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Definitions: Abbreviation |
AbbreviationNoun1. A shortened form of a word or phrase. 2. Shortening something by omitting parts of it. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "abbreviation" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1818. (references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Compendium | Abbreviation, abbreviature; contraction; shortening; compression. |
Shortness | Shortening; Verb: abbreviation, abbreviature; abridgment, concision, retrenchment, curtailment, decurtation; reduction; (contraction); epitome; (compendium). |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Abbreviations, both of single words and of phrases, having a meaning more or less fixed and recognized, are common in ancient writings and inscriptions (see Palaeography and Diplomatic), and very many are in use at the present time. A distinction is to be observed between abbreviations and the contractions that are frequently to be met with in old manuscripts, and even in early printed books, whereby letters are dropped out here and there, or particular collocations of letters represented by somewhat arbitrary symbols. The commonest form of abbreviation is the substitution for a word of its initial letter; but, with a view to prevent ambiguity, one or more of the other letters are frequently added. In some languages, letters are often doubled to indicate a plural or a superlative.
In modern English there are several conventions in use for abbreviations and it may not be clear which one is best. Publishers sometimes express their preferences in a style guide. Some of the questions which may arise:
see also:
B. Balbius, Balbus, Beatus, Bene, Beneficiarius, Beneficium,
Bonus, Brutus, Bustum.
B.for V. Berna Bivus, Bixit.
B.A. Bixit anos, Bonis auguriis, Bonus amabilis.
BB.or B.B. Bene bene, i.e. optime, Optimus.
B.D. Bonae deae, Bonum datum.
B.DD. Bonis deabus.
B.D.S.M. Bene de se merenti.
B.F. Bona femina, Bona fides, Bona fortuna, Bonum factum.
B.F. Bona femina, Bona filia.
B.H. Bona hereditaria, Bonorum heres.
B.I. Bonum judicium.
B.I.I. Boni judicis judicium.
B.M. Beatae memoriae, Bene merenti.
B.N. Bona nostra, Bonum nomen.
BN.H.I. Bona hic invenies.
B.P. Bona paterna, Bonorum potestas, Bonum publicum.
B.Q. Bene quiescat, Bona quaesita.
B.RP.N. Boho reipublicae natus.
BRT. Britannicus.
B.T. Bonorum tutor, Brevi tempore.
B.V. Bene vale, Bene vixit, Bonus vir.
B.V.V. Balnea vina Venus.
BX. Bixit, for vixit.
C. Caesar, Cains, Caput, Causa, Censor, Civis, Conors, Colonia,
Comitialis (dies), Condemno, Consul, Cum, Curo, Custos.
C. Caia, Centuria, Cum, the prefix Con.
C.B. Civis bonus, Commune bonum, Conjugi benemerenti, Cui bono.
C.C. Calumniae causa, Causa cognita, Conjugi carissimae,
Consilium cepit, Curiae consulto.
C.C.C. Calumniae cavendae causa.
C.C.F. Caesar (or Caius) curavit faciendum,
Caius Caii filius.
CC.VV. Clarissimi viri.
C.D. Caesaris decreto, Cains Decius, Comitialibus diebus.
CES. Censor, Censores.
CESS. Censores.
C.F. Causa fiduciae, Conjugi fecit, Curavit faciendum.
C.H. Custos heredum, Custos hortorum.
C.I. Caius Julius, Consul jussit, Curavit judex.
CL. Clarissimus, Claudius, Clodius, Colonia.
CL.V. Clarissimus vir, Clypeum vovit.
C.M. Caius Marius, Causa mortis.
CN. Cnaeus.
COH. Coheres, Conors.
COL. Collega, Collegium, Colonia, Columna.
COLL. Collega, Coloni, Coloniae.
COM. Comes, Comitium, Comparatum.
CON. Conjux, Consensus, Consiliarius, Consul, Consularis.
COR. Cornelia (tribus), Cornelius, Corona, Corpus.
COS. Consiliarius, Consul, Consulares.
COSS. Consules.
C.P. Carissimus or Clarissimus puer, Civis publicus,
Curavit ponendum.
C.R. Caius Rufus, Civis Romanus, Curavit reficiendum.
CS. Caesar, Communis, Consul.
C.V. Clarissimus or Consularis vir.
CVR. Cura, Curator, Curavit, Curia.
D. Dat, Dedit, &c., De, Decimus, Decius, Decretum,
Decurio, Deus, Dicit, &c.,
Dies, Divus, Dominus, Domus, Donum.
D.C. Decurio coloniae, Diebus comitialibus, Divus Caesar.
D.D. Dea Dia, Decurionum decreto, Dedicavit, Deo dedit,
Dono dedit.
D.D.D. Datum decreto decurionum, Dono dedit dedicavit.
D.E.R. De ea re.
DES. Designatus.
D.I. Dedit imperator, Diis immortalibus, Diis inferis.
D.l.M. Deo invicto Mithrae, Diis inferis Manibus.
D.M. Deo Magno, Dignus memoria, Diis Manibus, Dolo malo.
D.O.M. Deo Optimo Maximo.
D.P.S. Dedit proprio sumptu, Deo perpetuo sacrum, De pecunia sua.
