1

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1

Definition: 1

1

Adjective

1. Used of a single unit or thing; not two or more; "`ane' is Scottish".

Noun

1. The smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number; "he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it"; "they had lunch at one".

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.

Specialty Definition: 1

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This article is about the year. For the number 1, see One.
Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century
Decades: 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC - 0s - 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s
5 BC 4 BC 3 BC 2 BC 1 BC - 1 - 2 3 4 5 6 Events
The first full year of Jesus Christ's life (traditional date, as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus for his calendar).
start of the Yuanshi era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
Confucius was given his first royal title (posthumous name) of Lord Baochengxun Ni.
Silk appeared in Rome.
Gaius Caesar is a Roman Consul.

Births

Deaths

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "1."

1 (album)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

1 is the title of a 2000 collection of #1 singles released by The Beatles in the 1960s. Compiled by producer George Martin and the three surviving Beatles, 1 includes 27 #1 songs The Beatles achieved in the United Kingdom and the United States. The collection, Released on November 21, 2000, sold 3.6 million units in its first week and more than 12 million in three weeks, becoming the fastest selling album of all time. The collection also premiered at #1 in the U.S. and other countries, which is a rarity for a greatest hits collection that contains only previously released material.
"Love Me Do" (Released in the U.K. on October 5, 1962, and in the U.S. on April 27, 1964, where it reached #1 for 1 week on May 30.)
"From Me To You" (Released on April 11, 1963 in the U.K. and reached #1 on May 2, where it stayed for 7 weeks.)
"She Loves You" (Released in the U.K. on August 23, 1963, where it stayed at #1 for 6 weeks, then again on November 28. Released in the U.S. on September 16, 1963, and went to #1 for two weeks on March 21, 1964.)
"I Want To Hold Your Hand" (Released in the U.S. on December 26, 1963, it reached #1 for 7 weeks between February 1 and March 20, 1964. Released in the U.K. on November 29, 1963 and stayed at #1 for 5 weeks.)
"Can't Buy Me Love" (Released on March 20, 1964 in the U.K. and on March 16, 1964 in the U.S.. The song reached #1 for three weeks in the U.K. on April 2, 1964. The song went to #1 in the U.S. for 5 weeks on April 4, 1964.)
"A Hard Day's Night" (the song reached #1 in the U.K. for 3 weeks on July 23, 1964 and was #1 for 2 weeks in the U.S. on August 1, 1964.)
"I Feel Fine" (The song stayed at #1 for 5 weeks in the U.K. starting on December 10, 1964, and reached #1 in the U.S. on December 26, 1964.)
"Eight Days A Week" (Released on February 15, 1965 in the U.S., where it went to #1 for 2 weeks on March 13, 1965.)
"Ticket To Ride" (The song, released there on April 9, 1965 in the U.K., was #1 for 3 weeks on April 22, 1965. The song was released in the U.S. on April 19, 1965, reaching #1 for 1 week on May 22, 1965.)
"Help" (Released on July 23, 1965 in the U.K., it reached #1 for 3 weeks on August 5, 1965. In the U.S., it was released on July 19, 1965, reaching #1 for 3 weeks on September 4, 1965.)
"Yesterday" (The song was released on September 13, 1965 in the U.S., attaining #1 for 4 weeks on October 9, 1965.)
"Day Tripper" (Released on December 3 in the U.K., reaching #1 for 5 weeks on December 16, 1965.)
"We Can Work It Out" (Released in the U.K. on December 3, 1965 and reached #1 for 5 weeks on December 16, 1965. The song was released on December 6, 1965 in the U.S., and reached #1 for 3 weeks on January 8, 1966.)
"Paperback Writer" (Released on June 10, 1966 in the U.K. and on May 30, 1966 in the U.S.. The song reached #1 for 2 weeks in the U.K. on June 23, and for 2 weeks in the U.S. on June 25, 1966.)
"Yellow Submarine" (The song was released on August 5, 1966 in the U.K., where it reached #1 for 4 weeks on August 18.)
"Eleanor Rigby" (Released on August 5, 1966 in the U.K., reaching #1 for 4 weeks on August 18.)
"Penny Lane" (Released on February 17, 1967 in the U.K., and on February 13, 1967 in the U.S.. The song reached #1 in the U.S. on March 18 for 1 week.)
"All You Need Is Love" (Released on July 7, 1967 in the U.K., it reached #1 for 3 weeks on July 19. In the U.S., it attained #1 for 1 week on August 19, 1967.)
"Hello, Goodbye" (Released on November 24 in the U.K., it reached #1 for 7 weeks on December 6, 1967. In the U.S., the song was released on November 27, 1967, and reached #1 for 3 weeks on December 30, 1967.)
"Lady Madonna" (Released on March 15 in the U.K., reaching #1 for 2 weeks on March 27.)
"Hey Jude" (The song was released on August 26, 1968 in the U.S. and on August 30 in the U.K.. It reached #1 in the U.K. for 2 weeks on September 11 and was #1 for 9 weeks in the U.S., starting on September 28, 1968.)
"Get Back" (Released on April 11, 1969 in the U.K. and on May 5, 1969 in the U. S.. It reached #1 in the U.K. for 6 weeks on April 23, and in the U.S. for 5 weeks on May 24, 1969.)
"The Ballad Of John And Yoko" (Released in the U.K. on may 30, reaching #1 for 3 weeks on June 11.)
"Something" (Released on October 31, 1969 in the U.K., and on October 6 in the U.S.. It reached #1 for 1 week in the U.S. on November 29, 1969.)
"Come Together" (Released on October 31, 1969 in the U.K., and on October 6 in the U.S.. It reached #1 in the U.S. on November 29, and stayed there for 1 week.)
"Let It Be" (Released on March 6, 1970 in the U.K., and on March 11, 1970 in the U,S., reaching #1 for 2 weeks on April 11, 1970.)
"The Long And Winding Road" (Released in the U.S. on May 11, 1970 and reached #1 for 2 weeks on June 13, 1970.)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "1 (album)."

1 E0 kg

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

To help compare different orders of magnitude masses between 1 and 10 kilograms are listed here. See also masses of other orders of magnitude.

lighter masses
2-6 kg -- a newborn baby
4.0 kg -- women's shotput
5-9 kg -- a pizote
7.3 kg -- men's shotput
heavier masses

External link

Conversion Calculator for Units of MASS (& Weight)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "1 E0 kg."

1 E0 m

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between one metre and ten metres. One metre is equivalent to 39 inches, 3.28 feet, 100 centimetres, or 1000 millimetres.

Distances shorter than 1 m
1 metre is:
side of square with area 1 m².
edge of cube with surface area 6 m² and volume 1 m³.
radius of circle with area 3.14 m²
radius of sphere with surface area 12.56 m² and volume 4.19 m³
1 m -- wavelength of the highest VHF radio frequency, 300 MHz
1.1 - 1.2 m -- a pizote (mammal)
1.435m -- Standard gauge of railway track
1.70 m (5 feet 7 inches) - one smoot
1.83 m -- (6 feet) height of average/tall male human
2.77 - 3.44 m -- wavelength of the broadcast radio FM band 108 - 87 MHz
4.80 - 5.50 m -- height of a giraffe
10 m -- wavelength of the lowest VHF radio frequency, 30 MHz
Distances longer than 10 m

See also: orders of magnitude, orders of magnitude (length)

External link

Conversion Calculator for Units of LENGTH
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "1 E0 m."

1 E3 kg

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 10³ and 10⁴ kilograms (1 and 10 tonne). See also masses of other orders of magnitude.

lighter masses
1,000 kg -- one cubic metre of liquid water
1,016.047 kg -- 1 long ton (British)
0.8-1.6 t -- typical passenger automobiles
3-7t -- adult elephant
heavier masses

External link
Conversion Calculator for Units of MASS (& Weight)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "1 E3 kg."

1 E-3 kg

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 10^-3 and 10^-2 kg (1 and 10 gram). See also masses of other orders of magnitude.

lighter masses
0.001 kg = 1 gram
At 4 °C, 1 gram of water occupies 1 millilitre (equal to 1 cubic centimetre) of space
United States coins are all in this range - dime is ~1.5g, quarter ~7g - most other nations will be in this order or the adjacent 2 orders
heavier masses

See also: conversion of units

External links

Conversion Calculator for Units of MASS (& Weight)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "1 E-3 kg."

1 E3 m

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 1 km and 10 km (10³ to 10⁴ m). See also lengths of other orders of magnitude.

