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Definition: Black |
BlackAdjective1. Being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light; "black leather jackets"; "as black as coal"; "rich black soil". 2. Of or belonging to a racial group having dark skin especially of sub-Saharan African origin; "a great people--a black people--...injected new meaning and dignity into the veins of civilization"- Martin Luther King Jr. 3. Marked by anger or resentment or hostility; "black looks"; "black words". 4. Stemming from evil characteristics or forces; wicked or dishonorable; "black deeds"; "a black lie"; "his black heart has concocted yet another black deed"; "Darth Vader of the dark side"; "a dark purpose"; "dark undercurrents of ethnic hostility"; "the scheme of some sinister intelligence bent on punishing him"-Thomas Hardy. 5. Offering little or no hope; "the future looked black"; "prospects were bleak"; "Life in the Aran Islands has always been bleak and difficult"- J.M.Synge; "took a dim view of things". 6. (of events) having extremely unfortunate or dire consequences; bringing ruin; "the stock market crashed on Black Friday"; "a calamitous defeat"; "the battle was a disastrous end to a disastrous campaign"; "such doctrines, if true, would be absolutely fatal to my theory"- Charles Darwin; "it is fatal to enter any war without the will to win it"- Douglas MacArthur; "a fateful error". 7. (of the face) made black especially as with suffused blood; "a face black with fury". 8. Extremely dark; "a black moonless night"; "through the pitch-black woods"; "it was pitch-dark in the celler". 9. Harshly ironic or sinister; "black humor"; "a grim joke"; "grim laughter"; "fun ranging from slapstick clowning ... to savage mordant wit". 10. : (of intelligence operations) deliberately misleading; "black propaganda". 11. : distributed or sold illicitly; "the black economy pays no taxes. 12. : (used of conduct or character) deserving or bringing disgrace or shame; "Man...has written one of his blackest records as a destroyer on the oceanic islands"- Rachel Carson; "an ignominious retreat"; "inglorious defeat"; "an opprobrious monument to human greed"; "a shameful display of cowardice". 13. : (of coffee) without cream or sugar. 14. : dressed in black; "a black knight"; "black friars". 15. : soiled with dirt or soot; "with feet black from playing outdoors"; "his shirt was black within an hour". Noun1. The quality or state of the achromatic color of least lightness (bearing the least resemblance to white). 2. Total absence of light; "they fumbled around in total darkness"; "in the black of night". 3. British chemist who identified carbon dioxide and who formulated the concepts of specific heat and latent heat (1728-1799). 4. Popular child actress of the 1930's (born 1927). 5. A person with dark skin who comes from Africa (or whose ancestors came from Africa). 6. (chess or checkers) the darker pieces. 7. Black clothing (worn as a sign of mourning); "the widow wore black". Verb1. Make or become black; "The smoke blackened the ceiling"; "The ceiling blackened". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "black" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Bible | Black properly the absence of all colour. In Prov. 7:9 the Hebrew word means, as in the margin of the Revised Version, "the pupil of the eye." It is translated "apple" of the eye in Deut. 32:10; Ps. 17:8; Prov. 7:2. It is a different word which is rendered "black" in Lev. 13:31,37; Cant. 1:5; 5:11; and Zech. 6:2, 6. It is uncertain what the "black marble" of Esther 1:6 was which formed a part of the mosaic pavement. Source: Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary. |
Literature | Black for mourning was a Roman custom (Juvenal, x. 245) borrowed from the Egyptians. Black, in blazonry, means constancy, wisdom, and prudence. Black, in several of the Oriental nations, is a badge of servitude, slavery, and low birth. Our word blackguard seems to point to this meaning. The Latin niger meant bad, unpropitious. (See Blackguard.) Black (See under Colours for its symbolisms, etc.). Source: Brewer's Dictionary. |
Physics | Of a body or medium, effectively absorbing all of the radiation of some specified energy or range of energies incident on it. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
An African American is an American of predominantly, or at least partial, African descent, or rather a black American (see also below).Most African Americans are descendants of persons brought to the Americas as slaves between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. (Those whose ancestors were brought as slaves to the Caribbean, or to Latin America, but who have come to the United States as free people, are sometimes classified as African-American, but are sometimes classified as Latin-American or Caribbean-American instead. Those who have come from Africa in the 20th or 21st centuries are often identified by their country of origin—for example, Nigerian-American.)
While the term had been used in print in some circles at least since the 1920s (and often shortened to Afro-American, the name of a famous Baltimore newspaper founded in 1892) it came to much wider use in the United States since the 1970s as the preferred term, as requested by some black Americans themselves. As of 2000, the U.S. Census Bureau identifies 12.9% of the US population as Black or African-American.
To be considered Black in the United States of America not even half of one's ancestry must be African Black. But will one fourth do, or one-eight, or less? The nation's answer to the question "Who is Black?" has long been that a Black is any person with any known African black ancestry. This definition reflects the long experience with slavery and later with Jim Crow laws. In the south of the country it became known as the one-drop rule, meaning that a single drop of "black blood" makes a person black. Some courts have called it the "traceable amount rule", and anthropologists call it the "hypo-descent rule", meaning that racially mixed persons are assigned the status of the subordinate group. This definition emerged from the American South to become the American's definition, generally accepted by whites and blacks. Since the end of legal sanctions on African Americans, some have chosen to identify themselves as "mixed" instead of African American. Additionally throughout US history, very pale persons sometimes chose to pass as white and joined the white community, oftentimes completely separating themselves from contact with darker members of their family. This at some times and places was a dangerous action, in light of anti-miscegenation laws and lynch mobs.
The term's use has sometimes been criticized as political correctness, while those who prefer the term say it is a matter of respect and politeness. However, using the word black is accepted by most, while some object to African American because it incorrectly implies that all Africans are black. In addition, even if some of one's remote ancestors descend from Africa, a dark-skinned immigrant from, for example Haiti or Cuba (or even an European nation) might prefer not to be identified as African. However, the term Negro, which was widely used until the 1960s, is today generally considered inappropriate and derogatory by many, largely because of its close association with the term nigger.
Another term to define African-American is "mulatto" and colored. The term "mulatto" was originally used to mean the offspring of a "pure African black" and a "pure European white". Although the root meaning of mulatto, in spanish or portuguese is hybrid, mulatto came to include the children of unions between whites and so called "mixed Blacks". For example, in the early twentieth century African-American activists such as Booker T. Washington and Frederick Douglass, who had slaves as mothers and white fathers, were referred to as mulattoes. To whatever extent their mothers were part white, these men were more than half white.
