las Vegas, NV, apparently at the behest of Adobe Systems, according to a DOJ complaint, and was charged with distributing a product designed to circumvent copyright protection measures. Sklyarov helped create the Advanced eBook Processor (AEBPR) software for his Russian employer Elcomsoft. This particularly angers those who see copyright protection as opposed to free speech, because Adobe co-founder Warnock said in one interview I am probably the strongest free-speech advocate you will ever meet; I own a copy of the first printing of the Bill of Rights! I hate censorship in any form. From this you can probably guess how I feel about the telecommunications bill. Yet it was (according to some) a similar bill that Adobe used to attack Sklyarov.
At the same time, in many circles Adobe is considered one of the most principled of the major software companies, and one that treats its customers well. Adobe also treats its employees well, and has over the last several years (2001-03) climbed Fortune magazine's rankings as an outstanding place to work. In 2003 Adobe was rated the 5th best company to work for in the USA.
Products
- eBook Reader
- Atmosphere
- GoLive
- Illustrator
- InDesign
- LiveMotion
- PageMaker
- Photoshop
- Creative Suite
- Adobe Acrobat Reader, Writer, Messenger, Elements, Capture, Distiller, etc.
- Various fonts
- Video Production/Postproduction
- Adobe Video Collection
- Adobe Premiere Pro Real-time video editing for professional video production
- Adobe After Effects Tool for motion graphics and visual effects
- Adobe Encore Authoring for professional DVD/VCD production
- Adobe Audition Tool for professional digital audio
Financial information
Adobe Systems entered in 1986 in Nasdaq. It has a market capitalisation of roughly US$7 billion (July 2003) and shares are traded at about US$32.5 (July 2003). It revenues are of about US$1.2 billion (2002)
See Also: Photoshop, PDF, PostScript
External link
- Adobe's web-site is at http://www.adobe.com
- Adobe's font library is at http://www.adobe.com/type
- LiveMotion no longer distributed from November 15, 2003. see http://www.adobe.com/products/livemotion/main.html
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Adobe Systems."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
ADOBE | English | Atmospheric Dispersion of Beryllium | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonym: AdobeSynonym: adobe brick (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Materials | Noun: material, raw material, stuff, stock, staple; adobe, brown stone; chinking; clapboard; daubing; puncheon; shake; shingle, bricks and mortar; metal; stone; clay, brick crockery; compo, composition; concrete; reinforced concrete, cement; wood, ore, timber. |
Adjective: raw; (unprepared); wooden; Noun: adobe. | |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Adobe |
| English words defined with "adobe": adobe house ♦ cliff dweller, cliff dwelling ♦ Pueblo ♦ sod house, soddy, sunbaked. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "adobe": adobe flat, Adobe Systems, Inc., Adobe Type Manager ♦ Design System language, DOCMaker, dummy maker ♦ Encapsulated PostScript ♦ Frame Technology Corporation ♦ Page Description Language, Photoshop, Portable Document Format ♦ Sketchpad ♦ TrueType. (references) |
| Non-English Usage: "Adobe" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses. French (Adobe), Italian (Adobe), Portuguese (adobe), Spanish (Adobe). |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Adobe Flat (Bad Day at Black Rock; writing credit: Howard Breslin; Don McGuire) I want to go to a place called Adobe Flat (Bad Day at Black Rock; writing credit: Howard Breslin; Don McGuire) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books |
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Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Student volunteers from the United Anglers work in the creek to clear it of debris. The students have worked at Adobe Creek, planting vegetation, cleaning the stream and working to restore water flow to the creek for close to 15 years. The students are led by Tom Furrer their high school science teacher and the founder of United Anglers of Casa Grande High School. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |  | A group of student volunteers with Congresswoman Lynn Woolsey, a supporter of the restoration at Adobe Creek. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |
 | Mary Jane Canyon, Professor Creek and Adobe Mesa in background along Highway 128 near Moab, Utah. Credit: Jerry Sintz. |  | Front elevation. Photograph by John P. O'Neill, March 3, 1937. (Reproduction Number: HABS, ARIZ,10-TUCSO.V,3-5) The Mission of San Xavier del Bac is generally considered one of the most beautiful of the Spanish missions in the United States. In 1797 the church was constructed of adobe on a site that had been a mission since the beginning of the 1700s. It is shown here following restoration work completed in the early 1900's. The history of the mission mirrors the ebb and flow of the Spanish presence in the southwest. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Photograph by M. James Slack, April 1934. (Reproduction Number: HABS NM,31-ACOM,1-32) Visited for the first time by Europeans in 1540, Acoma Pueblo is one of the oldest inhabited villages in the U.S. Located on top of a 357-foot rock mesa, the pueblo was the setting for many confrontations between European colonizers and the Acoma people, including a horrible massacre in 1599 by the Spanish soldiers who controlled the area. These flat-roofed houses made of adobe brick--a Spanish technique--show the Spanish influence on local building traditions. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Taos man holding his granddaughter, facing right with adobe oven on right, and Taos Pueblo in background. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | The Adobe of Snow, from Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Mexican adobe house, Mt. Franklin in distance, El Paso, Texas. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Adobe building. Bernalillo County, New Mexico. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Chili peppers drying on side of adobe house, Concho, Arizona. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |
| "La Lomita Oven" by Jonathan Searfoss Commentary: "An adobe outdoor oven at the La Lomita Mission in Mission, Texas USA. The oldest settlement in Mission." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Avoid sleeping in thatch, mud, or adobe houses. (references) | |
Use metal flashing around the base of wooden, earthen or adobe homes to provide a strong metal barrier. (references) | ||
Economic History | Burma | This file is available for downloading without charge in WordPerfect 5.1 ASCII, and Adobe Acrobat readable (*.pdf) FORMATS. (references) |
Australia | Industry-standard tools include most Macromedia products (especially Dreamweaver, with its quality HTML generator), Adobe Photoshop (the standard in the publishing and content industries), and Jasc Paintshop Pro (an affordable graphics graphics package, which has proven a favorite in the retail space as well). (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Adobe" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 83.16% of the time. "Adobe" is used about 190 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (proper) | 83.16% | 158 | 24,965 |
| Noun (singular) | 15.79% | 30 | 63,341 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 1.05% | 2 | 245,945 |
| Total | 100.00% | 190 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name |
| USA | Adobe Systems Incorporated |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "adobe": adobe brick ♦ adobe house ♦ adobe lily ♦ Adobe Type Manager. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "adobe": adobe-less, adobe-lily, adobe-style. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
adobe | 14,328 | adobe premiere 6.5 | 229 |
adobe acrobat | 11,085 | adobe go live | 228 |
adobe acrobat reader | 4,007 | adobe pdf | 227 |
adobe photo shop | 3,180 | adobe photo shop album | 213 |
adobe reader | 2,202 | free adobe acrobat | 207 |
adobe premiere | 1,236 | adobe after effects | 205 |
adobe illustrator | 935 | adobe photo | 198 |
adobe acrobat download | 638 | adobe photo shop elements | 188 |
adobe photo shop 7 | 509 | adobe indesign | 179 |
adobe photo shop 7.0 | 388 | adobe photo shop download | 174 |
adobe pagemaker | 368 | adobe photodeluxe | 167 |
adobe acrobat 5.0 | 360 | adobe photo shop download free | 156 |
adobe acrobat 6.0 | 337 | adobe premiere tutorial | 149 |
adobe acrobat reader download | 333 | adobe photo shop 6.0 | 148 |
adobe photo shop tutorial | 299 | adobe acrobat writer | 146 |
adobe acrobat free download | 277 | adobe writer | 141 |
adobe software | 274 | adobe reader download | 136 |
6 acrobat adobe | 267 | free adobe acrobat reader | 131 |
adobe photo deluxe | 253 | adobe type manager | 129 |
adobe download | 235 | adobe illustrator 10 | 125 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "adobe"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | Qerpiç, Ndërtesë Qerpiçi. (various references) | |
Arabic | مبنى من طين اللبن, لبنة من الطين, لبن. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | Кирпичена Постройка, Кирпичен, Кирпич, Глина. (various references) | |