Distances shorter than 1 km
1,000 metres is equal to:
1 kilometre
0.62 miles
3,280 feet
wavelength of the highest long wave radio frequency, 300 kHz
side of a square of area 1 km².
radius of a circle of area 3.14 km².
1,300 m -- Height of Haltitunturi, highest point in Finland
1,609.344 m -- One mile
1,852 m -- One nautical mile
1,990 m -- Centre span of Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, longest suspension bridge in the world
2,100 m -- Height of Kebnekaise, highest point in Sweden
2,469 m -- Height of Galdhøpiggen, highest point in Norway
3,718 m -- Height of El Teide, highest point in Spain
4,810 m -- Height of Mont Blanc, highest peak in Europe
5,895 m -- Height of Mount Kilimanjaro, highest peak in Africa
5,959 m -- Height of Mount Logan, highest peak in Canada
6,194 m -- Height of Mount McKinley, highest peak in North America
7,500 m -- Depth of Cayman Trench, deepest point in the Caribbean Sea
8,850 m -- Height of Mount Everest, highest point on Earth, in Asia
10 km -- Wavelength of the lowest long wave radio frequency, 30 kHz
Distances longer than 10 km

See also conversion of units.
External link
Conversion Calculator for Units of LENGTH
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "1 E3 m."

1 E6 kg

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 10⁶ and 10⁷ kilograms (1,000 and 10,000 metric tonnes). See also masses of other orders of magnitude.

Lighter masses
1,500 tonnes: each gate of the Thames Barrier
2,041 tonnes: launch mass of Space Shuttle
Heavier masses

Orders of magnitude

External link
Conversion Calculator for Units of MASS (& Weight)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "1 E6 kg."

1 E6 m²

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

To help compare sizes of different geographic regions, we list here areas between 1 km² (100 hectares) and 10 km² (1000 hectares). See also areas of other orders of magnitude.

Areas smaller than 1 km²
1 km² is equal to:
100 hectares
10⁶ m²
0.386 square miles.
247 acres
the area of a square of side length 1 km
A cube with this surface area has sides of length 408 m.
A circle of this area has a radius of 564 m.
A sphere of this surface area has a radius of 282 m.
135 hectares -- the campus of the United States Naval Academy
195 hectares -- Monaco
200 hectares -- Herm, Channel Islands
320 hectares -- Hampstead Heath in London.
650 hectares -- Gibraltar
Areas larger than 10 km²

See also: Orders of magnitude

External link

Conversion Calculator for Units of AREA

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "1 E6 m�."

1 E9 kg

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 10⁹ kilograms (1 megatonne) and 10¹⁰ kilograms (10 megatonnes). See also masses of other orders of magnitude.

Lighter masses

Heavier masses
External link
Conversion Calculator for Units of MASS (& Weight)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "1 E9 kg."

1er arrondissement, Paris

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The 1er arrondissement is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, France. It is located on the Right Bank, at the center of the city.
Important places include:
Les Halles
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "1er arrondissement, Paris."

Alkali metal

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Alkali metals are a chemical series. They are the elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table - Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium and Francium.
The alkali metals are silvery colored, soft, low density metals, which react readily with halogens to form ionic salts, and with water to form strongly alkaline (basic) hydroxides. These elements all have one electron in their outermost shell, so the energetically preferred state of achieving a filled electron shell is to lose one electron to form a singly charged positive ion.
Hydrogen, with a solitary electron, nominally belongs in the alkali metals group. However, removal of that single electron requires considerably more energy than for the other alkali metals. Like the halogens, only one additional electron is required to fill in the outermost shell of the hydrogen atom, so hydrogen can be regarded in some respects as behaving like a halogen; its elemental form is a diatomic gas, and it can even form salts (called hydrides) with the alkali metals, where the metal has donated an electron to the hydrogen, almost as if hydrogen were actually a halogen.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Alkali metal."

April 1

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 274 days remaining.

Events

527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne.
1789 - In New York City, the United States House of Representatives holds its first quorum and elects Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania as its first House Speaker.
1826 - Samuel Morey patents the internal combustion engine.
1865 - American Civil War: Battle of Five Forks - In Petersburg, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee begins his final offensive.
1867 - Singapore becomes British crown colony.
1873 - The British steamer SS Atlantic sinks off Nova Scotia killing 547.
1918 - The Royal Flying Corps is replaced by the Royal Air Force.
1924 - Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years in jail for his participation in the "Beer Hall Putsch." However he was only in jail for nine months.
1933 - The recently elected Nazis under Julius Streicher organize a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany, ushering in the series of anti-Semitic acts that will be known as the Holocaust.
1934 - Bonnie and Clyde kill two young highway patrolmen near Grapevine, Texas.
1937 - Aden becomes a British crown colony.
1945 - World War II: United States troops land on Okinawa in the last campaign of the war.
1946 - A 7.8 magnitude earthquake near the Aleutian Islands creates a tsunami that strikes the Hawaiian Islands killing 159 (mostly in Hilo, Hawaii).
1948 - Cold War: Berlin Airlift - Military forces, under direction of the Soviet-controlled government in East Germany, set-up a land blockade of West Berlin.
1949 - Newfoundland joins Canada
1949 - Chinese Civil War: Communist Party of China held peace talks with the Kuomintang in Beijing, after three years of fighting. More than six thousand pro-communist students were protesting in Nanjing and some were killed. The talk was not successful.
1954 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorizes the creation of the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado.
1960 - The United States launches the first weather satellite, TIROS-1.
1967 - The United States Department of Transportation begins operation.
1969 - The Hawker Siddeley Harrier enters service with the RAF.
1970 - President Richard Nixon signs the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act into law banning cigarette advertisements in the United States starting on January 1, 1971.
1973 - Project Tiger, a tiger conservation project, is launched in the Corbett National Park, India.
1976 - Apple Computer Company is formed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
1979 - Ruhollah Khomeini proclaims Iran to be an Islamic Republic.
1999 - Nunavut is established as a Canadian territory carved from the eastern part of the Northwest Territories.
2001 - An EP-3E United States Navy plane collides with a Chinese People's Liberation Army fighter jet. The Navy crew makes an emergency landing in Hainan, People's Republic of China and is detained. The American crew would later be released on April 11 while the Chinese fighter pilot was lost and presumed dead.
2001 - Former Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic surrenders to police special forces, to be tried on charges of war crimes.
Births

1578 - William Harvey, physician, discovered blood circulation
1776 - Sophie Germain, mathematician (+ 1831)
1875 - Edgar Wallace, writer (+ 1932)
1815 - Otto von Bismarck, politician (+ 1898)
1834 - James Fisk, entrepreneur (+ 1872)
1866 - Ferruccio Busoni, pianist and composer (+ 1924)
1873 - Sergei Rachmaninoff, composer, pianist, and conductor (+ 1943)
1883 - Lon Chaney, actor (+ 1930)
1885 - Wallace Beery, actor (+ 1949)
1895 - Alberta Hunter, singer (+ 1984)
1901 - Whittaker Chambers, spy (+ 1961)
1915 - Otto Wilhelm Fischer, actor
1920 - Toshirô Mifune, actor (+ 1997)
1922 - William Manchester, writer
1926 - Anne McCaffrey, science fiction author
1928 - Jane Powell, dancer, actress, singer
1929 - Milan Kundera, author
1931 - Rolf Hochhuth, writer
1932 - Debbie Reynolds, actress
1948 - Jimmy Cliff, musician
1949 - Gil Scott-Heron, musician, composer
1953 - Barry Sonnenfeld, producer, director
1955 - Ronnie Burk, surrealist and AIDS activist (+ 2003)
1971 - Method Man, musician

Deaths

1204 - Eleanor of Aquitaine, wife of Henry II of England
1914 - Rube Waddell, Baseball Hall of Famer
1917 - Scott Joplin, musician, composer
1922 - Emperor Karl of Austria
1930 - Empress Zawditu of Ethiopia
1946 - Noah Beery, actor
1947 - King George II of Greece
1950 - Charles R. Drew, physician
1968 - Lev Davidovich Landau, Russian physicist
1976 - Max Ernst, artist
1984 - Marvin Gaye, singer
1991 - Martha Graham, dancer, choreographer
2003 - Leslie Cheung, actor
2003 - Hyosuke Kujiraoka, a former vice speaker of the House of Representatives

Holidays and observances

April 1 is known as April Fool's Day in many countries (but compare December 28 in many catholic countries).
Roman Empire - Veneralia celebrated to honor Venus
In most universities, schools and offices in Japan, fiscal years and school years start on April 1. April Fool's Day is not common in Japan yet.
Brielle celebrates victory of 1572 over Spaniards.
In San Marino, two captain regents, elected by parliament, take office for six months

See Also:
March 31 - April 2 - March 1 - May 1 -- listing of all days
January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "April 1."

August 1

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

August 1st is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining.