The term "quadroon" refers to a person who is one-fourth African in descent, perhaps someone born to a Caucasian mother and a mulatto father. Someone of one-eighth African descent is an "octoroon", although the term has been used loosely to refer to anyone with a small-but-present amount of Black blood. The word "méamelouc" became the standard label for someone whose ancestry was one-sixteenth sub-Saharan African, while a one-thirty-second mix was a "demi-méamelouc". The word "sang-melé" covered someone who had at least one known ancestor from Africa, but was less than one-thirty-second Black. Someone who has three-fourths Black (the progeny of a mulatto and a pure African, ideally) was traditionally called a "griffe".
The term "colored" seemed for a time to refer only to mulattoes, especially lighter ones, but later it became an euphemism for darker Blacks, even including unmixed Blacks. With widespread racial mixture, "Black" or "Negro" came to mean any slave or descendant of a slave, no matter how much mixed. Eventually in the U.S, the terms mulatto, colored, Negro, black, African-American all came to mean, people with any known black African ancestry. Mulattoes are racially mixed, to whatever degree, while the terms black, Negro, African-American and coloured include both mulattoes and unmixed blacks.
A discussion of this subject can be found in the journal article "The Politicization of Changing Terms of Self Reference Among American Slave Descendants" in American Speech v 66 is 2 Summer 1991 p. 133-46.
Slavery and oppression
People of Sub-saharan Africa, often kidnapped and sold into slavery by Arabs and other black Africans (sometimes as a result of inter-tribal warfare), were brought to the United States involuntarily by slave traders from many European nations as well as the United States from 1619 through 1806, when the trade was declared illegal. After the abolition of slavery at the end of the Civil War, African Americans continued to be denied fully equal civil rights in many jurisdictions. This happened both legally and through extra-legal cultural practices, including in the most extreme form lynchings and terrorism by groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. Legal barriers to equality were removed as a result of the work of the civil rights movement during the years between the end of World War II and the end of the 1960s (see Lyndon Johnson).
African Americans are seen as the most oppressed and disadvantaged racial group in North America, along with Native Americans. African-American males are more likely to be imprisoned than any other demographic group, especially between the ages of 20 and 39. Africam-American public school students are most likely to be assigned to special-education classes.
See also
- List of African-Americans, Uncle Tom, Great Migration
External Link
- African Americans in the Caribbean and Latin America
- African-Americans by the numbers
- Black History Month
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "African American."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Ursus americanus is the scientific name of the American Black Bear (also known as simply the black bear or cinnamon bear). It is the most common bear in North America
American Black Bear larger image Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Ursidae Genus: Ursus Species: americanus Binomial name Ursus americanus The black bear occurs throughout much of North America from northern Canada and Alaska south into Mexico and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This includes 39 of the 50 U.S. states and all Canadian provinces. Populations in east-central and the southern United States remain in the protected mountains and woodlands of parks and preserves. While there were probably once as many as two million black bears in North America, recent estimates put their numbers at less than 200,000.
Appearance
The black bear is approximately 5 feet (1.5 metres) long. Females typically weight about 90 pounds (40 kg), while males weigh about 290 pounds (130 kg). However, some can weigh up to 700 pounds (318 kg). Cubs usually weigh about 1 pound at birth. It has small eyes, rounded ears, a long snout, a large body, and a short tail. The shaggy hair varies in color from white through chocolate brown, cinnamon brown, and blonde to black, but most black bears are indeed black or a darker shade of brown.
While black bears are capable of standing and walking on their hind legs, the usual posture is on all fours. The black bear's characteristic shuffle results from walking flat-footed, with the hind legs slightly longer than the front legs. Each paw has five strong, non-retractable claws used for tearing, digging, and climbing. One blow from a powerful front paw is enough to kill an adult deer. But in spite of their size and strength, black bears are surprisingly agile and careful in their movements.
Ursus americanus altifrontalis the Pacific Northwest coast from central British Columbia through northern California and inland to the tip of northern Idaho and British Columbia
Ursus americanus amblyceps Colorado, New Mexico, west Texas and the eastern half of Arizona into northern Mexico; southeastern Utah
Ursus americanus americanus from eastern Montana to the Atlantic; from Alaska south and east through Canada to the Atlantic and south to Texas
Ursus americanus californiensis the Central Valley of California, north through southern Oregon Ursus americanus carlottae Queen Charlotte Islands, Alaska
Ursus americanus cinnamomum Idaho, western Montana, and Wyoming, eastern Washington and Oregon, northeastern Utah
Ursus americanus emmonsii southeastern Alaska
Ursus americanus eremicus northeastern Mexico
Ursus americanus floridanus (Florida black bear) Florida, southern Georgia and Alabama
Ursus americanus hamiltoni the island of Newfoundland
Ursus americanus kermodei the central coast of British Columbia
Ursus americanus luteolus (Louisiana black bear) eastern Texas, Louisiana, southern Mississippi
Ursus americanus machetes north-central Mexico
Ursus americanus perniger Kenai Peninsula, Alaska
Ursus americanus pugnax Alexander Archipelago, Alaska
Ursus americanus vancouveri Vancouver Island, British Columbia
Current Legal Protections
Today, a major threat to the American black bear is widespread poaching, or illegal killing, to supply Asian markets with bear gall bladders and paws, considered to have medicinal value in China, Japan, and Korea. The demand for these parts also affects grizzly and polar bears. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (also known as CITES), a treaty among more than 120 nations, provides measures to curb illegal trade in wildlife and wildlife products across international boundaries, helping to protect the black bear from poaching.
While black bears are abundant in most parts of the West, some Eastern populations are at critically low levels. Two subspecies found in the southeastern U.S., the Louisiana black bear and the Florida black bear, still face decline mainly due to habitat loss and degradation.
In 1992, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the Louisiana black bear as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act, meaning it could become in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range in the foreseeable future. The American black bear also is protected by the Act in the affected states (Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas) due to its close resemblance to this subspecies. The Florida black bear is a candidate for protection under the Endangered Species Act.
Miscellaneous
- The Black Bear is the mascot of the University of Maine.
External Links
- US Forest Service Fire Effects Database - http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/mammal/uram/index.html
- US Fish and Wildlife Service - http://species.fws.gov/bio_bear.html and http://ecos.fws.gov/servlet/SpeciesProfile?spcode=A0G1
- North American Bear Center - http://www.bear.org
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "American Black Bear."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Black can mean several things:
Color or light
Black can be defined as the absence of visible light. For example collapsed stars, which due to their intense gravity can neither reflect nor emit light, are called "black holes". Pigments that absorb light rather than reflect it back to your eye "look black." Conversely, the combination of all colors of light is called white.In terms of pigment, however, black is the combination of all (pigment) colors. If equal proportions of primary pigments are mixed, the result reflects little light and so is "black."