E. Ejus, Eques, Erexft, Ergo, Est, Et, Etiam, Ex.
EG. Aeger, Egit, Egregius.
E.M. Egregiae memoriae, Ejusmodi, Erexit monumentum.
EQ.M. Equitum magister.
E.R.A. Ea res agitur.
F. Fabius, Facere, Fecit, &c., Familia, Fastus (dies),
Felix, Femina, Fides, Filius,
Flamen, Fortuna, Frater, Fuit, Functus.
F.C. Faciendum curavit, Fidei commissume, Fiduciae causa.
F.D. Fidem dedit, Flamen Dialis, Fraude donavit.
F.F.F. Ferro flamma fame, Fortior fortuna fato.
FL. Filius, Flamen, Flaminius, Flavius.
F.L. Favete linguis, Fecit libens, Felix liber.
FR. Forum, Fronte, Frumentarius.
F.R. Forum Romanum.
G. Gaius (=Caius), Gallia, Gaudium, Gellius, Gemma, Gens,
Gesta, Gratia.
G.F. Gemma fidelis (applied to a legion).
G.P.F. Gemma pia fidelis.
GL. Gloria.
GN. Genius, Gens, Genus, Gnaeus (=Cnaeus).
G.P.R. Genro populi Romani.
H. Habet, Heres, Hic, Homo, Honor, Hora.
HER. Heres, Herennius.
HER. and HERC. Hercules.
H.L. Hac lege, Hoc loco, Honesto loco.
H.M. Hoc monumentum, Honesta mulier, Hora mala.
H.S.E. Hic sepultus est, Hic situs est.
H.V. Haec urbs, Hic vivit, Honeste vixit, Honestus vir.
I. Immortalis, Imperator, In, Infra, Inter, Invictus, Ipse,
Isis, Judex, Julius, Junius, Jupiter, Justus.
IA. Jam, Intra.
I.C. Julius Caesar, Juris Consultum, Jus civile.
ID. Idem, Idus, Interdum.
l.D. Inferis diis, Jovi dedicatnm, Jus dicendum, Jussu Dei.
I.D.M. Jovi deo magno.
I.F. In foro, In fronte.
I.H. Jacet hic, In honestatem, Justus homo.
IM. Imago, Immortalis, Immunis, Impensa.
IMP. Imperator, Imperium.
I.O.M. Jovi optimo maximo.
I.P. In publico, Intra provinciam, Justa persona.
I.S.V.P. Impensa sua vivus posuit.
K. Kaeso, Caia, Calumnia, Caput, Carus, Castra.
K., KAL. and KL. Kalendae.
L. Laelius, Legio, Lex, Libens, Liber, Libra, Locus,
Lollius, Lucius, Ludus.
LB. Libens, Liberi, Libertus.
L.D.D.D. Locus datus decreto decurionum.
LEG. Legatus, Legio.
LIB. Liber, Liberalitas, Libertas, Libertus, Librarius.
LL. Leges, Libentissime, Liberti.
L.M. Libens merito, Locus monumenti.
L.S. Laribus sacrum, Libens solvit, Locus sacer.
LVD. Ludus.
LV.P.F. Ludos publicos fecit.
M. Magister, Magistratus, Magnus, Manes, Marcus, Marins,
Marti, Mater, Memoria, Mensis,
Miles, Monumentum, Mortuus, Mucius, Mulier.
M'. Manius.
M.D. Magno Deo, Manibus diis, Matri deum, Merenti dedit.
MES. Mensis.
MESS. Menses.
M.F. Mala fides, Marci filius, Monumentum fecit.
M.I. Matri Idaeae, Matii Isidi, Maximo Jovi.
MNT. and MON. Moneta.
M.P. Male positus, Monumentum posuit.
M.S. Manibus sacrum, Memoriae sacrum, Manu scriptum.
MVN. Municeps, or municipium; so also MN., MV. and MVNIC.
M.V.S. Marti ultori sacrum, Merito votum solvit.
N. Natio, Natus, Nefastus (dies), Nepos, Neptunus, Nero,
Nomen, Non, Nonae, Noster,
Novus, Numen, Numerius, Numerus, Nummus.
NEP. Nepos, Neptunus.
N.F.C. Nostrae fidei commissum.
N.L. Non licet, Non liquet, Non longe.
N.M.V. Nobilis memoriae vir.
NN. Nostri.
NN., NNO. and NNR. Nostrorum.
NOB. Nobilis.
NOB., NOBR. and NOV. Novembris.
N.P. Nefastus primo (i.e. priore parto diei), Non potest.
O. Ob, Officium, Omnis, Oportet, Optimus, Opus, Ossa.
OB. Obiit, Obiter, Orbis.
O.C.S. Ob cives servatos.
O.H.F. Omnibus honoribus functus.
O.H.S.S. Ossa hic sita sunt.
OR. Hora, Ordo, Ornamentum.
O.T.B.Q. Ossa tua bene quiescant.
P. Pars, Passus, Pater, Patronus, Pax, Perpetuus, Pes, Pius,
Plebs, Pondo, Populus,
Post, Posuit, Praeses, Praetor, Primus, Pro, Provincia,
Publicus, Publius, Puer.