Events

527 - Justinian I becomes Byzantine Emperor.
1119 - The crusaders are beaten in the Battle of Sarmada.
1245 - First Council of Lyons opens.
1291 - The Swiss Confederation is formed.
1492 - Ferdinand and Isabella drive the Jews out of Spain.
1461 - Edward IV crowned king of England.
1498 - Christopher Columbus discovers Venezuela.
1519 - Charles V elected emperor of Germany.
1619 - First Black slaves landed in Jamestown, Virginia.
1635 - Guadeloupe becomes a French colony.
1774 - The element oxygen is discovered by Carl Wilhelm and Joseph Priestley.
1776 - Formal signing of the Declaration of Independence.
1790 - The first census of the United States is completed. The total population of the thirteen states was 3,929,214.
1798 - Battle of the Nile starts between French and British fleets.
1831 - London Bridge opens.
1832 - Black Hawk War ends.
1834 - Slavery is abolished in the British Empire.
1838 - Victoria crowned queen of Britain.
1864 - General Philip Sheridan takes command of the Army of the Shenandoah.
1859 - First dog show held in Newcastle-on-Tyne, England.
1873 - First cable car begins service in San Francisco, California.
1876 - Colorado is admitted as the 38th U.S. state.
1894 - War erupts between Japan and China over Korea.
1895 - El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua form the Central American Union.
1902 - The United States buys the rights to the Panama Canal from France.
1909 - United States Army Air Corps founded.
1914 - Germany declares war on Russia.
1917 - Battle of Third Ypres.
1936 - The Berlin Olympic Games are opened.
1941 - The first Jeep is produced.
1943 - PT-109, with Lieutenant John F. Kennedy aboard, sinks.
1944 - Anne Frank makes the last entry in her diary.
1944 - An uprising against the Nazi occupation breaks out in Warsaw, Poland.
1950 - King Leopold III of Belgium abdicates.
1957 - The United States and Canada form the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD).
1964 - North Vietnam fires on a US destroyer in the Gulf of Tonkin.
1965 - President Johnson authorizes the first use of American ground troops in the Vietnam War.
1965 - Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands announces her engagement to Claus von Amsberg.
1966 - Charles Whitman kills 15 people shooting from a tower at the University of Texas in Austin, in the United States, before being killed by the police.
1967 - Israel annexes East Jerusalem.
1971 - George Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh in New York features, among others, Bob Dylan, Eric Clapton, Ringo Starr and Leon Russell.
1981 - First broadcasts by MTV. The first video played was Video Killed The Radio Star by Buggles.
1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait.
1991 - Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir accepts a formula for peace talks in the Middle East.
1994 - Michael Jackson and Lisa Marie Presley confirm rumours that they had married eleven weeks earlier.
1996 - Michael Johnson wins the 200 meters in 19.32, beating the old world record by over 0.3 seconds.
2001 - In talks between the government and representatives of the Albanian minority in the Republic of Macedonia, an agreement is reached on the position of the Albanian language in the Republic.
2001 - Bulgaria, Cyprus, Latvia, Malta, Slovenia and Slovakia join the European Environment Agency.

Births

10 BC - Claudius († 54), Roman emperor
126 - Pertinax, Roman Emperor († 193)
1367 - Sigismund, emperor, king of Hungary and of Bohemia
1476 - Pope Paul IV († 1559)
1744 - Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, scientist († 1829)
1770 - William Clark, explorer († 1838)
1779 - Francis Scott Key, composer of "The Star-Spangled Banner" († 1843)
1818 - Maria Mitchell, astronomer (†)
1819 - Herman Melville, writer († 1891)
1824 - Paul Broca, anthropologist (†)
1858 - Hans Rott, composer
1863 - Gaston Doumergue, politician and president of France († 1937)
1885 - George de Hevesy, chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in chemistry 1943 († 1966)
1921 - Jack Kramer, tennis star
1922 - Arthur Hill, actor
1925 - Ernst Jandl, writer († 2000)
1930 - Pierre Bourdieu, French sociologist († 2002)
1931 - Tom Wilson, cartoonist (Ziggy)
1933 - Dom DeLuise, actor, comedian
1936 - Yves Saint Laurent, fashion designer
1937 - Senator Alfonse D'Amato from New York
1942 - Jerry Garcia, guitarist, lyricist, singer (The Grateful Dead) († 1995)
1942 - Sjoukje Dijkstra, figure skater
1950 - Jim Carroll, poet, actor
1953 - Robert Cray, singer
1959 - Joe Elliot, rock and roll musician (Def Leppard)
1960 - Chuck D, rapper (Public Enemy)
1963 - Coolio, rapper
1965 - Sam Mendes, film director
1973 - Tempestt Bledsoe, actress
1981 - Ashley Parker Angel, singer
1984 - Alessandra Angleton, twin daughter of Robert Angleton and Doris Angleton
1984 - Nicole Angleton, twin daughter of Robert Angleton and Doris Angleton
It is also recognised that August 1 is the "Horse's Birthday" for every horse, regardless of their actual date of birth.

Deaths

371 - St Eusebius of Vercelli, bishop
1598 - Abraham Ortelius, cartographer
1836 - James Madison, President of the United States from 1809 to 1817
1876 - Wild Bill Hickock, gunfighter
1889 - Maria Mitchell, astronomer
1917 - Frank Little, IWW organizer, lynched in Butte, Montana
1923 - Warren G. Harding, United States President
1934 - Paul von Hindenburg, Chancellor of Germany
1964 - Johnny Burnett, singer (boating accident)
1970 - Frances Farmer, actress
1977 - Gary Powers, pilot
1989 - Joris Ivens, movie director
1992 - Mikhail Tal, world chess champion

Holidays and observances

Angola - Armed Forces Day
Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago - Emancipation Day
Benin - National Day
People's Republic of China - Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Liberation Army
Democratic Republic of Congo - Parent's Day
Nicaragua - Fiesta Day
Rastafarianism - Celebration of the liberation of Haile Selassie from slavery
Switzerland - National Day
Bahá'í Faith - Feast of Kamál (Perfection) - First day of the eighth month of the Bahá'í Calendar
Lammas - Neopagan festival of Lammas

See Also:
July 31 - August 2 - July 1 - September 1 -- listing of all days
January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "August 1."

Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction is a book written by Frank Schmalleger and intended to serve as an introductory text in the study of the American criminal justice system . There have been four editions; with the latest written in 2002. The text is printed by Prentice Hall and Pearson Education. The publisher is Jeff Johnston.
Schmalleger states, "Criminal justice is a dynamic and fluid field of study. As accelerated change engulfs American society, it is appropriate that a streamlined and up-to-date book be in the hands of students. The information age and all that it has wrought is here..."
Schmalleger adds, "It is my hope that the technological and publishing revolutions will combine with growing social awareness to facilitate needed changes in our system; and will supplant self-serving system-perpetuated injustices with new standards of equity, compassion, understanding, fairness, and justice for all."
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction."

December 1

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

December 1 is the 335th day (336th on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 30 days remaining.

Events

1640 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and John IV of Portugal becomes king.
1822 - Dom Pedro is crowned as Emperor of Brazil.
1824 - U.S. presidential election, 1824: Since no candidate received a majority of the total electoral college votes in the election, the United States House of Representatives is given the task to decide the winner (as stipulated by the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution).
1884 - American Old West - Near Frisco, New Mexico (now Reserve, New Mexico), deputy sheriff Elfego Baca holds off a gang of 80 Texan cowboys who want to kill him for arresting cowboy Charles McCarthy (the cowboys were terrorizing the area's Hispanos and Baca was working against them).
1913 - Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from 12 1/2 hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes (although Ford was not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one did spark an era of mass production).
1918 - Iceland becomes a self-governing kingdom, yet remains united with Denmark.
1918 - Transylvania unites with Romania, following the March 27 incorporation of Bessarabia and Bucovina.
1918 - The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is proclaimed.
1919 - Lady Astor becomes first female member of the British Parliament to take her seat (she had been elected to that position on November 28).
1925 - World War I aftermath: Locarno Treaties - The final Locarno Pact is signed in London, establshing post-war territorial settlements in return for normalizing relations with defeated Germany.
1934 - In the Soviet Union, Politburo member Sergei Kirov is shot dead at the Communist Party headquarters in Leningrad by Leonid Nikolayev (it is widely thought that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered this murder).
1941 - World War II: Former mayor of New York City, Fiorello LaGuardia, and the director of the Office of Civilian Defense, sign an order creating the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) as the civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force (in April 1943 the CAP was placed under the jurisdiction of the Army Air Forces).
1944 - Edward Stettinius Jr becomes becomes the last United States Secretary of State of the Roosevelt administration, by filling the seat left by the Cordell Hull.
1952 - The New York Daily News carries a front page story announcing that Christine Jorgensen in Denmark became the recipient of the first successful sex-change operation (in this case a man to a women).
1955 - American Civil Rights Movement: In Montgomery, Alabama, seamstress Rosa Parks refuses to give her bus seat to a white man and is arrested for violating the city's racial segregation laws (Baptist minister Martin Luther King, Jr later led the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott as a result).
1958 - Central African Republic becomes independent from France.
1959 - Cold War: Antarctic Treaty signed - 12 countries, including the United States and the Soviet Union, sign a landmark treaty, which sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and bans military activity on that continent (this was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War).
1964 - Vietnam War: US President Lyndon B. Johnson and his top-ranking advisers meet to discuss plans to bomb North Vietnam (after some debate, they agreed to enact a two-phase bombing plan).
1969 - Vietnam War: The first draft lottery in the United States is held since World War II (on January 4, 1970, the New York Times ran a long article, "Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random").
1971 - Cambodian Civil War: Khmer Rouge rebels intensify assaults on Cambodian government positions, forcing their retreat from Kompong Thmar and nearby Ba Ray, 10 kilometers northeast of Phnom Penh.
1973 - Papua New Guinea gains self government from Australia.
1974 - A Boeing 727 carrying TWA Flight 514 crashes 25 miles northwest of Dulles International Airport during bad weather, killing all 92 people on-board.
1981 - A Yugoslavian DC-9 crashes into a mountain while approaching Ajaccio Airport in Corsica killing 178.
1987 - NASA announces the names of four companies who were awarded contracts to help build the International Space Station: Boeing Aerospace, General Electric's Astro-Space Division, McDonnell Douglas, and the Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell.
1989 - Cold War: East Germany's parliament abolishes the constitutional provision granting the communist party the leading role in the state (Egon Krenz, the Politburo and the Central Committee resigned two days later).
1990 - Channel Tunnel workers from the United Kingdom and France meet 40 meters beneath the English Channel seabed, establishing the first ground connection between the island of Great Britain and the mainland of Europe since the last Ice Age.
1991 - Cold War: Ukrainian voters overwhelmingly approve a referendum for independence from the Soviet Union.
1998 - Exxon announces a US$73.7 billion deal to buy Mobil, thus creating Exxon-Mobil, the largest company on the planet.
Births