This creates two opposite yet complementary definitions of black. Black is the lack of all colors of light, or the combination of all colors of pigment. See also Primary colors and Primary pigments.
This can be explained as follows: the red pigment, for example, absorbs all light except red light; red light is reflected, and thus our eye sees the pigmented object as red. When many pigments are combined, whatever would have been reflected by one of the pigments is absorbed by the others. Thus no light escapes. (no visible light, that is; ultraviolet, for example, might still be reflected, unless some kind of "ultraviolet pigment" were added.)
Race
The term black is also used for people with dark skin color, usually of sub-Saharan African origin (in fact the color of the skin is not black, but any of a variety of shades of brown).In the USA, African Americans are commonly called, and call themselves, "black." However, some have argued that due to the growing scientific consensus against race as a biological category, that "blackness" is merely a social construct. After all, many African-Americans who call themselves "black" are also of European, Native American and/or Asian descent. In addition, many so-called "white" Americans are of African descent, due to the practice known as "passing", whereby some African-Americans who were also of European ancestry, and who possessed extremely light complexions and features, were able to hide their African heritage from public (and sometimes, private) knowledge.
But, especially in the United States, there is still a strong (though weakening) social stigma against those persons identifying themselves as part of more than one perceived racial category. Hence, it may be truer to say that people who perceive themselves or are perceived by others as African-American are often called "black."
The term "negro" was widely used to describe these people until the 1960s, and remains a constituent part of the names of several African-American-led organizations, but is today generally considered inappropriate and derogatory by many, and the term "nigger", once used widely to refer to people of African descent, is usually considered extremely offensive. However, some African-Americans have sought to reclaim the term from its racist history by transmuting it to the variant "nigga", used between some African-Americans as a term of endearment. It is important to note, though, that although "nigga" may be used endearingly between African-Americans, it is still generally considered offensive when uttered by someone who is perceived as not being of African ancestry.
In the United Kingdom, the term usually refers to Afro-Caribbean people. It is sometimes used to refer to all non-white people, especially in a political context. This has also been the case in South Africa.
Australian Aborigines are also commonly called black.
Usage, symbolism, colloquial expressions
In Western societies black is most often used with a negative connotation, with a few notable exceptions. For instance, a "black day" would be used in these cultures to refer to a sad or tragic day. However, to say one's accounts are "in the black" is used to mean that one is free of debt (a very positive thing in a capitalist society).
In arguments things can be black or white, or shades of gray, the intensity used as an analogue for things such as truthfulness or right and wrong. (Note that when referring to the intensity of pigment or light, black is always the complete lack of intensity.)
In Western cultures and their colonial offshoots, the color black is often used in painting, film, and literature to evoke a sense of the unknown or of death. In these cultures, the color black is often seen as the color of mourning, though this convention is less strict than in earlier times, when widows and widowers were expected to wear black for a year after the death of their spouses.
However, in other cultures, such as the Maasai tribes of Kenya and Tanzania, the color black is associated with rain clouds and is thus a symbol of life and prosperity.
People whose surname is or was Black include
Black Army: a supporter club for AIK, Stockholm, Sweden. The athletic teams which represent the country of New Zealand often have the word "black" in their names. For example, the All Blacks are the country's national rugby union team; less well-known, the Tall Blacks represent New Zealand in basketball.
- Bob Black -- anarchist
- Cilla Black -- British singer and entertainer
- Clint Black -- American country singer
- Conrad Black (Conrad Moffat, Lord Black of Crossharbour) -- newspaper magnate
- Davidson Black -- Canadian anthropologist
- Frank Black -- American musician
- Hugo Black -- Supreme Court Justice
- Karen Black -- American actress
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Black."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Black metal is a subgenre of heavy metal rock music. Black metal generally consists of heavily distorted, extremely fast guitar playing, screamed vocals, and fast drumming. The genre makes extensive use of repetition, with some songs being quite simple musically. An abraded, very low-fidelity recording style is common to the early albums associated with the genre. Also common are overtly Satanic lyrics which blaspheme against Christianity, as well as other occult themes. A distinct feature of the early bands' image was the use of corpse paint, a special kind of black and white make-up which emphasized their demonic appearance. There has been some concordance in recent years between the black metal sub culture and right-wing nationalist movements in some countries.
The progenitors of modern black metal are bands like Celtic Frost, Mercyful Fate, Bathory, Venom and Slayer. The movement can be seen in its mature form with the recordings of Bathory in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Black metal congealed in its current form through the influence of Norwegian bands such as Darkthrone, Carpathian Forest, Burzum, Mayhem, Immortal and Emperor, who began with the earlier style and introduced elements from mainstream heavy metal, classical music and hardcore punk and popularized the style to a growing underground audience. Their influence is most apparent in the satanic imagery, blasphemous lyrics and occult themes.
History
The most prominent figure of the original Norwegian scene was Øystein Aarseth, (Euronymous), the guitarist in the band Mayhem. In many ways, he was the godfather of the Norwegian black metal scene, being its most vocal proponent and visible figure. The scene was deeply anti-Christian, and had a stated goal of removing the influence of Christianity and other non-Scandinavian religions from Norwegian culture and to effect a return to the nation's Norse roots. The movement was largely directed by an 'Inner Circle', made up of Aarseth and a few close friends, from the basement of Aarseth's record store, Helvete (Hell). That location also housed a recording studio, where records were made by Mayhem and a number of other bands that were signed to Aarseth's independent label, Deathlike Silence. Deathlike Silence's stated goal was to release records by bands "that incarnated evil in it's (sic) most pure state."
Also around this time there was a rash of church burnings in Norway that Aarseth's circle claimed responsibility for inspiring, if not necessarily perpetrating. The most notable church was Norway's Fantoft Church, which was burned by a member of Euronymous's inner circle, and the man behind the one-man band Burzum, Kristian "Varg" Vikernes, aka "Count Grishnakh". Black metal enthusiasts also started to terrorize other notable "death metal" bands that were touring their country or in neighboring countries, on the basis of their lack of apparent "evilness".
The Black Metal scene gained some unasked-for mass media attention in 1990 when Mayhem's frontman Dead committed suicide by a shotgun blast to his head. His note simply read "Please Excuse the mess". His body was discovered by Aarseth who, instead of calling the police, ran to a nearby convenience store and bought a disposable camera which he used to photograph the corpse for a future Mayhem album cover. Apocryphal reports also claim that he then took some pieces of Dead's splattered brains and made a stew out of them and/or members of the band took bone fragments from their friend's skull and made necklaces out of them.