P.C. Pactum conventum, Patres conscripti, Pecunia constituta,
Ponendum curavit, Post consulatum, Potestate censoria.
P.F. Pia fidelis, Pius felix, Promissa fides, Publii filius.
P.M. Piae memoriae, Pius minus, Pontifex maximus.
P.P. Pater patratus, Pater patriae, Pecunia publica, Praepositus,
Primipilus, Propraetor.
PR. Praeses, Praetor, Pridie, Princeps.
P.R. Permissu reipublicae, Populus Romanus.
P.R.C. Post Romam conditam.
PR.PR. Praefectus praetorii, Propraetor.
P.S. Pecunia sua, Plebiscitum, Proprio sumptu, Publicae saluti.
P.V. Pia victrix, praefectus urbi, Praestantissimus vir.
Q. Quaestor, Quando, Quantus, Que, Qui, Quinquennalis, Quintus,
Quirites.
Q.D.R. Qua de re.
Q.I.S.S. Quae infra scripta sunt
Q.S.S.S. Quae supra scripta sunt
QQ. Quaecunque, Quinquennalis, Quoque.
Q.R. Quaestor reipublicae.
R. Recte, Res, Respublica, Retro, Rex, Ripa, Roma, Romanus,
Rufus, Rursus.
R.C. Romana civitas, Romanus civis.
RESP. and RP. Respublica.
RET.P. and RP. Retro pedes.
S. Sacrum, Scriptus, Semis, Senatus, Sepultus, Servius, Servus,
Sextus, Sibi, Sine, Situs, Solus, Solvit, Sub, Suus.
SAC. Sacerdos, Sacrificium, Sacrum.
S.C. Senatus consultum.
S.D. Sacrum diis, Salutem dicit, Senatus decreto, Sententiam
S.D.M. Sacrum diis Manibus, Sine dolo malo.
SER. Servius, Servus.
S.E.T.L. Sit ei terra levis.
SN. Senatus, Sententia, Sine.
S.P. Sacerdos perpetua, Sine pecunia, Sua pecunia.
S.P.Q.R Senatus populusque Romanus.
S.S. Sanctissimus senatus, Supra scripture.
S.V.B.E.E.Q.V. Si vales bene est, ego quidem valeo.
T. Terminus, Testamentum, Titus, Tribunus, Tu, Turma, Tutor.
TB., TI. and TIB. Tiberius.
TB., TR. and TRB. Tribunus.
T.F. Testamentum fecit, Titi filius, Titulum fecit, Titus Flavius.
TM. Terminus, Testamentum, Thermae.
T.P. Terminum posuit, Tribunicia potestate, Tribunus plebis.
TVL. Tullius, Tunus.
V. Urbs, Usus, Uxor, Vale, Verba, Vestalis, Vester, Vir, Vivus,
Vixit, Volo, Votum.
VA. Veterano assignatus, Vixit annos.
V.C. Vale conjux, Vir clarissimus, Vir consularis.
V.E. Verum etiam, Vir egregius, Visum est.
V.F. Usus fructus, Verba fecit, Vivus fecit.
V.P. Urbis praefectus, Vir perfectissimus, Vivus posuit.
V.R. Urbs Roma, Uti rogas, Votum reddidit.
The ordinary abbreviations, now or recently in use, may
be conveniently classified under the following headings:-
sq. ft. &c, square foot, &c.
st. stone.
yd. yard.
The 1911 list of abbreviations
Classical abbreviations
The following list contains a selection from the abbreviations that occur in the writings and inscriptions of the Romans:A. Absolvo, Aedilis, Aes, Ager, Ago, Aio, Amicus, Annus,
Antiquo, Auctor, Auditor, Augustus, Aulus, Aurum, Aut.
A.A. Aes alienum, Ante audita, Apud agrum, Aurum argentum.
AA. Augusti.
AAA. Augusti tres.
A.A.A.F.F. Auro argento acre flando feriundo.1
A.A.V. Alter ambove.
A.C. Acta causa, Alins civis.
A.D. Ante diem
A.D.V. Ante diem quintum.
A.D.A. Ad dandos agros.
AEO. Aedes, Aedilis, Aedilitas.
AEM. and AIM. Aemilius, Aemilia.
AER. Aerarium.
AER.P. Aere publico.
A.F. Acture fide, Auli filius.
AG. Ager, Ago, Agrippa.
A.G. Ammo grato, Aulus Gellius.
A.L.AE. and A.L.E. Arbitrium litis aestimandae.
A.M. and A.MILL. Ad milliarium.
AN. Aniensis, Annus, Ante.
ANN. Annales, Anni, Annona.
ANT. Ante, Antonius.
A.O. Alii omnes, Amico optimo.
AP. Atppius, Apud.
A.P. Ad pedes, Aedilitia potestate.
A.P.F. Auro (or argento) publico feriundo.
A.P.M. Amico posuit monumentum, Annorum plus minus.
A.P.R.C. Anno post Romam conditam.
ARG. Argentum.
AR.V.V.D.D. Aram votam volens dedicavit, Arma votiva dono dedit.