1709 - Franz Xaver Richter, composer (d. 1789)
1716 - Etienne-Maurice Falconet, French sculptor (d. 1791)
1743 - Martin Heinrich Klaproth, chemist (d. 1817)
1844 - Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom (d. 1925)
1884 - Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, painter, graphic artist (d. 1976)
1886 - Rex Stout, author (d. 1975)
1893 - Ernst Troller, dramatist (d. 1939)
1895 - Henry Williamson, author (d. 1977)
1911 - Walter Alston, baseball manager (d. 1984)
1911 - Calvin Griffith, baseball executive (d. 1999)
1912 - Minoru Yamasaki, American architect (d. 1986)
1913 - Mary Martin, actor, singer (d. 1990)
1923 - Stansfield Turner, American admiral, director of the Central Intelligence Agency
1935 - Woody Allen, film director, actor, comedian
1935 - Lou Rawls, singer
1939 - Lee Trevino, golfer
1940 - Richard Pryor, actor, comedian
1945 - Bette Midler, actress
1946 - Gilbert O'Sullivan, singer
1948 - George Foster, baseball star
1950 - Keith Thibodeaux, drummer and actor ("Little Ricky" on I Love Lucy)
1961 - Jeremy Northam, actor
1976 - Matthew Shepard, murder victim (d. 1998)
1978 - Brad Delson, lead guitar musician of Linkin Park

Deaths

1135 - Henry I of England
1755 - Maurice Greene, composer
1947 - Aleister_Crowley
1934 - Sergei Kirov, Russian revolutionary
1950 - E. J. Moeran, composer
1964 - J. B. S. Haldane, British geneticist
1973 - David Ben-Gurion, first Prime Minister of Israel
1985 - Alvin Ailey, dancer, choreographer
1987 - James Baldwin, author

Holidays and observances

World AIDS Day
Ancient Latvia - Barbes Diena observed
Romania - Union Day (the national holiday)

See also
November 30 - December 2 - November 1 - January 1 -- listing of all days
January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "December 1."

Desert Shield to Desert Storm: The Second Gulf War

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Desert Shield to Desert Storm: The Second Gulf War is a non-fiction historical book written by Dilip Hiro and first published by Routledge in 1992.

Quotes
Hiro states, "The history of the Middle East, since World War II, has been shaped largely by the founding of Israel."

Acclaim

"It tells the story without prejudice." Justin Wintle (Financial Times)
"This book is untrammelled by the hysterical television journalism." Robert Fisk (Daily Telegraph)
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Desert Shield to Desert Storm: The Second Gulf War."

February 1

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

February 1 is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 333 days remaining, (334 in leap years).

Events

1788 - Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet patent the steamboat.
1790 - In New York City the Supreme Court of the United States convenes for the first time.
1793 - France declares war on the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
1796 - The capital of Upper Canada is moved from Newark to York.
1814 - Mayon Volcano, in the Philippines, erupts, killing around 1,200 people; most devastating eruption of Mayon Volcano.
1861 - American Civil War: Texas secedes from the United States.
1862 - Julia Ward Howe's "Battle Hymn of the Republic" is published for the first time (Atlantic Monthly).
1884 - Edition one of the Oxford English Dictionary is published.
1893 - Thomas A. Edison finishes construction of the first motion picture studio (West Orange, New Jersey).
1896 - The opera La Bohème premieres (Turin).
1908 - King Carlos I of Portugal and his son, Prince Luís Filipe, are killed in Terreiro do Paco, Lisbon.
1913 - New York City's Grand Central Station opens as the world's largest train station.
1918 - Russia adopts the Gregorian Calendar.
1919 - The first Miss America is crowned (New York City).
1920 - The Royal Canadian Mounted Police begin operations.
1929 - Frenchman Charles Rigoulet is the first weightlifter to lift over 400 pounds in the "clean and jerk" method.
1943 - World War II: Vidkun Quisling appointed Premier of Norway by the Nazi occupiers.
1946 - Trygve Lie of Norway is picked to be the first United Nations Secretary General.
1958 - Merger of Egypt and Syria to form the United Arab Republic, which lasted until 1961.
1968 - Vietnam War: A Viet Cong officer is executed by Nguyen Ngoc Loan a South Vietnamese National Police Chief. The execution was videotaped and photographed and helped sway public opinion against the war.
1978 - Director Roman Polanski skips bail and flees to France after pleading guilty to charges of engaging in sex with a 13-year-old girl.
1979 - Convicted bank robber Patty Hearst is released from prison after her sentence was commuted by President Jimmy Carter.
1979 - Ayatollah Khomeini is welcomed back into Tehran, Iran after nearly 15 years of exile.
1982 - Senegal and Gambia form a loose confederation known as Senegambia.
1992 - The Chief Judicial Magistrate of Bhopal court declares Warren Anderson, ex-CEO of Union Carbide, a fugitive under Indian law for failing to appear in the Bhopal Disaster case and orders the government to press for his extradition from United States
1994 - In Portland, Oregon Tonya Harding's ex-husband Jeff Gillooly pleads guilty for his role in attacking figure skater Nancy Kerrigan. He accepts a plea bargain admitting to racketeering charges in exchange for testimony against Harding.
1996 - Communications Decency Act is passed by the United States Congress
2003 - Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates over Texas upon reentry killing all seven astronauts onboard.
2008 - Sweden plans to cease analog television broadcasts.
2019 - Predicted date of possible collision of 2002 NT7 with Earth.

Births

1859 - Victor Herbert, composer
1874 - Hugo von Hofmannsthal, lyricist, dramatist, narrator, and essayist (+ 1929)
1882 - Louis Stephen St. Laurent, twelfth Prime Minister of Canada
1887 - Charles Nordhoff, author (+ 1947)
1894 - John Ford, director, producer (+ 1973)
1901 - Clark Gable, actor (+ 1960)
1902 - Langston Hughes writer (+ 1967)
1904 - S. J. Perelman, humorist, author
1906 - Hildegarde, actress, singer
1907 - Günter Eich, lyricist (+ 1972)
1908 - George Pal, director, producer (+ 1980)
1918 - Dame Muriel Spark, author
1925 - Alfred Grosser, political scientist and publicist
1931 - Boris Yeltsin, Russian president 1991-1999
1935 - Dieter Kühn, narrator, dramatist and essayist
1937 - Garrett Morris, comedian
1937 - Don Everly, musician
1938 - Sherman Hemsley, comedian, actor
1942 - Terry Jones, actor, writer ("Monty Python's Flying Circus")
1947 - Jessica Savitch, journalist (+ 1983)
1952 - Rick James, musician
1954 - Bill Mumy, actor, musician
1965 - Brandon Lee, actor (+ 1993)
1965 - Sherilyn Fenn, actress
1965 - Princess Stephanie of Monaco
1966 - Michelle Akers, American soccer star
1968 - Lisa Marie Presley, actress

Deaths

1793 - William Wildman Shute Barrington, British statesman
1851 - Mary Shelley, author
1908 - King Carlos I of Portugal
1944 - [[Piet Mondriaan], Dutch painter
1966 - Buster Keaton, actor
1996 - Hedda Hopper, gossip columnist
1997 - Herb Caen, newspaper columnist
2002 - Hildegard Knef (76), actress, singer, writer
2003 - The crew of STS-107, astronauts: Michael P. Anderson, David Brown, Kalpana Chawla, Laurel Clark, Rick D. Husband, Willie McCool, Ilan Ramon

Holidays and observances

Imbolc - one of the eight solar holidays in the Wheel of the Year.
2003 - Chinese New Year - Year of the Ram.

See Also:
January 31 - February 2 - January 1 - March 1 -- listing of all days
January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "February 1."