The 'Inner Circle' got even more exposure in 1993, when Vikernes murdered Aarseth in his home over some sort of interpersonal feud, stabbing him 23 times in the head and back. Vikernes was sentenced to 21 years in prison and has since distanced himself from the black metal movement, becoming involved in the Neo-Nazi movement and writing extensively on the subject.
By the last few years of the 1990s, the black metal scene had lost much of its appeal to the underground, when recordings from commercially oriented bands such as Dimmu Borgir, using classical-sounding arrangements and prominent keyboards, began to get regular play on European airwaves. Far from the rough, DIY sounds of the early Norwegian bands, this latest wave employed polished sounds more accessible to a mass audience.
However, since the mid-90s, an Eastern European black metal scene has been developing. Bands from these former Iron Curtain lands are recording albums more in keeping with the primitive nature of the early Norwegian artists. Many of these bands' lyrics glorify the pagan roots of their home countries, occasionally injecting elements of indigenous folk music into their arrangements. The Latvian band Skyforger is a prime example of this new aesthetic. The black metal scene in Russia and Ukraine has produced many bands more in keeping with the carefully arranged sounds coming from Scandinavia, but with more appreciation for the low fidelity aesthetic of early black metal. The Ukrainian band Nokturnal Mortum has achieved some recognition in the west; their earlier albums relied heavily on synthesizers, but their current work has a grimmer, more abrasive feel flavored with Slavic folk instruments. Poland's neo-nazi band Graveland has, in recent albums, strived for a 'medieval' feel, much like a much more developed version of later 'viking' Bathory albums, but in the past made much rawer music which still held a certain intangible folk flavor.
There are a relatively small number of American bands playing black metal (sometimes called USBM bands). This movement has not taken a particularly clear form, but better-known groups are Judas Iscariot and the death metal-influenced Averse Sefira.
Sub-genres
There are many smaller genres related to, or sub-genres of Black Metal. The main ones are listed below:
Although those above are real sub-genres, with a number of bands in each, there are an extremely large amount of "sub-subgenres" like "forest metal," "mass murder metal," "dragon metal" and others distinct to very small regions or specific bands.
- Battle metal (Bal-Sagoth, Mortiis)
- Celtic metal (Cruachan, Geasa)
- Folk metal (Skyclad, Cruachan, Waylander)
- Medieval metal (Satyricon, As You In Agony Cry, Borknagar)
- Melodic black metal (Abyssos, Cradle of Filth, Dimmu Borgir)
- National Socialist black metal or Nazi black metal (Burzum, Thor's Hammer, Kataxu)
- Symphonic black metal (Cradle of Filth, Emperor)
- Tolkien metal (Isengard, Summoning)
- Troll metal (Arckanum, Mortiis)
- Vampyric black metal (Cradle of Filth)
- Viking metal (Bathory, Vintersorg, Enslaved)
See also: Black metal fashion.
Literature
- Michael Moynihan, Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground (Feral House) ISBN 0922915482
External Links
- http://www.anus.com/metal/about/blackmetal.html
- http://www.barbarianwrath.org/
- http://www.darksymphonies.com/
- http://www.theorderofthedragon.com/
- http://www.fmp666.com/
- http://www.arkana.de.vu/
- http://www.geocities.com/james_montague/ed4.htm
- http://www.cymophane.com/
- http://www.blackmetal.com/
- http://www.demonichorde.com/
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Black metal music."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Black Sea (also known as the Euxine Sea) is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Asia Minor. It is connected to the Mediterranean Sea by the Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara, and to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch. There is a net inflow of seawater through the Bosporus, 200 km3 per year. There is an inflow of freshwater from the surrounding areas, especially central and middle-eastern Europe, totalling 320 km3 per year. The most important river entering the Black Sea is the Danube.
Countries bordering on the Black Sea are Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia. The Crimea is an Autonomous Republic of Ukraine.
Important cities along the coast include: Istanbul (formerly Constantinople and Byzantium), Burgas, Varna, Constanţa, Tulcea, Odessa, Sevastopol, Batumi
Geology
The Black Sea is the largest anoxic, or oxygen-free, marine system. This is a result of the great depth of the sea and the relatively low salinity (and therefore density) of the water flowing into it from rivers and the Mediterranean; freshwater and seawater mixing is limited to the uppermost 100-150m, with the water below this interface (called the pycnocline) being exchanged only once every thousand years. There is therefore no significant gas exchange with the surface, and as a result decaying organic matter in the sediment consumes any available oxygen. In these anoxic conditions some extremophile microorganisms are able to use sulfate (SO42-) for oxidation of organic material, producing hydrogen sulfide (HS) and carbon dioxide. This mix is extremely toxic (a lungful would be fatal to a human), resulting in a sea that has almost all of its ecology living in that top layer down to a depth of approximately 500 feet -- for the rest of the over 7000 feet of depth, there is basically no life at all.
Large amounts of organic material reach the bottom of the sea and accumulate in the sediments in concentrations of up to 20%. These kinds of sediments are called sapropel.
History
The Black Sea region is thought to have been the original homeland of "Proto-Indo-European", the progenitor of the Indo-European language family, by some scholars. Others move the heartland further east towards the Caspian Sea.
In 1997, William Ryan and Water Pitman from Columbia University published evidence that a massive flood through the Bosporus occurred about 5600 BC. Glacial meltwater had turned the Black and Caspian Seas into vast freshwater lakes, while sea levels remained lower. As the glaciers retreated, rivers emptying into the Black Sea reduced their volume and the water levels lowered. Then, about 5600 BC, as sea levels rose, the Mediterranean spilled over a rocky sill at the Bosphorus. Ryan and Pitman wrote: "Ten cubic miles of water poured through each day, two hundred times what flows over Niagara Falls. ... The Bosporus flume roared and surged at full spate for at least three hundred days." The event flooded 60,000 square miles of land, and significantly expanded the Black Sea shoreline to the north and east. The Black Sea's water level raised many hundreds of feet, and it was transformed from a fresh-water landlocked lake into a salt water sea connected to the ocean. The displacement of early agricultural peoples has been linked with the rapid spread of agriculture north and west into Europe. It has been popularly suggested that the survivors' memory of this event was the source of the legend for Noah's Flood. Initial resistance came from those who looked for more detailed correlation with the Book of Genesis (see Noah's Ark and Mount Ararat) or preferred as prototype the similar marine ingression that formed the Persian Gulf in the lower Tigris and Euphrates valley. Subsequent work by marine archeologist Robert Ballard has identified ancient shorelines, freshwater snail shells, drowned river valleys and tool-worked timbers in 300 feet of water off the coast of modern Turkey.