AT A tergo. Also A TE. and A TER.
A.T.M.D.O. Aio te mihi dare oportere.
AV. Augur, Augustus, Aurelius.
A.V. Annos vixit.
A.V.C. Ab urbe condita.
AVG. Augur, Augustus.
AVGG. Augusti (generally of two).
AVGGG. Augusti tres.
AVT.PR.R. Auctoritas provinciae Romanorum.Medieval abbreviations
Of the different kinds of abbreviations in use in the middle ages, the following are examples:--
A.M. Ave Maria.
B.P. Beatus Paulus, Beatus Petrus.
CC. Carissimus (also plur. Carissimi), Clarissimus, Circum.
D. Deus, Dominicus, Dux.
D.N.PP. Dominus hoster Papa.
U.F. Felicissimus, Fratres, Pandectae (prob. for Gr. II).
I.C. or I.X. Jesus Christus.
I.D.N. In Dei nomine.
KK. Karissimus (or -mi).
MM. Magistri, Martyres, Matrimonium, Meritissimus.
O.S.B. Ordinis Sancti Benedicti.
PP. Papa, Patres, Piissimus.
R.F. Rex Francorum.
R.P.D. Reverendissimus Pater Dominus.
S.C.M. Sacra Caesarea Majestas.
S.M.E. Sancta Mater Ecclesia.
S.M.M. Sancta Mater Maria.
S.R.I. Sanctum Romanum Imperium.
S.V. Sanctitas Vestra, Sancta Virgo.
V. Venerabilis, Venerandus.
V.R.P. Vestra Reverendissima Paternitas.
Abbreviations now in use (1911)
The import of these will often be readily understood from the context in which they occur. There is no occasion to explain here the common abbreviations used for Christian names, books of Scripture, months of the year, points of the compass, grammatical and mathematical terms, or familiar titles, like Mr, &c.Abbreviated titles and designations
A.A. Associate of Arts.
A.B. Able-bodied seaman; (in America) Bachelor of Arts.
A.D.C. Aide-de-Camp.
A.M. Artium Magister, Master of Arts.
A.R.A. Associate of the Royal Academy.
A.R.I.B.A. Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects.
A.R.S.A. Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy.
B.A. Bachelor of Arts.
Bart. Baronet.
B.C.L. Bachelor of Civil Law.
B.D. Bachelor of Divinty.
B.LL. Bachelor of Laws.
B.Sc. Bachelor of Science.
C. Chairman.
C.A. Chartered Accountant.
C.B. Companion of the Bath.
C.E. Civil Engineer.
C.I.E. Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire.
C.M. Chirurgiae Magister, Master in Surgery.
C.M.G. Companion of St Michael and St George.
C.S.I. Companion of the Star of India.
D.C.L. Doctor of Civil Law.
D.D. Doctor of Divinity.
D.Lit. or Litt. D. Doctor of Literature.
D.M. Doctor of Medicine (Oxford).
D.Sc. Doctor of Science.
D.S.O. Distinguished Service Order.
Ebor. Eboracensis of York.2
F.C.S. Fellow of the Chemical Society.
F.D. Fidei Defensor, Defender of the Faith.
F.F.P.S. Fellow of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons (Glasgow)
F.G.S. Fellow of the Geological Society.
F.K.Q.C.P.I. Fellow of King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland.
F.L.S. Fellow of the Linnaean Society.
F.M. Field Marshal.
F.P.S. Fellow of the Philological Society.
F.R.A.S. Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.
F.R C.P. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.
F.R.C.P.E. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
F.R.C.S. Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons.
F.R.G.S. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
F.R.H.S. Fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society.
F.R.Hist.Soc. Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
F.R.I.B.A. Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects.
F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal Society.
F.R.S.A. Fellow of the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce.
F.R.S.E. Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
F.R.S.L. Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.
F.S.A. Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.
F.S.S. Fellow of the Statistical Society.
F.Z.S. Fellow of the Zoological Society.
G.C.B. Knight Grand Cross of the Bath.
G.C.H. Knight Grand Cross of Hanover.
G.C.I.E. Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire.
G.C.M.G. Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George.
G.C.S.I. Knight Grand Commander of the Star of india.
G.C.V.O. Knight Grand Commander of the Victorian Order.
H.H. His or Her Highness.
H.I.H. His or Her Imperial Highness.
H.I.M. His or Her Imperial Majesty.
H.M. His or Her Majesty.
H.R.H. His or Her Royal Highness.
H.S.H. His or Her Serene Highness.
J. Judge.
J.C.D. Juris Canonici Doctor, or Juris Civilis Doctor),
Doctor of Canon or Civil Law.
J.D. Juris utriusque Doctor, Doctor of Civil and Canon Law.
J.P. Justice of the Peace.
K.C. King's Counsel.
K.C.B. Knight Commander of the Bath.
K.C.I.E. Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire.
K.C.M.G. Knight Commander of St Michael and St George.
K.C.S.I. Knight Commander of the Star of India.
K.C.V.O. Knight Commander of the Victorian Order.
K.G. Knight of the Garter.
K.P. Knight of St Patrick.
K.T. Knight of the Thistle.