First Epistle of John

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The First Epistle of John is a book of the Bible New Testament.
It the fourth of the catholic or "general" epistles. It was traditionally held to have been written by John the Evangelist, and probably also at Ephesus, and when the writer was in advanced age.
Although the epistle's content shows much agreement with the Gospel of John (without, however, quoting that book), it is today an open question whether a common authorship can be assumed.
The purpose of the apostle (1:1-4) is to declare the Word of Life to those to whom he writes, in order that they might be united in fellowship with the Father and his Son Jesus Christ. He shows that the means of union with God are, (1) on the part of Christ, his atoning work (1:7; 2:2; 3:5; 4:10, 14; 5:11, 12) and his advocacy (2:1); and (2), on the part of man, holiness (1:6), obedience (2:3), purity (3:3), faith (3:23; 4:3; 5:5), and love (2:7, 8; 3:14; 4:7; 5:1).

Initial text from Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897 -- Please update as needed
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "First Epistle of John."

First Epistle to the Corinthians

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The First Epistle to the Corinthians is a book of the Bible in the New Testament. It is a letter from Paul to the people of Corinth, Greece.
It was written from Ephesus (16:8) about the time of the Passover in the third year of the apostle's sojourn there (Acts 19:10; 20:31), and when he had formed the purpose to visit Macedonia, and then return to Corinth (probably AD 57).
The news which had reached him, however, from Corinth frustrated his plan. He had heard of the abuses and contentions that had arisen among them, first from Apollos (Acts 19:1), and then from a letter they had written him on the subject, and also from some of the "household of Chloe," and from Stephanas and his two friends who had visited him (1:11; 16:17). Paul thereupon wrote this letter, for the purpose of checking the factious spirit and correcting the erroneous opinions that had sprung up among them, and remedying the many abuses and disorderly practices that prevailed. Titus and a brother whose name is not given were probably the bearers of the letter (2 Corinthians 2:13; 8:6, 16-18).
The epistle may be divided into four parts:
1. The apostle deals with the subject of the lamentable divisions and party strifes that had arisen among them (chapters 1-4).
2. He next treats of certain cases of immorality that had become notorious among them. They had apparently set at nought the very first principles of morality (5, 6).
3. In the third part he discusses various questions of doctrine and of Christian ethics in reply to certain communications they had made to him. He especially rectifies certain flagrant abuses regarding the celebration of the Lord's supper (7-14).
4. The concluding part (15, 16) contains an elaborate defense of the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead, which had been called in question by some among them, followed by some general instructions, intimations, and greetings.
This epistle "shows the powerful self-control of the apostle in spite of his physical weakness, his distressed circumstances, his incessant troubles, and his emotional nature. It was written, he tells us, in bitter anguish, 'out of much affliction and pressure of heart...and with streaming eyes' (2 Corinthians 2:4); yet he restrained the expression of his feelings, and wrote with a dignity and holy calm which he thought most calculated to win back his erring children. It gives a vivid picture of the early church... It entirely dissipates the dream that the apostolic church was in an exceptional condition of holiness of life or purity of doctrine." The apostle in this epistle unfolds and applies great principles fitted to guide the church of all ages in dealing with the same and kindred evils in whatever form they may appear.
The subscription to this epistle states erroneously in the Authorized Version that it was written at Philippi. This error arose from a mistranslation of verse 16:5, "For I do pass through Macedonia," which was interpreted as meaning, "I am passing through Macedonia." In 16:8 he declares his intention of remaining some time longer in Ephesus. After that, his purpose is to "pass through Macedonia."
Initial text from Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897 -- Please update as needed
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "First Epistle to the Corinthians."

Identity function

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

An identity function f is a function which doesn't have any effect: it always returns the same value that was used as its argument.
Formally, if M is a set, we define the identity function id_M on M to be that function with domain and codomain M which satisfies
id_M(x) = x for all elements x in M.

If f : M → N is any function, then we have f o id_M = f = id_N o f. In particular, id_M is the identity element of the monoid of all functions from M to M.
When choosing M equal to the positive integers, one obtains the identity function Id(n), which is a multiplicative function considered in number theory.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Identity function."

Introduction to Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Introduction to Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation was written by Martin Walt in 1994. This book is an introduction to the Earth's geomagnetic radiation belts, and assumes the reader understands undergraduate physics.
See also: magnetosphere
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Introduction to Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation."

January 1

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

January 1 is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining (365 in leap years).

Events

153 BC - New Year's Day first celebrated
45 BC - Julian calendar goes into effect
404 - Last gladiator competition in Rome
1438 - Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Hungary
1502 - Rio de Janeiro discovered
1622 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of for example March 25 in England
1651 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland
1700 - Russia accepts Julian calendar
1707 - John V becomes King of Portugal
1738 - Bouvet Island was discovered
1788 - First edition of The Times, previously The Daily Universal Register, was published.
1801 - Legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland completed to form United Kingdom
1801 - Discovery of 1 Ceres, first known asteroid
1801 - USS Chesapeake takes first prize the French privateer La Jeune Creole
1804 - End of French rule in Haiti.
1808 - Importation of slaves into the United States is banned
1863 - Abraham Lincoln delivers the Emancipation Proclamation during the second year of the American Civil War.
1863 - The first claim under the Homestead Act is made for a farm in Nebraska
1874 - New York City annexes The Bronx
1880 - Construction of the Panama Canal begins
1883 - USS Enterprise (1874) decommissioned
1885 - The Montgolfier brothers cross the English Channel
1887 - Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India at the first Imperial Assemblage (Durbar) in Delhi.
1888 - Elias Disney marries Flora Call
1892 - Ellis Island opens to begin accepting immigrants to the United States
1893 - Japan accepts the Gregorian calendar
1897 - Brooklyn, New York merges with New York City
1899 - End of Spanish rule in Cuba.
1899 - Queens and Staten Island merge with New York City
1901 - Nigeria becomes a British protectorate
1901 - Establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia (Federation).
1902 - The first Rose Bowl game is played in Pasadena, California
1905 - USS Chicago (1885) relieves New York (ACR-2) as flagship of the Pacific Station
1906 - Robley D. Evans hoists his flag in the battleship Maine (BB-10)
1908 - A ball signifying New Year's Day drops in New York City's Times Square for the first time
1909 - USS Wyoming (BM-10) is renamed Cheyenne.
1911 - Northern Territory is separated from South Australia
1912 - Establishment of Republic of China
1919 - Edsel Ford succeeds his father as head of the Ford Motor Company
1923 - Grouping of all UK railway companies into four larger companies.
1931 - USS Wyoming (BB-32) was placed in reduced commission at the Philadelphia Navy Yard.
1934 - Alcatraz becomes a federal prison
1935 - Bucknell University wins the first Orange Bowl 26-0 over the University of Miami
1937 - Anastasio Somoza becomes President of Nicaragua
1937 - The first Cotton Bowl game is played in Dallas, Texas
1939 - Vienna New Year's Concert is first held.
1942 - World War II: The word "United Nations" is first officially used to describe the Allied pact.
1942 - USS Captor is acquired by the Navy as part of the Auxiliary Vessels Act.
1945 - USS California (BB-44) departs from Palau for the Luzon landings
1945 - USS Colorado (BB-45) Returns to Luzon on and participates in the preinvasion bombardments in Lingayen Gulf.
1945 - Bahawalpur State issues its own stamps.
1948 - Nationalisation of UK railways to form British Railways.
1948 - Enrico De Nicola becomes President of the State of Italy
1956 - End of Anglo-Egyptian Condominium in Sudan.
1959 - Cuba: Fulgencio Batista overthrown by Fidel Castro.
1960 - Cameroon becomes independent
1960 - USS Raritan (LSM-540) is struck from the naval register.
1962 - Western Samoa becomes independent from New Zealand
1964 - Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland dissolved
1969 - Marien Ngouabi becomes President of the Republic of Congo
1970 - Unix epoch begins at 00:00:00 UTC.
1971 - Cigarette advertisements banned on United States television
1973 - Britain, Ireland and Denmark join the EEC
1978 - An Air India Boeing 747 exploded and crashed into the sea off the coast of Bombay killing 213
1979 - United States and the People's Republic of China establish formal diplomatic relations
1981 - Palau becomes self-governing
1981 - Greece enters the European Community
1983 - The ARPANET officially changes to use the Internet Protocol, creating the Internet
1984 - Brunei becomes a fully independent state.
1984 - AT&T is broken up into 22 independent units
1984 - Spain and Portugal enter the European Community
1986 - Aruba becomes independent of Curacao
1992 - George H. W. Bush is first President of the United States to address the Australian Parliament
1993 - Czechoslovakia divides. Establishment of Slovak Republic and Czech Republic
1993 - A single market within the European Community is introduced
1994 - North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goes into effect
1995 - World Trade Organization goes into effect
1995 - Austria, Finland and Sweden enter the European Union
1996 - Curacao gains limited self-government
1998 - Smoking is banned in all California bars and restaurants
1999 - Euro currency introduced.
2000 - Bleen is no longer Blue and is now Green.
2002 - Euro banknotes and coins become legal tender.
2003 - Luís Inácio Lula da Silva becomes president of Brazil
Births