The name (initially Pontus Euxinus) was coined by the Ancient Greek navigators, because of the unusual dark colour, compared with the Mediterranean Sea. Visibility in the Black Sea is on average approximately 15 feet (as compared to up to 100 feet in the Mediterranean). The land at the eastern end of the Black Sea, Colchis (now Georgia) marked for the Greeks an edge of the known world.
- William Ryan and Walter Pitman, Noah's Flood, 1999
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Black Sea."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In contract bridge the black suits are spades and clubs, because most Anglo-American playing cards print these suit symbols in black. There is nothing special about these two suits as a combination in bridge, but it is often convenient to be able to talk about suit combinations in this way. Other games such as Canasta may give special functions to black cards or red cards.See: two suiters.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Black suit."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
An inverted black triangle has two unrelated meanings:
Public Health
In the UK, the inverted black triangle is used to indicate a medicine under intense scrutiny.External links
Gender and Sexuality
An inverted black triangle is a lesbian or feminist symbol of pride and solidarity. It originates from Nazi Germany, where it was used in concentration camps to designate women considered 'anti-social' (i.e., a threat to Nazi family values) such as lesbians and prostitutes. As a symbol of lesbian pride it is considered the female counterpart to the pink triangle, which was a symbol for gay men.See also homosexuals in Nazi Germany, rainbow flag.
External links
- A short explanation of the origin of pink and other queer triangles
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Black triangle."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Black is a town located in Geneva County, Alabama. As of the 2000 census, the population of the town is 202.Geography
Black is located at 31°0'40" North, 85°44'40" West (31.011112, -85.744365)1. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 8.0 km² (3.1 mi²). 8.0 km² (3.1 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.Demographics
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 202 people, 85 households, and 57 families residing in the town. The population density is 25.3/km² (65.6/mi²). There are 102 housing units at an average density of 12.8/km² (33.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 94.06% White, 5.45% Black or African American, 0.50% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 85 households out of which 29.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% are married couples living together, 9.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.8% are non-families. 28.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 16.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.38 and the average family size is 2.93. In the town the population is spread out with 23.8% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 72.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 79.1 males. The median income for a household in the town is $31,250, and the median income for a family is $36,250. Males have a median income of $27,857 versus $15,924 for females. The per capita income for the town is $12,628. 19.2% of the population and 13.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 32.4% are under the age of 18 and 8.0% are 65 or older.Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Black, Alabama."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea between Europe, Africa and Asia covering an approximate area of 2.5 million km².
The sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar on the west and to the Sea of Marmara and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and the Bosporus on the east. The Sea of Marmara is often considered a part of the Mediterranean Sea, whereas the Black Sea is not. The Suez Canal in the southeast connects the Mediterranean with the Red Sea.
Tides are very limited because of the narrow connection with the ocean.
Its major islands are:
Countries bordering the sea are:
- Cyprus, Crete, and Rhodes in the east
- Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, and Malta in the center
- Majorca and Minorca in the west
The climate is generally one of wet winters and hot, dry summers. Special crops of the region are olives, grapes, orangess, tangerines, and cork. The region has a long history of civilization.
- Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Greece and Turkey on the north shore
- Lebanon, Syria, Israel and the Gaza Strip (part of the Palestinian territories), on the east
- Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco on the south shore
- The island states of Cyprus and Malta. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus also has a Mediterranean coastline but is recognised only by Turkey.
Parts of the Mediterranean are given their own names.
The commonly named seas are (from west to east): the Ligurian Sea north of Corsica, the Tyrrhenian Sea enclosed by Sardinia, Italy and Sicily, the Adriatic Sea between Italy and the Dalmatian coast, the Ionian Sea between Italy and Greece, the Aegean Sea between Greece and Turkey, with the Thracian Sea in its north, the Mirtoon Sea between the Cyclades and the Peleponnesus, and the Sea of Crete north of Crete, and the Sea of Marmara between the Aegean and Black Seas.
There are a larger number of gulfs and straits as well.
External Links
- Mediterranean directory at Google
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Mediterranean Sea."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The United States Census Bureau uses the federal government's definitions of race when performing a census. These definitions have and may change between each census. For the 2000 census the census bureau considers race to be separate from Hispanic origin.Because of changes to definitions the census bureau warns the following:
- The question on race for Census 2000 was different from the one for the 1990 census in several ways. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate their racial identities. Because of these changes, the Census 2000 data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier censuses. Caution must be used when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the U.S. population over time.
Definitions
The following definitions apply to the 2000 census only.
- White refers to people having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who indicated their race or races as "White" or wrote in entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish.
- Black or African American refers to people having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicated their race or races as "Black, African Am., or Negro", or wrote in entries such as African American, Afro American, Nigerian, or Haitian.
- American Indian and Alaska Native refers to people having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment. It includes people who indicated their race or races by marking this category or writing in their principal or enrolled tribe, such as Rosebud Sioux, Chippewa, or Navajo.
- Asian refers to people having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. It includes people who indicated their race or races as "Asian Indian", "Chinese", "Filipino", "Korean", "Japanese", "Vietnamese", or "Other Asian", or wrote in entries such as Burmese, Hmong, Pakistani, or Thai. (See also: Asian American)
- Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander refers to people having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands. It includes people who indicated their race or races as "Native Hawaiian", "Guamanian or Chamorro", "Samoan", or "Other Pacific Islander", or wrote in entries such as Tahitian, Mariana Islander, or Chuukese. (See also: American Pacific Islander)
- Some other race was included in 2000 census for respondents who were unable to identify with the five Office of Management and Budget race categories. Respondents who provided write-in entries such as Moroccan, South African, Belizean, or a Hispanic origin (for example, Mexican, Puerto Rican, or Cuban) are included in the "Some other race" category.
Reference
- http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-1.pdf
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Race (US Census)."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Sirius Black is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series of novels.Warning: Spoilers follow
Sirius Black is said to have been one of the last members born to the House of Black, a prominent family of evil sorcerers. Known members of the family include Narcissa Black, who is married to Lucius Malfoy as Narcissa Malfoy, Andromidia Black, who married Ted Tonks and had Nymphadora Tonks, Bellatrix Black, who married Rudolphus Lestrange and Regulus Black, who was killed on Voldemort's orders.
Sirius Black was best friends with James Potter, Harry Potter's father. Indeed, James and Lily Potter made Sirius Harry's godfather. Sirius is an Animagus, and went by the nickname "Padfoot" because of his form, that of a dog. When Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger communicated with him throughout Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (when he is in hiding), they call him "Snuffles" and pretend that he is a friendly stray dog.
Sirius' family sympathized with Lord Voldemort's desires to cleanse the wizarding world of non-purebloods, and this may have led to Sirius' incarceration at Azkaban due to accusations of murdering eleven people. (Note that Rowling has not explained why Veritaserum is not used in trials such as these; perhaps powerful witches and wizards can fool even that potion.)