L.A.H. Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Hall.
L.C.C. London County Council, or Councillor.
L.C.J. Lord Chief Justice
L.J. Lord Justice.
L.L.A. Lady Literate in Arts.
LL.B. Legum Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Laws.
LL.D. Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws.
LL.M. Legum Magister, Master of Laws.
L.R.C.P. Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians.
L.R.C.S. Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons.
L.S.A. Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Society.
M.A. Master of Arts.
M.B. Medicinae Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Medicine
M.C. Member of Congress.
M.D. Medicinae Doctor, Doctor of Medicine.
M.Inst.C.E. Member of the Institute of Civil Engineers.
M.P. Member of Parliament.
M.R. Master of the Rolls.
M.R.C.P. Member of the Royal College of Physicians.
M.R.C.S. Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.
M.R.I.A. Member of the Royal Irish Academy.
Mus.B. Bachelor of Music.
Mus.D. Doctor of Music.
M.V.O. Member of the Victorian Order.
N.P. Notary Public.
O.M. Order of Merit.
P.C. Privy Councillor.
Ph.D. Philosophiae Doctor, Doctor of Philosophy.
P.P. Parish Priest.
P.R.A. President of the Royal Academy.
R. Rex, Regina, King, Queen.
R. & I. Rex et Imperator.
R.A. Royal Academician, Royal Artillery.
R.A.M. Royal Academy of Music.
R.E. Royal Engineers.
Reg. Prof. Regius Professor.
R.M. Royal Marines, Resident Magistrate.
R.N. Royal Navy.
S. or St. Saint.
S.S.C. Solicitor before the Supreme Courts of Scotland.
S.T.P. Sacrosanctae Theologiae Professor,
Professor of Sacred Theology.
V.C. Vice-Chancellor, Victoria Cross.
V.G. Vicar-General.
V.S. Veterinary Surgeon.
W.S. Writer to the Signet [in Scotland]. Equivalent to AttorneyAbbreviations denoting monies, weights, and measures
ac. acre.
bar. barrel.
bus. bushel.
c. cent.
c. (or cub.) ft. &c. cubic foot,&c.
cwt. Hundredweight.
d. denarius, penny.
deg. degree.
dr. drachm or dram.
dwt. pennyweight.
f. franc.
fl. florin.
ft. foot.
fur. furlong.
gal. gallon.
gr. grain.
h. or hr. hour.
hhd. hogshead.
in. inch.
kg kilogram
kilo. or km kilometre.
L.,3 L. ,2 or l. libra, pound (money).
lb. or lb. libra, pound (weight).
m. or mi. mile, minute.
m. minim.
mo. month.
na. nail.
oz. ounce.
pk. peck.
po. pole.
pt. pint.
q. quadrans, farthing.
qr. quarter.
qt. quart.
ro. rood.
Rs. 4 rupees.
s. or / solidus, shilling.
s. or sec. second.
sc. or scr. scruple.
also see SI units for measures in meters, grams, and liters.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Abbreviation."
| Domain | Usage | |
Clever | Why is abbreviation such a long word? (references; author: unknown) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
Books |
|
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | This abbreviation had been adopted in the convent. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. (references) | |
LSD (an abbreviation of the German words for "lysergic acid diethylamide") is the drug most commonly identified with the term "hallucinogen" and the most widely used in this class of drugs. (references) | ||
Business | This abbreviation stands for Capital, Assets, Management, Earnings and Liquidity. (references) | |
Economic History | Peru | The name of the company must include the abbreviation "S.R. Ltda.". (references) |
Panama | It may be in any language, but it must terminate in a word or abbreviation indicating that it is a corporation. (references) | |
Trinidad | Incorporation: The Registrar of Companies must approve the name of any proposed company with limited liability and the name of the company must include the word "limited" or abbreviation "ltd." Articles of Incorporation are filed with the Registrar of Companies in order to obtain a Certificate of Incorporation. (references) | |
Trade | France | The initials "ATA" are an abbreviation of the French and English words "Admission Temporaire/Temporary Admission." Customs authorities in the United States and France accept carnets as a guarantee that all customs duties and excise taxes will be paid if any of the items covered by the carnet are not re-exported within the time period allowed. (references) |
Women | Russia | Some firms ask applicants for employment to complete a form including the abbreviation "VBO," a Russian-language abbreviation for "possibility of close relations," to which the applicant is expected to reply "yes" or "no." There is no law that prohibits sexual harassment and women have no recourse when sexually harassed. (references) |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | RIOT, n. A popular entertainment given to the military by innocent bystanders. R.I.P. A careless abbreviation of requiescat in pace, attesting to indolent goodwill to the dead. According to the learned Dr. Drigge, however, the letters originally meant nothing more than reductus in pulvis. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Abbreviation" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Abbreviation" is used about 96 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 96 | 33,456 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
state abbreviation | 2,619 |
abbreviation | 1,365 |
medical abbreviation | 690 |
country abbreviation | 149 |
chat abbreviation | 111 |
abbreviation dictionary | 110 |
airport abbreviation | 104 |
us state abbreviation | 84 |
postal abbreviation | 83 |
united state abbreviation | 71 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "abbreviation"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaan | bekorting (abridgement). (various references) | |
Albanian | shkurtim (abridgement, abridgment, clipping, contraction, crop, curtailment, cut, cutback, reduction, retrenchment, shortening, shrink, shrinkage, the ax, the axe). (various references) | |
Arabic | الإختصار. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | съкращение (abridgement, curtailment, cutback, diminution, reduction), съкращаване (abridgement, reduction, retrenchment), абревиатура. (various references) | |
Catalan | rebaixa. (various references) | |
Chinese | 簡稱 , 简称, 縮寫 . (various references) | |
Czech | zkratka (byway, contraction, short cut, shortcut). (various references) | |
Danish | forkortelse (abbr., abbrev., abridgement, shortening). (various references) | |
Dutch | afkorting (abbr., abbrev., abridgement, abridgment), verkorting (abridgement, abridgment, shortening). (various references) | |
Esperanto | abreviacio, mallongigo, mallongigaĵo (abridgement). (various references) | |
Finnish | lyhennys (abridgment, shortening). (various references) | |
French | abréviation (abbr., abbrev., abridgement). (various references) | |
Frisian | ôfkoarting (abridgement). (various references) | |