1431 - Pope Alexander VI († 1503)
1449 - Lorenzo de Medici, statesman († 1492)
1484 - Huldreich Zwingli, protestant leader († 1531)
1516 - Margareta Leijonhufvud, former Queen of Sweden
1618 - Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, painter († 1682)
1735 - Paul Revere, silversmith, United States patriot († 1818)
1750 - Frederick Muhlenberg, first speaker of the United States House of Representatives († 1801)
1752 - Betsy Ross, seamstress († 1836)
1839 - Ouida, writer († 1908)
1842 - Albert Alonzo Ames, († 1911), former mayor of Minneapolis
1849 - Sir Edmund Barton, († 1920), former premier minister of Australia
1857 - Wojciech Kossak, painter
1860 - George Washington Carver, educator, inventor, botanist († 1943)
1863 - Pierre de Coubertin, historian and pedagogue, initiator of modern Olympic Games († 1937)
1876 - Harriet Brooks, physicist († 1933)
1878 - Yau Yokose, writer?
1879 - E. M. Forster, novelist († 1970)
1887 - Wilhelm Canaris, admiral († 1945)
1890 - Anton Melik, Slovene geographer († 1966)
1894 - Satyendra Nath Bose, mathematician († 1974)
1895 - J. Edgar Hoover, FBI director († 1972)
1897 - Makoto Tomioka, writer?
1900 - Xavier Cugat, musician, bandleader († 1990)
1909 - Barry M. Goldwater, Arizona Senator († 1998)
1909 - John Glenn, astronaut, soldier, Senator from Ohio
1909 - Dana Andrews, actor († 1992)
1911 - Hank Greenberg, baseball player († 1986)
1912 - Kim Philby, spy († 1988)
1917 - Jule Gregory Charney, meteorologist († 1981)
1919 - J. D. Salinger, novelist
1922 - Rocky Graziano, boxer, born "Rocky Barbella" († 1990)
1925 - Stymie Beard, actor († 1981)
1927 - Doak Walker, American football star
1928 - Ernest Tidyman, writer († 1984)
1931 - Chun Doo Hwan, former president of South Korea
1933 - Joe Orton, writer († 1967)
1940 - Frank Langella, actor
1940 - Helmut Jahn, architect
1942 - Country Joe McDonald, musician, (Country Joe and the Fish)
1942 - Gennadi Sarafanov, cosmonaut
1943 - Don Novello, actor, comedian, writer ("Father Guido Sarducci")
1945 - Jacky Ickx, automobile racer
1958 - Grand Master Flash, singer
1970 - Paul Thomas Anderson, film director, writer, producer
1979 - Koichi Domoto, artist
Deaths

898 - Odo, Count of Paris
1817 - Martin Heinrich Klaproth, chemist (* 1743)
1894 - Heinrich Hertz, physicist (* 1857)
1953 - Hank Williams, country music singer
1972 - Maurice Chevalier, actor and singer
1986 - Alfredo Binda, Italian cyclist
1992 - Grace Hopper, computer pioneer
1994 - Cesar Romero, actor
1996 - Arleigh Burke, admiral
1997 - Townes Van Zandt, musician
2001 - Ray Walston, actor
2003 - Dieter Lindemann, long-time trainer of swimmer Franziska van Almsick
Holidays and observances

Many countries around the world using Gregorian Calendar - New Year's Day; often celebrated at 0:00 with fireworks.
Vienna New Year's Concert
United States - Copyright Expiration Day, celebrating the expiration of the copyright of a year's worth of works of authorship into the public domain. Not celebrated from 1978 to 2018 because of repeated copyright term extensions.
Catholicism - Octave of Christmas, Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of God.
Catholicism - Feast of the Circumcision
Catholicism - National Migration Week begins (varying official support by the office of U.S. President, not strictly religious)
Haiti Independence Day
Taiwan Founding of Republic of China.
Sudan Independence Day
Cuba Liberation Day
Slovakia: Establishment of Slovak Republic.
Last day of Kwanzaa
Pasadena, California - The Tournament of Roses parade and, traditionally, the Rose Bowl football championship
World Day for Prayer for Peace
See Also:
December 31 - January 2 - December 1 - February 1 -- listing of all days
January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "January 1."

July 1

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining.

Events

1782 - American privateers attack Lunenberg Nova Scotia.
1863 - Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War begins.
1867 - The British North America Act takes effect as the constitution of Canada, creating the Canadian Confederation; John A. Macdonald sworn as first Prime Minister.
1870 - The United States Department of Justice formally comes into existence.
1873 - Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation.
1878 - Canada joins Universal Postal Union.
1881 - World's first international telephone call, between St Stephen New Brunswick and Calais Maine
1885 - United States terminates reciprocity and fishery agreement with Canada.
1890 - Canada and Bermuda linked by telegraph cable.
1904 - Games of the III Olympiad open in Saint Louis, Missouri
1916 - First day of the First Battle of the Somme. On this first day, 20,000 soldiers of the British Army are killed, and 40,000 wounded. Lasts until November; about one million casualties.
1931 - Official opening of Milan Central Station
1923 - Canadian Parliament suspends all Chinese immigration.
1935 - Regina, Saskatchewan police and Royal Canadian Mounted Police ambush strikers participating in On-to-Ottawa-Trek.
1958 - Nationwide television broadcasts via microwave begin in Canada
1962 - Independence of Rwanda and Burundi.
1963 - Zip code introduced for United States mail
1966 - First colour television transmission in Canada, from Toronto.
1968 - Nuclear non-proliferation treaty signed by about sixty countries in Geneva Switzerland
1980 - O Canada officially becomes the national anthem of Canada.
1991 - The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved.
1996 - Version 1.0 of PNG, an open source competitor to the GIF image format, is finalised.
1997 - The United Kingdom hands sovereignty over Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China
2002 - A Bashkirian Airlines Tupolev TU-154 and a DHL (German cargo) Boeing 757 collide in mid-air over southern Germany killing 71
2003 - Five hundred thousand people march in Hong Kong to protest the rush into legislation of Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, the anti-subversion law.
Births

1646 - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, mathematician, philosopher († 1716)
1804 - George Sand (Amantine Aurore Lucile Dupin), writer († 1876)
1863 - William Stairs, Victorian explorer -(† 1892)
1872 - Louis Blériot, first man to fly across the English channel († 1936)
1899 - Charles Laughton, Academy Award winning actor (†1962)
1899 - Thomas A. Dorsey, father of gospel music
1902 - William Wyler, three-time Academy Award winning director († 1981)
1903 - Amy Johnson, aviator († 1941)
1912 - David R. Brower, founder of many environmentalist organizations(† 2000)
1916 - Olivia deHaviland, actress
1917 - Rolf Rodenstock, industrialist († 1977)
1931 - Leslie Caron, actress
1934 - Jean Marsh, actress, originator of Upstairs Downstairs
1934 - Sydney Pollack, film director, producer, actor
1942 - Andraé Crouch, singer, conductor, actor
1942 - Geneviève Bujold, actor
1945 - Deborah Harry, musician, Blondie
1952 - Dan Aykroyd, actor
1961 - Diana, English princess († 1997)
1961 - Michelle Wright, singer/guitarist, songwriter, drummer
1967 - Pamela Anderson, actress
1977 - Liv Tyler, American film actress.

Deaths

1894 - Allan Pinkerton, founder Pinkerton Agency
1896 - Harriet Beecher Stowe, author
1925 - Erik Satie, French composer
1964 - Pierre Monteux, conductor
1983 - R. Buckminster Fuller, architect, philosopher
1991 - Michael Landon, actor, director, producer
1997 - Robert Mitchum, actor
1999 - Edward Dmytryk, director
2000 - Walter Matthau, 79, Americann actor
2003 - Herbie Mann, jazz flautist

Holidays and observances

Canada Day (formerly Dominion Day) - national holiday of Canada
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day

See Also:
June 30 - July 2 - June 1 - August 1 -- listing of all days
January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "July 1."

June 1

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining.

Events

1495 - Friar John Cor records the first known batch of scotch whisky
1774 - American Revolutionary War: The government of Great Britain orders the port of Boston, Massachusetts closed
1779 - American Revolutionary War: Benedict Arnold is court-martialed for malfeasance in his treatment of government property
1792 - Kentucky becomes the 15th state in the United States.
1796 - Tennessee becomes the 16th state in the United States
1812 - War of 1812: President James Madison asks the United States Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom
1831 - James Clark Ross discovers the position of the North Magnetic Pole on the Boothia Peninsula
1840 - Samuel Cunard completes passage of a 700 ton wooden paddlewheel steamer from Liverpool, England to Halifax, Nova Scotia
1855 - American adventurer William Walker conquers Nicaragua and reinstates slavery
1890 - The United States Census Bureau begins using Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine to count census returns
1898 - The Trans-Mississippi Exposition world's fair opens in Omaha, Nebraska
1909 - The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition world's fair opens in Seattle, Washington
1922 - Official founding of the Royal Ulster Constabulary
1933 - The Century of Progress world's fair opens in Chicago, Illinois
1938 - The first Superman comic is published
1958 - Canada-wide television broadcasting starts
1958 - Charles De Gaulle is brought out of retirement to lead France by decree for six months
1966 - First Canadian colour television broadcast
1977 - The Soviet Union charges civil rights leader Anatoly Shcharansky with treason
1979 - Ninety years of white minority rule ends in Rhodesia; to be known as Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
1980 - The Cable News Network begins broadcasting
2003 - China begins filling the reservoir behind the massive Three Gorges Dam, raising the water level near the dam over 100 meters.