During the course of events described in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Sirius escapes. After a good deal of confusion, Harry comes to realise that Sirius is definitely on the side of good; however, being on the run, Sirius can communicate with Harry only sporadically.
During the events described in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Sirius donates his family home for use as the headquarters of the Order of the Phoenix. He is effectively trapped there due to the manhunt for him, even though the Auror assigned to his case is also a member of the Order. When he leaves for a short time to see Harry to the train station on his journey to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, he is recognised.
Despite this, Sirius makes a number of attempts at contacting Harry through the Floo system, which is eventually monitored by the Ministry of Magic and Dolores Umbridge. Lord Voldemort uses his growing power to influence Harry's mind, making him believe that Sirius is being held captive in the Department of Mysteries. In the ensuing battle, Sirius actually disappears; he falls through an arch and does not reappear, presumably dead. He was killed by Bellatrix Lestrange, his own cousin.
References
- Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. ISBN 0-439-35806-X
- Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. ISBN 0-7475-4629-0
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Sirius Black."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| bl. | English | Black | Physics |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: BlackSynonyms: achromatic (adj), blackened (adj), black-market (adj), bleak (adj), bootleg (adj), calamitous (adj), contraband (adj), dark (adj), dim (adj), disastrous (adj), disgraceful (adj), fatal (adj), fateful (adj), grim (adj), ignominious (adj), inglorious (adj), mordant (adj), opprobrious (adj), pitch-black (adj), pitch-dark (adj), shameful (adj), sinister (adj), smuggled (adj), black person (n), blackamoor (n), blackness (n), lightlessness (n), pitch blackness (n), total darkness (n), blacken (v), melanise (v), melanize (v), nigrify (v). (additional references) |
| Antonyms: white (n), whiten (v). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Vice | Base, sinister, scurvy, foul, gross, vile, black, grave, facinorous, felonious, nefarious, shameful, scandalous, infamous, villainous, of a deep dye, heinous; flagrant, flagitious; atrocious, incarnate, accursed. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Look at that--red, green, black! It's like having four pens in one (I.Q.; writing credit: Andy Breckman and Michael Leeson.) I was raised a white child in a poor black family (The Jerk; writing credit: Carl Reiner, written by Steve Martin and Carl Gottlieb.) I wish I were a woman of 36, dressed in black satin with a string of pearls (Rebecca; writing credit: Daphne Du Maurier; Philip MacDonald) I'm sorry I had to fight in the middle of your Black Panther party (Forrest Gump; writing credit: Eric Roth) Darkness warshed over the Dude - darker'n a black steer's tookus on a moonless prairie night (The Big Lebowski; writing credit: Ethan Coen; Joel Coen) | |
Lyrics | Black water keeps rollin' on past just the same (Black Water; performing artist: Doobie Brothers) Baby's black balloon makes her fly (Black Balloon; performing artist: Goo Goo Dolls) She was a long cool woman in a black dress (Long Cool Woman (In a Black Dress); performing artist: Hollies) Black cat nine lives short days long nights (Black Cat; performing artist: Janet Jackson) That old black magic has me in its spell ("That Old Black Magic"; performing artist: Louis Prima & Keely Smith) | |
Tongue Twisters | A big black bug bit a big black bear. Where's the big black bear the big black bug bit? (references; author: unknown) Bad black bran bread. (references; author: unknown) Black bug's blood. (references; author: unknown) Brad's big black bath brush broke. (references; author: unknown) The boot black bought the black boot back. (references; author: unknown) | |
Movie/TV Titles | Black (2003) Shoot It Blue Shoot It Black (1974) Nights in Black Leather (1974) The Black Windmill (1974) Black Starlet (1974) | |
Song Titles | Black Strap Molassas (performing artist: Jimmy Durante) Black Bonnet Girls (performing artist: The Electric Amish) Black (performing artist: The Foremen) Black Balloon (performing artist: Goo Goo Dolls) Black Jack Davy (performing artist: The Incredible String Band) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
| ||
Books |
| ||
Periodicals | |||
Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
| ||
High Tech |
| ||
Consumer Goods |
| ||
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | A technique called in situ hybridization shows whether a gene is actively expressed in cells, and also provides clues to the gene's function. This technique has helped identify activated oncogenes in cancer cells, and their normal counterparts in normal cells, in many different species. In this photograph, a labeled DNA segment (a known oncogene) has been put into a mouse oocyte, a cell that develops into a mature egg cell. The labeled DNA has paired with (or hybridized to) multiple copies of RNA in the mouse oocyte. The presence of this RNA (shown here as black dots inside the nucleus of the immature cell) shows that the normal cellular counterpart of the oncogene is active, suggesting that it is critical for normal germ cell development. Expression of genes is manifested by the production of RNA transcripts within cells. Hybridization histochemistry (in situ hybridization) permits localization of these transcripts with cellular or greater resolution. Furthermore, the relative amounts of transcripts detected within different tissues or the same tissues under different states (e.g., physiological or developmental) may be quantified. See artwork: GA-17. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |  | This is a histological slide stained with H&E of a human herpesvirus (HHV-6), a type of human herpes virus. In this photomicrograph of infected cells, the black specks indicate the location of a radioactive isotope that has been attached to the viral RNA. In this case, a large number of black specks indicate that this lymphocyte has been infected. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist. |
 | Closeup of fixed, cut surface shoes multiple cavities lined by heavy black carbon deposits. Credit: CDC. |  | Iodamoeba bütschlii cyst. Chlorazol black stain. Protozoon, ameba, parasite. Credit: CDC. |
 | Black Brant XII Launch. Credit: NASA. |  | Hubble Space Telescope's ongoing black hole hunt has bagged yet another supermassive black ... Credit: NASA. |
 | Medium-size black holes actually do exist, according to the latest findings from NASA's Hubble ... Credit: NASA. |  | Black hole at the center of a galaxy. (NGC 4438). Credit: NASA. |
 | Black and white images of five smaller satellites of Saturn. Credit: NASA. |  | Deploying Fluxgate magnetometer on EXPLORER Harris B. Stewart in black shirt. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Black cat in tree" by Kristof Van Cauwenberg Commentary: "Black cat in tree." | "Black guitar 1" by Matt Wheeler Commentary: "My black washburn acoustic guitar against a white wall." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Play | Caption |
 | Black leopard growling and hissing. |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Charles Caleb Colton | Time; that black and narrow isthmus between two eternities. |
Decimus Junius Juvenal | A rare bird on earth, comparable to a black swan. |
Doris Christensen | Night coming in like a black, silk cloud, silently folding itself around us. |