German | Abkürzung (curtailment, cut, cutting short, short cut, shortcut, shortening). (various references) | |
Greek | σύντμηση (abridgement, abridgment), συντόμευση (abridgement), συντομογραφία, συντομία (brevity, briefness, curtness, shortness, summariness, terseness), επίτμηση. (various references) | |
Hebrew | קצור (abridgement, brevity, curtailment, reduction, resume, shortening, summary, terseness), ראשי תבות (acronym, initials), וטריקון, טרוק (initialling). (various references) | |
Hungarian | rövidítés (abridgement, abridgment, contraction, redaction, short). (various references) | |
Icelandic | skammstöfun. (various references) | |
Indonesian | singkatan (abridgement), rumus (formula). (various references) | |
Italian | abbreviazione (abbr., abbrev., abridgement, abridgment, curtailment), sigla (acronym, audio logo, initial, initials, sign, signature, signature tune). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 短縮形 (abbreviated form, shortened form), 短縮 (reduction, shortening), 省略 (abridgment, omission), 省筆 (cutting out some strokes in a character, omitting some passages, simplified form of a character), 略語 (acronym), 略記 , 略称 , 略書 , 略字 (simplified character), 略 (almost, approximately, omission, roughly). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | た"しゅくけい (abbreviated form, shortened form), た"しゅく (reduction, shortening), しょうひつ (cutting out some strokes in a character, omitting some passages, simplified form of a character), しょうりゃく (abridgment, business policy, omission), せいひつ (cutting out some strokes in a character, omitting some passages, peacefulness, simplified form of a character, tranquillity), りゃくしょう (miniature medal or decoration), りゃくしょ, りゃく" (acronym), りゃくじ (simplified character), りゃっき, りゃく (omission). (various references) | |
Korean | "약 (Abstract, resume). (various references) | |
Malay | singkatan (abridgement). (various references) | |
Manx | aagherrid (epitome, short cut). (various references) | |
Norwegian | forkortelse (abridgement). (various references) | |
Papiamen | abreviashon (abridgement). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | abbreviationay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | abreviatura, abreviação (abridgement, abridgment, condensation, shortening). (various references) | |
Romanian | abreviere (abbreviating, abridgement, abridgment), abreviaţie, prescurtare (abridgement, abridgment, contraction, curtailment, shortening). (various references) | |
Russian | сокращение (abbr, abbrev, abridgement, abridgment, breviary, cancellation, constriction, contraction, curtailment, cutback, cutting down, dockage, сокр., reduction, retrenchment, shortening, shrinkage, shrinking). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | abrevijatura, abrevijacija, skraćenje (abridgement, abridgment, curtailment), skraćenica. (various references) | |
Spanish | abreviatura (abridgement, short, shorthand), abreviación (abridgement, abridgment, reduction, shortening). (various references) | |
Swedish | förkortning (abridgement, abridgment, contraction, shortening). (various references) | |
Turkish | kisaltma (abridgement), kısaltma (abbr, abridgement, compendium, compress, compression, condensation, curtailment, retrenchment, shortening, summary). (various references) | |
Ukranian | скорочення (abatement, abridgement, abridgment, ax, axe, cancellation, castration, contraction, curtailment, cutback, pruning, retraction, retrenchment), абревіатура. (various references) | |
Vietnamese | sự tóm tắt (abridgement, abridgment, summarization), sự rút gọn (contraction). (various references) | |
Welsh | talfyriad (abridgement). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | adbreviationem. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "abbreviation": abbreviations. (additional references) | |
| |
"Abbreviation" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: abbraviation, abbreaviation, abbrevation, abbreviatio, abbreviationn, abbriviation, abreveation, abreviation, abriviation. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "abbreviation" (pronounced ubrē'vēā"shun) |
| 7 | -ē' v ē ā" sh u n | alleviation, deviation. |
| 6 | -v ē ā" sh u n | aviation. |
| 5 | -ē ā" sh u n | affiliation, appreciation, appropriation, association, conciliation, creation, delineation, denunciation, depreciation, differentiation, dissociation, exfoliation, expatriation, expropriation, foliation, glaciation, humiliation, initiation, irradiation, mediation, misappropriation, miscreation, negotiation, nucleation, procreation, pronunciation, radiation, reconciliation, recreation, remediation, renegotiation, renunciation, repatriation, repudiation, retaliation, substantiation, variation. |
| 4 | -ā" sh u n | abdication, aberration, abomination, abrogation, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, accreditation, accumulation, accusation, acidification, activation, adaptation, adjudication, administration, admiration, adoration, adulation, advocation, affectation, affirmation, agglomeration, aggravation, agitation, alienation, allegation, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, amalgamation, amelioration, amortization, amplification, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, anticipation, antidiscrimination, appellation, application, approbation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, aspiration, assassination, assimilation, augmentation, authentication, authorization, automation, avocation, balkanization, bifurcation, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, carnation, castration, categorization, causation, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, cetacean, characterization, citation, civilization, clarification, classification, coagulation, codification, cogeneration, cogitation, cohabitation, collaboration, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, combination, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, communication, communization, compensation, compilation, complication, computation, computerization, concatenation, concentration, condemnation, condensation, confabulation, confederation, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, connotation, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, consternation, constipation, consultation, consummation, contamination, contemplation, continuation, conversation, convocation, cooperation, coordination, coronation, corporation, correlation, corroboration, cremation, criminalization, crustacean, culmination, cultivation, dalmatian, damnation, decaffeination, decapitation, deceleration, decentralization, decertification, declaration, decontamination, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