Births

1765 - Christiane Vulpius, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's wife (d. 1816)
1780 - Carl von Clausewitz, general (d. 1831)
1801 - Brigham Young, Mormon church leader, settler (d. 1877)
1815 - Philip Kearny, general (+ 1862)
1826 - Carl Bechstein, piano manufacturer (d. 1900)
1890 - Frank Morgan, actor (d. 1949)
1898 - Molly Picon, actress (d. 1992)
1921 - Nelson Riddle, band leader (d. 1985)
1926 - Andy Griffith, actor
1926 - Marilyn Monroe, actress (d. 1962)
1928 - Georgi Dobrovolski, cosmonaut
1934 - Pat Boone, singer
1937 - Morgan Freeman, actor
1940 - René Auberjonois, actor
1946 - Brian Cox, actor
1947 - Ron Wood, guitarist, ("The Rolling Stones" and the "Jeff Beck Group")
1965 - Nigel Short, chess player
1970 - Alexi Lalas, football player
1974 - Alanis Morissette, singer
1978 - Danielle Harris, voice actress

Deaths

1868 - James Buchanan, 15th President of the United States
1943 - Leslie Howard, actor
1948 - Sonny Boy Williamson, blues musician
1959 - Sax Rohmer, author
1960 - Lester Patrick, ice hockey star
1968 - Helen Keller, humanitarian
1980 - Rube Marquard, Baseball Hall of Famer
2001 - Hank Ketcham, creator of Dennis the Menace
2001 - King Birendra and Queen Aiswarya of Nepal, (shot, possibly murdererd)
2002 - Hansie Cronje, cricketer
2003 - Gerhard Rentzsch, radio play author

Holidays and observances

Commemoration of Justin Martyr (Anglican)
Roman Empire - Festival in honor of Carna

See Also:
May 31 - June 2 - May 1 - July 1 -- listing of all days
January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "June 1."

List of The Twilight Zone episodes

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This is a list of Twilight Zone episodes. Warning: Episode summaries may contain spoilers.
Season 1 (Fall 1959 — Summer 1960)

Where Is Everybody
One for the Angels
Mr. Denton on Doomsday
The Sixteen-Millimeter Shrine
Walking Distance
Escape Clause
The Lonely
Time Enough at Last
Perchance to Dream
Judgment Night
And When the Sky Was Opened
What You Need
The Four of Us Are Dying
Third From the Sun
I Shot an Arrow Into the Air
The Hitch-Hiker
The Fever
The Last Flight
The Purple Testament
Elegy
Mirror Image
The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street
A World of Difference
Long Live Walter Jameson
People Are Alike All Over
Execution
The Big Tall Wish
A Nice Place to Visit
Nightmare as a Child
A Stop at Willoughby
The Chaser
A Passage for Trumpet
Mr. Bevis
The After Hours
The Mighty Casey
A World of His Own

Season 2 (Fall 1960 — Summer 1961)

King Nine Will Not Return
The Man in the Bottle
Nervous Man in a Four Dollar Room
A Thing About Machines
The Howling Man
The Eye of the Beholder
Nick of Time
The Lateness of the Hour
The Trouble With Templeton
A Most Unusual Camera
Night of the Meek
Dust
Back There
The Whole Truth
The Invaders
A Penny for Your Thoughts
Twenty-Two
The Odyssey of Flight 33
Mr. Dingle, the Strong
Static
The Prime Mover
Long Distance Call
A Hundred Yards Over the Rim
The Rip Van Winkle Caper
The Silence
Shadow Play (The Twilight Zone)
The Mind and the Matter
Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up
The Obsolete Man
Season 3 (Fall 1961 — Summer 1962)

Two
The Arrival
The Shelter
The Passersby
A Game of Pool
The Mirror
The Grave
It's a Good Life
Deaths-Head Revisited
The Midnight Sun
Still Valley
The Jungle
Once Upon a Time
Five Characters in Search of an Exit
A Quality of Mercy
Nothing in the Dark
One More Pallbearer
Dead Man's Shoes
The Hunt
Showdown With Rance McGrew
Kick the Can
A Piano in the House
The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank
To Serve Man
The Fugitive
Little Girl Lost
Person or Persons Unknown
The Little People
Four O'Clock
Hocus-Pocus and Frisby
The Trade-Ins
The Gift
The Dummy
Young Man's Fancy
I Sing the Body Electric
Cavender Is Coming
The Changing of the Guard
Season 4 (Fall 1962 — Summer 1963)

In His Image
The Thirty-Fathom Grave
Valley of the Shadow
He's Alive
Mute
Death Ship
Jess-Belle
Miniature
Printer's Devil
No Time Like the Past
The Parallel
I Dream of Genie
The New Exhibit
Of Late I Think of Cliffordville
The Incredible World of Horace Ford
On Thursday We Leave for Home
Passage on the Lady Anne
The Bard

Season 5 (Fall 1963 — Summer 1964)

In Praise of Pip
Steel
Nightmare at 20,000 Feet
A Kind of a Stopwatch
The Last Night of a Jockey
Living Doll
The Old Man in the Cave
Uncle Simon
Probe 7 - Over and Out
The 7th Is Made Up of Phantoms
A Short Drink From a Certain Fountain
Ninety Years Without Slumbering
Ring-a-Ding Girl
You Drive
The Long Morrow
The Self-Improvement of Salvadore Ross
Number Twelve Looks Just Like You
Black Leather Jackets
Night Call
From Agnes - With Love
Spur of the Moment
An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
Queen of the Nile
What's in the Box
The Masks
I Am the Night - Color Me Black
Sounds and Silences
Caesar and Me
The Jeopardy Room
Stopover in a Quiet Town
The Encounter
Mr. Garrity and the Graves
The Brain Center at Whipple's
Come Wander With Me
The Fear
The Bewitchin' Pool

Fall 1985 — Summer 1986 Season

Shatterday and A Little Peace and Quiet
Wordplay, Dreams for Sale and Chameleon
Healer, Children's Zoo and Kentucky Rye
Little Boy Lost, Wish Bank and Nightcrawlers
If She Dies and Ye Gods
Examination Day and A Message From Charity
Teacher's Day and Paladin of the Lost Hour
Act Break, The Burning Man and Dealer's Choice
Dead Woman's Shoes and Wong's Lost and Found Emporium
The Shadow Man, The Uncle Devil Show and Opening Day
The Beacon and One Life, Furnished in Early Poverty
Her Pilgrim Soul and I of Newton
Night of the Meek, But Can She Type and The Star
Still Life, The Little People of Killany Woods and The Misfortune Cookie
Monsters, A Small Talent for War and A Matter of Minutes
The Elevator, To See the Invisible Man and Tooth or Consequences
Welcome to Winfield and Quarantine
Gamma, Personal Demons and Cold Reading
The Leprechaun Artist and Dead Run
Profile in Silver and Button, Button
Need to Know and Red Snow
Take My Life...Please, Devil's Alphabet and The Library
Shadow Play and Grace Note
A Day in Beaumont and The Last Defender of Camelot

Fall 1986 — Summer 1987 Season

The Once and Future King and A Saucer of Loneliness
What Are Friends For and Aqua Vita
The Storyteller and Nightsong
The After Hours, Lost and Found and The World Next Door
The Toys of Caliban
The Convict's Piano
The Road Less Traveled
The Card and The Junction
Joy Ride, Shelter Skelter and Private Channel
Time and Teresa Golowitz and Voices in the Earth
Song of the Younger World and The Girl I Married

1987 — 1988 Season

The Curious Case of Edgar Witherspoon
Extra Innings
The Crossing
The Hunters
Dream Me a Life
Memories
The Hellgramite Method
Our Sylena is Dying
The Call
The Trance
Acts of Terror
20/20 Vision
There Was an Old Woman
The Trunk
Appointment on Route 17
The Cold Equations
Strangers in Possum Meadows
Street of Shadows
Something in the Walls
A Game of Pool
The Wall
Room 2426
The Mind of Simon Foster
Cat and Mouse
Many, Many Monkeys
Rendezvous in a Dark Place
Secret Service
Love is Blind
Crazy as a Soup Sandwich
Father and Son Game

2002 Season

Sources

http://www.thetzsite.com/
http://www.scifi.com/twilightzone/
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "List of The Twilight Zone episodes."

Managing Urban America

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Managing Urban America is a book originally written in 1979 by David R. Morgan and Robert E. England. There have been four subsequently updated editions printed since. The 5th Edition was printed in 1999 and contains 402 pages. The topic is urban management.