Karl Marx | Labor in a white skin cannot be free as long as labor in a black skin is branded. |
Miguel de Cervantes | Are we to mark this day with a white or a black stone? |
Pierre Auguste Renoir | I've been forty years discovering that the queen of all colors is black. |
Thomas Hood | But who would rush at a benighted man, and give him two black eyes for being blind? |
William Blake | Both read the Bible day and night, but thou read black where I read white. |
William Congreve | Invention flags, his brain goes muddy, and black despair succeeds brown study. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. | 1963 | I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governor's lips are presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers. (Delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1905) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | They arrived, the carriage turned, the step was let down, and Mr. Elton, spruce, black, and smiling, was with them instantly |
A Christmas Carol | Dickens, Charles | It was shrouded in a deep black garment, which concealed its head, its face, its form, and left nothing of it visible save one outstretched hand |
Young Zaphod Plays It Safe | Douglas Adams | exclaimed both of Zaphod's heads in chorus. "So safe that you have to build a zarking fortress ship to take the by-products to the nearest black hole and tip them in |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | He wore a blouse, and under it an old black coat |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | Was it true about the black dog that walked there at night with eyes as big as carriagelamps |
King Richard III | Shakespeare, William | A black day will it be to somebody |
Grapes of Wrath | Steinbeck, John | And he left his black hat there, broken and dirty |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | The hair of both sexes was of several colors, brown, red, black, and yellow |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | There can be no very black melancholy to him who lives in the midst of nature and has his senses still |
Sonnets | William Shakespeare | I have sworn thee fair, and thought thee bright, Who art as black as hell, as dark as night |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Black tarry stools or blood in vomit. (references) | |
Blue and black denote inactive areas. (references) | ||
You see blood in your stool or have black, tarry stools. (references) | ||
Business | Black & Decker and Bosch are the principal players. (references) | |
Secondly, a foreign firm MUST have a local black partner. (references) | ||
Peter Black Healthcare accounts for 4 percent of the U.K. market. (references) | ||
Children | South Africa | The enrollment of black students had risen to 41 percent in 1999 at the nation's top five universities. (references) |
Moldova | One orphanage director lost his job for selling the food earmarked for the children on the black market. (references) | |
South Africa | The law provides greater educational opportunities for disadvantaged children--traditionally black children--through a uniform system for the organization, governance, and funding of schools. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Afghanistan | Students from grades one to six reportedly were required to wear black turbans and students in higher grades to wear white turbans. (references) |
Chile | Her once-banned book, "The Black Book of Chilean Justice," was allowed to circulate freely and confiscated copies were returned to the publisher and bookstores. (references) | |
Guatemala | Protests against increases to the value-added tax began in June with Friday evening rallies in the capital by primarily upper-middle class protesters wearing black. (references) | |
Discrimination | Cuba | The country is a multiracial society with a black and mixed-race majority. (references) |
Economic History | Dominica | The power of the Black population progressively eroded. (references) |
Moldova | Terrain: Rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea. (references) | |
Human Rights | Uzbekistan | Relatives of soldiers killed in the insurgency insulted her and smeared her face with black paint. (references) |
South Africa | In May a black teenager was beaten to death near the northern town of Pietersburg in an attack that appeared to be racially motivated. (references) | |
Equatorial Guinea | For example, in August 2000, after Sa Oyana's escape from Black Beach Prison, his cousin Jesus Miguel Ondo Miyone, also a citizen of Spain, was arrested and detained. (references) | |
Indigenous People | Ecuador | The three main indigenous groups--CONAIE, the Federation of Indigenous and Black Peasants of Ecuador (FENOCIN), and the Federation of Evangelical Indigenous of Ecuador (FEINE)--tabled 23 topics for discussion, including the claims by indigenous groups for indemnities over lives lost during the protests. (references) |
Minorities | Mozambique | The black and South Asian Islamic communities tend to remain separate; however, there were no reports of conflict. (references) |
Mauritania | The majority of those known as Black Moors are Haratine, literally meaning "one who has been freed," although some Black Moor families never were enslaved. (references) | |
Political Economy | BAHRAIN | Bahrain has no black market or parallel exchange rate. (references) |
Namibia | Unemployment was nearly 40 percent and affected primarily the black majority. (references) | |
Uruguay | Violence against women and societal discrimination against women and the black minority are problems. (references) | |
Trade | Ukraine | NRG and Black & Veatch conducted the study. (references) |
Georgia | The EBRD also owns a 20 percent equity stake in the International Black Sea Commercial Bank. (references) | |
Slovak Rep | Non-automatic import licenses are required for water, black coal, brown coal, crude oil and natural gas as well as beer. (references) | |
Travel | Venezuela | The airport taxi line uses black Ford Explorers only. (references) |
Ghana | They range from the simple black and white, standard 2" x 3.5" cards, to colorful, oversized, multi-colored cards with fancy logos. (references) | |
Georgia | Presently, about 90 present of freight traffic is concentrated on the main Trans-Caucasus route between the Black Sea ports of Poti and Batumi through Tbilisi to Yerevan (Armenia) and Baku (Azerbaijan). (references) | |
Women | South Africa | Women, especially black women, typically have lower incomes and less job security than men. (references) |
Nigeria | Confined widows are under restrictions for as long as 1 year and usually are required to shave their heads and dress in black. (references) | |
Saudi Arabia | In public a woman is expected to wear an abaya (a black garment that covers the entire body) and also to cover her head and hair. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Cuba | Corruption and black market activities were pervasive. (references) |
Mauritania | However, widespread slavery also was traditional among ethnic groups of the largely nonpastoralist south, where it had no racial origins or overtones; masters and slaves both were black. (references) | |