, defamation, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deliberation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, denationalization, denomination, denuclearization, depopulation, deportation, depravation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, derivation, desalination, desalinization, desecration, desegregation, desiccation, designation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, destination, determination, detonation, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, devastation, dictation, dilatation, dilation, discoloration, discontinuation, discrimination, disembarkation, disinclination, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disputation, disqualification, dissemination, dissertation, dissipation, distillation, diversification, divination, documentation, domestication, domination, donation, dramatization, duplication, duration, echolocation, edification, education, ejaculation, elaboration, elation, electrification, elevation, elimination, elongation, emanation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emulation, enumeration, equalization, equitation, equivocation, eradication, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, evocation, exacerbation, exaggeration, examination, exasperation, excavation, excitation, exclamation, excommunication, exhalation, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expectation, experimentation, expiration, explanation, explication, exploitation, exploration, extermination, extrapolation, fabrication, facilitation, falsification, fascination, federation, fermentation, fertilization, fibrillation, figuration, filtration, fixation, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, fragmentation, frustration, fumigation, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, generation, gentrification, germination, gestation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gravitation, gyration, habitation, hallucination, harmonization, hesitation, hibernation, hospitalization, hybridization, hydration, hydrogenation, hyperinflation, identification, illumination, illustration, imagination, imitation, immigration, immunization, impersonation, implantation, implementation, implication, importation, impregnation, improvisation, imputation, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incarnation, inclination, incoordination, incorporation, incrimination, incrustation, incubation, indemnification, indentation, indexation, indication, indignation, indoctrination, industrialization, infatuation, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, information, inhabitation, inhalation, innovation, inoculation, insemination, insinuation, inspiration, installation, instigation, institutionalization, instrumentation, insubordination, insulation, integration, intensification, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, intimation, intimidation, intonation, intoxication, inundation, invalidation, investigation, invitation, invocation, ionization, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, justification, laceration, lactation, legalization, legislation, levitation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, limitation, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, lubrication, machination, magnetization, magnification, malformation, manifestation, manipulation, marginalization, masturbation, maturation, maximization, mechanization, medication, meditation, menstruation, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, misidentification, misinformation, misinterpretation, misrepresentation, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, modulation, molestation, monopolization, motivation, multiplication, mummification, mutation, mutilation, narration, nation, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, neutralization, nitration, nomination, nondiscrimination, nonproliferation, normalization, notation, notification, nullification, obfuscation, obligation, observation, occupation, operation, optimization, oration, orchestration, ordination, organisation, organization, orientation, origination, ornamentation, oscillation, ossification, ostentation, ovation, overpopulation, overregulation, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, pagination, palpitation, participation, pasteurization, penetration, perforation, permutation, perpetuation, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politicization, pollination, pontification, popularization, population, precipitation, predestination, prefabrication, premeditation, preoccupation, preparation, presentation, preservation, pressurization, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procrastination, profanation, prognostication, proliferation, propagation, proration, prostration, protestation, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, quotation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, rationalization, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reauthorization, recalculation, recantation, recapitalization, recertification, recitation, reclamation, reclassification, recommendation, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, recrimination, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, reevaluation, reexamination, reflation, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reincarnation, reincorporation, reinterpretation, reinvigoration, reiteration, rejuvenation, relation, relaxation, relocation, remuneration, renationalization, renomination, renovation, reorganization, reparation, replication, representation, reputation, reregulation, reservation, resignation, respiration, restoration, resuscitation, retardation, reunification, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, rotation, rumination, salvation, sanctification, sanitation, saponification, saturation, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, segmentation, segregation, sensation, separation, sequestration, simplification, simulation, situation, socialization, solicitation, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, stagnation, standardization, starvation, station, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, subordination, subsidization, suburbanization, suffocation, summation, superstation, syndication, tabulation, taxation, telecommunication, temptation, termination, titillation, toleration, transformation, transillumination, translation, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vaccination, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, vegetation, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visitation, visualization, vocation, vulgarization, westernization. |