Improved Urban Management -- Needed Now More Than Ever
The authors begin, "Until recently, many assumed that city governments would continue to grow and prosper. A report from the International City Management Association had suggested that the inevitability of growth was so widely accepted that it functioned as fact. Federal aid began to shrink in the 1970s. Then came Reagan's New Federalism, which brought major reductions. Between 1980 and 1987, federal aid dropped 55%. Cuts were made and taxes were raised. Cities are now on their own in an era of fend-for-yourself federalism. City tax bases are shrinking, poverty remains high, and employment opportunies are limited."
The authors quote San Antonio city manager Alexander E. Briseño, "There's not enough money."
The authors explain, "Fiscal stress produces dissatisfaction and this means a disenchantment with elected officials. The public infrastructure is deteriorating at an alarming rate. We may see a long-term decline."
The authors add, "In most respects, the problem facing local governments is not a lack of resources, but the ability to use existing resources efficiently and effectively."
The authors note, "Government must be transformed."
The authors quote David Osborne and Ted Gaebler, "We must reinvent government."
The authors quote Edward Banfield and James Q. Wilson, "The obstacles are mostly political. It is not for lack of information that the problems remain unsolved."
The authors go on, "Bureaucratic infighting and agency imperialism are complicating the task of government. Personnel conflict is anything but unusual in government. Our cities have enormous problems."

The External World of the Urban Manager
The authors quote former New Orleans mayor Sidney J. Barthelemy, "Cities are seen as hopeless places."
The authors quote Cleveland mayor Michael White, "Cities are becoming a codename for crumbling neighborhoods."
The authors quote John Herbers, "The failure of Washington and the states is a major reason some urban areas continue in distress."
The authors contine, "Not everyone can escape the cities. The outward flow has been dominated by the well-to-do. Left behind are the poor."
The authors note, "Many local officials frequently object to what they feel are excessive restrictions accompanying federal grants. Officials view the grant process as complex, overly detailed, slow, cumbersome, and ineffective."
The authors quote former Flint, Michagan city manager Brian Rapp and community development director Frank Patitucci, "Perhaps the most important consequence of overregulation is excessive administrative costs. If the man-hours required for federal reporting and accounting could be devoted to running programs, performance could be improved immeasurably."
The authors explain, "Cities are the victims of neglect."
The authors quote Knoxville, Tennessee Mayor Victor Ashe, "Congress has decided that it can impose anything that it wants. It's going to drive us all into bankruptcy."
The authors note, "Political accountability is reduced because citizens are confused as to which government is responsible for which activities."
The authors add, "The status quo usually carries the day. In recent years, groups have urged decentralization and citizen participation. An important need is for individuals to exercise a greater degree of control over local services and facilities."
The authors warn, "Off-budget enterprises have placed the Detroit government into the hands of businesses."
The authors state, "In 1976, the regional council for the Oklahoma City metropolitan area (ACOG) received 90% of its funds from the federal government. By 1988, this had dropped to 24%."
The authors ask, "How much democracy really exists? The most significant thing we can say is that most Americans do note vote. Little incentive exists for going to the polls. Research shows that those who do not vote have less income than does the average electorate."
The authors continue, "In Dallas, San Antonio, and Dayton the business elements dominate city politics."

Urban Political Structure
The authors write, "Americans want governmental change. The government favors some groups and put others at a disadvantage. Throwing the rascals out, might not be enough. Basic institutions have to be changed. The problem of corruption has been compounded by the political machine. Through political organization, those holding office have found it possible to perpetuate themselves in power."
The authors quote millionaire George Washington Plunkitt, "There's only one way to hold a district. Here's how I gather in the young man. I hear of a young fellar that's proud of his voice, I ask him to join our Glee club, and he's a follower of Plunkitt for life. Another feller I might bring into our baseball club, you'll find him workin' for my ticket. I don't bother them with political argument."
The authors argue, "Politics should be based on public rather than on private motives and should stress honesty."
The authors continue, "The modern reform movement is not a product of the working-class. Upper-income and business groups seek a political climate favorable to their growth and economic development. They are not true social reformers. They are interested in perpetuating the political agenda of the business community."
The authors quote Edward Banfield and James Q. Wilson, "Government must become more democratic."
The authors note, "Putting legislation on the ballot through a referendum is an attempt to make local government more responsive to the people. The same is true of the recall process, whereby a petition can force a new election. The initiative enables electors to force a public vote on an amendment or ordinance. Skeptics feel that voters are not well enough informed to vote intelligently. A recent International City Management Association survey showed strong support for direct democracy."

Urban Policymaking
The authors state, "We are in the midst of a new age of skepticism regarding government. Some contend that an effective policy can be produced only through a small elite group. Others worry about popular participation. Policymaking is vital to a community's well-being."
The authors allege, "Politicians tend to see themselves not as politicians required to respond to group demands, but as politicians elected to pursue their own interest. Not uncommonly, the politically powerful groups and the groups with views similar to the powerful are one and the same. Business interests are likely to fall into this category."
The authors explain, "The discretion of administrative officials is enormous."
The authors argue, "The government is gravitating towards policies with immediate payoffs, avoiding those that produce long-term effects."
The authors quote Robert Salisbury, "A mayor is the head of locally oriented economic interests. City managers, like mayors and council-members, are overwhelmingly white males. The typical manager has been at his job for over 5 years and has served as an executive for over 10 years. In cities over 50,000 population, the city manager is likely to earn over $110110,000."
The authors state, "We are entering an executive era. The legislatures are increasingly writing laws in broad terms which allow a great deal of flexible interpretation by those who implement the laws."
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Managing Urban America."

March 1

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). There are 305 days remaining.

Events

286 - Maximian proclaimed junior Roman emperor.
293 - Constantius Chlorus and Galerius proclaimed junior Roman emperors.
1562 - Over 1,000 Huguenots are massacred by Catholics in Vassy, France marking the start of the First War of Religion.
1642 - Georgeana, Massachusetts (now known as York, Maine) becomes the first incorporated city in America.
1692 - The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony with the charging of four women with witchcraft.
1700 - Sweden introduces its own Swedish calendar, in an attempt to reform into the Gregorian calendar.
1712 - Sweden reverts to the Julian calendar as March 1 follows on February 30.
1753 - Sweden introduces the Gregorian Calendar as March 1 follows on February 17.
1781 - The Continental Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation.
1790 - The first United States census is authorized
1803 - Ohio becomes the 17th U.S. state.
1811 - Leaders of the Mameluke dynasty are killed by Egyptian ruler Mohammed Ali.
1815 - Napoleon returns to France from his banishment on Elba.
1845 - President John Tyler signs a bill authorizing the United States to annex the Republic of Texas.
1867 - Nebraska becomes the 37th U.S. state.
1872 - Yellowstone National Park is established as the world's first national park.
1873 - E. Remington and Sons in Ilion, New York, start production of the first practical typewriter.
1896 - Battle of Adowa, in which Ethiopia defended its independence against Italy, begins. The Italians were defeated.
1911 - Jose Ordonez is elected President of Uruguay.
1912 - Albert Berry makes the first parachute jump from a moving airplane.
1931 - Henry Pu Yi, former Emperor of China, is proclaimed King of the puppet state of Manchukuo by Japan.
1932 - The son of Charles Lindbergh, Charles Augustus Lindbergh III, has been kidnapped.
1936 - Hoover Dam is completed.
1941 - World War II: Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Pact thus joining the Axis powers.
1941 - W47NV begins operations in Nashville, Tennessee becoming the first FM radio station.
1947 - The International Monetary Fund begins financial operations.
1949 - World heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis announces his retirement from boxing.
1950 - Cold War: Klaus Fuchs is convicted of spying for the Soviet Union by giving them top secrete atomic bomb data.
1954 - Nuclear testing: Officials announce that an American hydrogen bomb test had been conducted on Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean.
1954 - Puerto Rican nationalists attack the United States Capitol building, injuring five Representatives.
1961 - President of the United States John F. Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps.
1962 - Uganda becomes self-governing
1966 - Venera 3 Soviet space probe crashes on Venus becoming the first spacecraft to land on another planet's surface.
1966 - The Ba'ath Party takes power in Syria.
1969 - Major league baseballer Mickey Mantle announces his retirement.
1974 - Watergate scandal: Seven are indicted for their role in the Watergate break-in and charged was conspiracy to obstruct justice.
1990 - A fire at the Sheraton Hotel in Cairo kills 16.
1990 - Steve Jackson Games is raided by the United States Secret Service, prompting the later formation of the EFF.
1992 - After a majority of Muslim and Croatian communities vote for Bosnian independence, Bosnian Serb snipers fire on civilians.
1999 - One of four bombs detonated in Lusaka, Zambia, destroys the Angolan Embassy.
1999 - Hutu rebels kill eight tourists in Uganda.
2002 - U.S. invasion of Afghanistan: In eastern Afghanistan, Operation Anaconda begins.

Births

1474 - Angela Merici, founder of the Ursulines († 1540)
1810 - Frederic Chopin, composer and pianist († 1849)
1837 - William Dean Howells, writer, historian, editor, politician
1886 - Oskar