Chinese | 多孔粘土. (various references) | |
Danish | adobeler, adobe (adobe brick), soltørret lersten (adobe brick). (various references) | |
Dutch | adobe (clay), leemsteen (adobe brick), kleisteen (argillite, clay, rock clay), <bouwsteen van gedroogde klei>. (various references) | |
Farsi | خاک مخصوص خشت سازی , خشت خام , خشت (Bat, Brick). (various references) | |
Finnish | auringossa kuivattu savitiili, adobe, tiilisavi, savimaja (mud hut). (various references) | |
French | adobe (adobe brick). (various references) | |
German | Lehmziegel (clay), Lehmstein. (various references) | |
Greek | πλίνθος (adobe brick, brick). (various references) | |
Hebrew | ּבנת ָיט. (various references) | |
Hungarian | Vályogtégla, Vályogépület. (various references) | |
Indonesian | bata jemuran. (various references) | |
Italian | adobe (adobe brick, cobwork, loam, pisé). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 天日瓦 (sun-dried brick), アトピー性皮膚炎 (ad, ad impact, add-on, add-on module, advertisement, at random, atmosphere, atom, atomic, atopic dermatitis, atrium, attraction, attractive, attractor, attribute, autoload, studio). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | アドービ , てんじつがわら (sun-dried brick). (various references) | |
Korean | 어도비 벽돌. (various references) | |
Manx | breek ghreinnit. (various references) | |
Maya | pak-lu'um (adobe wall). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | adobeay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | adobe. (various references) | |
Romanian | Chirpici. (various references) | |
Russian | кирпич-сырец, Сырец, Саман. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | nepečena opeka, čerpić. (various references) | |
Spanish | Adobe (adobe brick, cobwork, loam, pisé). (various references) | |
Swedish | adobe, Soltorkat Tegel (air brick). (various references) | |
Turkish | Kerpiç Ev, Kerpiç (cob). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | Вапняний Суглинок, Саманна Будівля, Саман, Сирець. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Arabic | 500-Modern | al-tob. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "adobe": adobelike, adobes. (additional references) | |
| |
"Adobe" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: abdobe, abobe, adab, Adabo, addab, addeb, Addub, adib, Adibo, adobee, adobi, adobie, adoce, adoe, adoebe, adoge, adoke, adole, Adone, adove, adoze, adue, adule, aduse, Adzope, Afdub, Afolbi, ajob, Aloba, anobe, aoba, Aoibhe, Ardbo, arobe, atabe, Atibu, Atubo, awobe, Daobao, dobe, Eadgbe, Hadebe, Madigbe, Madjber, Ndobe, Pademba, Padibe, Padimbe, Padome, Radoje, udhbeg. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "adobe" (pronounced udō"bē) |
| 4 | -d ō" b ē | Doby. |
| 3 | -ō" b ē | Toby. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: abode. | |
| Words within the letters "a-b-d-e-o" | |
-1 letter: abed, bade, bead, bode, odea. | |
-2 letters: abo, ado, bad, bed, boa, bod, dab, deb, doe, obe, ode. | |
-3 letters: ab, ad, ae, ba, be, bo, de, do, ed, od, oe. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-b-d-e-o" | |
+1 letter: aboded, abodes, adobes, albedo, boated, bodega, doable. | |
+2 letters: abdomen, aborted, albedos, ameboid, arbored, bandore, bloated, boarded, boarder, boasted, bodegas, bondage, borated, bowhead, bravoed, broaden, broader, brocade, codable, dogbane, dowable, forbade, labored, lobated, mamboed, reboard, roadbed, tabooed, tabored. | |
+3 letters: abdomens, abhorred, aboideau, abounded, absolved, absorbed, adorable, adsorbed, adsorber, albedoes, amberoid, amoeboid, arboured, balloted, banderol, bandores, beaconed, beadroll, beadwork, bearwood, becoward, bedsonia, bemoaned, beshadow, blazoned, blockade, boarders, boardmen, boldface, bolthead, bondable, bondages, bonehead, boneyard, bordeaux, bowheads, breadbox, broached, broadaxe, broadens, broadest, brocaded, brocades, bromated, caboched, caboodle, caboshed, carboyed, combated, datebook, deadbolt, debonair, dogbanes, downbeat, dowsabel, drawbore, foldable, fordable, gamboled, globated, hamboned, harbored, hebdomad, holdable, jawboned, keyboard, laboured, leeboard, moldable, noseband, obdurate, obtained, obviated, outbaked, oxidable, pegboard, probated, rawboned, reboards, rhabdome, roadbeds, seaboard, sowbread, taboured, teaboard, undoable, voidable, wardrobe. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Non-fiction 10. Usage Frequency 11. Names: Company Usage 12. Expressions | 13. Expressions: Internet 14. Translations: Modern 15. Translations: Ancient 16. Abbreviations | 17. Acronyms 18. Derivations 19. Rhymes 20. Anagrams | 21. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