| 3 | -sh u n | abduction, abolition, abortion, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, accession, accretion, acquisition, action, addiction, addition, admission, admonition, adoption, advection, affection, affliction, aggression, alliteration, alternation, ambition, ammunition, antiabortion, anticorruption, apparition, apportion, apprehension, ascension, ashen, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, beautician, benediction, brutalization, caption, carburetion, caution, circulation, circumspection, clinician, coalition, coercion, cognition, collection, commission, commotion, compassion, competition, completion, complexion, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, conception, conceptualization, concession, concoction, concussion, condescension, condition, conduction, confection, confession, conjunction, connection, conniption, conscription, constitution, constriction, construction, consumption, contention, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conviction, convolution, convulsion, correction, corruption, counterrevolution, crucifixion, cushion, deception, decimation, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, deduction, defection, definition, deletion, demolition, demotion, dentition, depiction, depletion, deposition, depression, dereliction, description, desertion, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, devolution, devotion, diction, dietitian, diffraction, digression, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, disconnection, discretion, discussion, disinfection, disposition, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissension, dissolution, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, dysfunction, edition, egyptian, ejection, election, electrician, electrocution, elocution, emission, emotion, emulsion, encryption, erection, erudition, eruption, eviction, evolution, exaction, exception, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exhibition, expansion, expedition, exposition, expression, expulsion, extension, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, faction, fashion, fiction, fission, flexion, formalization, fraction, freshen, friction, fruition, function, gentian, geriatrician, gumption, hessian, homogenization, hypertension, hypotension, ignition, impassion, imperfection, imposition, impression, inaction, inception, incineration, indiscretion, induction, infarction, infection, inflection, infliction, infraction, inhibition, injection, injunction, inquisition, inscription, insertion, inspection, institution, instruction, insurrection, interaction, interception, intercession, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, interruption, intersection, introduction, introspection, intuition, invention, junction, jurisdiction, juxtaposition, lilliputian, liposuction, liquefaction, locomotion, logician, lotion, magician, malfunction, malnutrition, mansion, martian, mathematician, mention, midsection, misapprehension, misconception, misimpression, misperception, mission, mortician, motion, munition, musician, nonaggression, nonfiction, nonprescription, notion, nutrition, objection, obsession, obstetrician, obstruction, ocean, omission, opposition, oppression, optician, option, overconsumption, overexpansion, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, oversimplification, partition, passion, patrician, pediatrician, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, permission, persecution, petition, physician, politician, pollution, portion, position, possession, potion, precaution, precession, preconception, precondition, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, preignition, premonition, prescription, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, procession, production, profession, progression, prohibition, projection, promotion, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, protection, ration, reaction, reassertion, reception, recession, recognition, recollection, recondition, reconstruction, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reflection, regression, reimposition, reinspection, reintegration, reintroduction, reinvention, rejection, remission, rendition, repercussion, repetition, reposition, repossession, repression, reproduction, requisition, resolution, restitution, restriction, resumption, resurrection, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, sanction, satisfaction, secession, secretion, section, sedition, seduction, selection, session, solution, statistician, submission, subscription, subsection, substation, substitution, subtraction, succession, suction, superstition, supposition, suppression, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, tactician, technician, tension, theoretician, titian, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transgression, transition, transmission, tuition, venetian, volition, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-b-b-e-i-i-n-o-r-t-v" | |
-3 letters: barbitone, bivariate, rabbinate, variation, vibration. | |
-4 letters: abortive, aeration, aviation, bareboat, baritone, bevatron, obtainer, reobtain, taborine. | |
-5 letters: aerobia, airboat, antbear, antiair, aviator, barbate, baronet, bornite, inertia, inviter, niobate, nobbier, obviate, ovarian, rabboni, reboant, taborin, taverna, variant, variate, vibrant, vibrate, vibrato, vibrion, vitrain, vitrine. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-b-b-e-i-i-n-o-r-t-v" | |
+1 letter: abbreviations. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)41 62 62 72 65 76 69 61 74 69 6F 6E |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
|
| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
|
| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
|
| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
|
Morse Code (1836) (references).- -... -... .-. . ...- .. .- - .. --- -. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
|
Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01000001 01100010 01100010 01110010 01100101 01110110 01101001 01100001 01110100 01101001 01101111 01101110 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)A b b r e v i a t i o n |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0041 0062 0062 0072 0065 0076 0069 0061 0074 0069 006F 006E |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
|
Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)356868847188756786758180 |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Quotations: Fiction 6. Quotations: Non-fiction 7. Usage Frequency 8. Expressions: Internet | 9. Translations: Modern 10. Translations: Ancient 11. Derivations 12. Rhymes | 13. Anagrams 14. Orthography 15. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