Mauritania | In 2000 the land of several Black Moor families, some of whom were former slaves, in the Dar El Barka and Boghe communes was confiscated by the Wali (Governor) for redistribution to his relatives and supporters. (references) | |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | TREE, n. A tall vegetable intended by nature to serve as a penal apparatus, though through a miscarriage of justice most trees bear only a negligible fruit, or none at all. When naturally fruited, the tree is a beneficient agency of civilization and an important factor in public morals. In the stern West and the sensitive South its fruit (white and black respectively) though not eaten, is agreeable to the public taste and, though not exported, profitable to the general welfare. That the legitimate relation of the tree to justice was no discovery of Judge Lynch (who, indeed, conceded it no primacy over the lamp-post and the bridge-girder) is made plain by the following passage from Morryster, who antedated him by two centuries: While in yt londe I was carried to see ye Ghogo tree, whereof I had hearde moch talk; but sayynge yt I saw naught remarkabyll in it, ye hed manne of ye villayge where it grewe made answer as followeth: "Ye tree is not nowe in fruite, but in his seasonne you shall see dependynge fr. his braunches all soch as have affroynted ye King his Majesty." And I was furder tolde yt ye worde "Ghogo" sygnifyeth in yr tong ye same as "rapscal" in our owne. Trauvells in ye Easte |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Dennis Miller | Look, all religion has done is to jump-start a grudge war over it's individual beliefs and at least in casinos everyone can get along, have a few drinks, play a little Black Jack and forget their problems. |
Johnny Cash | You know, I wrote a song about why I wear black but maybe that's not quite it. I wear black because I'm comfortable in it. But then in the summertime when it's hot I'm comfortable in light blue. |
Linda Thompson | Oh, he revolutionized music. You know, he was this young kid from abject poverty who grew up in Tupelo, Mississippi and Memphis, Tennessee, and you know, was an amalgamation of lots of different styles of music, from black gospel to, you know, hillbilly. |
Paul McCartney | Well, I mean we were kids who had looked at America as, you know, they're a great country, like a lot of the world does, you know, and you're British kids. Elvis Presley, you know, was from here or Motown, all the black artists that we loved from here. |
Rush Limbaugh | White Liberals fight to keep black kids in bad schools, folks. You don't even have to recite the Pledge if you don't want to. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
Thomas Jefferson | 1801-1809 | A black after hard labor through the day, will be induced by the slightest amusements to sit up till midnight, or later, though knowing he must be out with the first dawn of the morning. |
Richard Nixon | 1969-1974 | This means black and white together, as one nation, not two. |
Jimmy Carter | 1977-1981 | Nigeria is the largest country in Black Africa and the second largest oil supplier to the United States. |
Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989 | From Stettin on the Baltic to Varna on the Black Sea, the regimes planted by totalitarianism have had more than thirty years to establish their legitimacy. |
Bill Clinton | 1993-2001 | Just in the last couple of years, we've seen a man dragged to death in Texas just because he was black. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Black" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 85.84% of the time. "Black" is used about 22,547 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 85.84% | 19,354 | 462 |
| Noun (proper) | 13.47% | 3,038 | 3,085 |
| Noun (singular) | 0.58% | 130 | 28,019 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 0.07% | 16 | 87,710 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 0.04% | 8 | 124,375 |
| Total | 100.00% | 22,547 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "black" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Black | Last name | 63,000 | 149 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
| The following table summarizes names derived from the word "black". | |||
| Name | Gender | Language | Meaning |
| Cedron | N/A | Biblical | Black |
| Chemarims | N/A | Biblical | Black ones |
| Kidron | N/A | Biblical | Making black or sad |
| Niger | N/A | Biblical | Black |
| Sihor | N/A | Biblical | Black |
| Blake | Male | English | To be black |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
| |||
| Country | Name | Country | Name |
| Thailand | Thai Carbon Black Public Company Limited | United Kingdom | A & C Black Plc. |
| USA | Black & Decker Corporation (The) | ||
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
1. Black, AL (town, FIPS 7120) 2. Black, MO 3. Black, TX |
Expressions using "black": ad till one is black in the face ♦ all black ♦ alu black ♦ american black bear ♦ Amido Black ♦ aniline black ♦ as black as coal ♦ as black as jet ♦ as black as pitch ♦ as black as the ace of spades ♦ asian black grouse ♦ asiatic black bear ♦ be black in the face ♦ be in a black mood ♦ be in smb.'s black books ♦ be in the black ♦ beat black and blue ♦ beat smb. black and blue ♦ become black ♦ berlin black ♦ black acids ♦ Black act ♦ black africa ♦ black African ♦ Black alder ♦ black alkali ♦ black amber ♦ black and blue ♦ black and gold garden spider ♦ Black and tan ♦ black and white ♦ Black angel ♦ black Angus ♦ Black antimony ♦ black apricot ♦ black archangel ♦ black art ♦ black as soot ♦ black ash ♦ black ball ♦ black bamboo ♦ black bass ♦ black bead ♦ black bean ♦ black bear ♦ black bearberry ♦ Black beast ♦ black beatle ♦ black beauty ♦ black bee ♦ black beech ♦ black beetle ♦ black belt ♦ black bile ♦ black bindweed ♦ black birch ♦ black blasting powder ♦ black body ♦ black body locus ♦ black bomber ♦ Black bonnet ♦ black book ♦ Black Book of the Admiralty ♦ black box ♦ black bread ♦ black bream ♦ black brown ♦ black bryony ♦ black buck ♦ black buffalo ♦ black buffalofish ♦ black burst field ♦ black Butte Ranc ♦ black calla ♦ Black canker ♦ black canons ♦ black Canyon City ♦ black cap ♦ black caraway ♦ black carpet beetle ♦ black cat ♦ black catechu ♦ black cattle ♦ black chalk ♦ Black cherry ♦ black cherry tree ♦ black coat ♦ black coat of workers ♦ black coated worker ♦ black cock ♦ Black cockatoo ♦ black coffee ♦ black cohosh ♦ Black comedy ♦ black coot ♦ Black copper ♦ black coral ♦ black cottonwood ♦ black country ♦ black crappie ♦ black Creek. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "black": black-african, black-and-ambers, black-and-blue, black-and-blue livid, black-and-brown, black-and-gold, black-and-red, black-and-silver, black-and-tan, black-and-tan coonhound, black-and-tan terrier, black-and-white, black-and-white artist, black-and-white film, black-and-whiteness, black-and-whites, black-and-white-tiled, black-and-yellow, black-armoured, black-art, Black-a-vised, black-back, black-backed, black-backed gull, black-backs, black-ball, black-balled, black-banded, black-barred, black-based, black-bashing, black-bearded, black-beetles, black-bellied, black-belt, black-bereted, black-bibbed, black-bible, black-billed, black-billed cuckoo, black-bird, black-birder, black-biro, black-blood, black-blooded, black-blotched, black-blue, black-board, black-bodied, black-body, black-body radiation, black-booted, black-bordered, black-bound, black-box, black-box testing, black-branched, black-breasted, black-breasted flycatcher, black-breasted plover, Black-browed, black-brown, black-bullet, Black-burn, Black-buttock, black-button, black-cab, black-can, black-cap chickadee, black-capped, black-capped chickadee, black-carapaced, black-cattle, black-chadored, black-chalk, black-chested, black-chromed, black-clad, black-clawed, Black-clawson, black-cloaked, black-clothed, black-coated, black-coated workers, black-coffee-and-orange-juice, black-coloured, black-comedy, black-comic, black-covered, black-crested monkey, black-crowned, black-crowned night heron, black-crowned thrush, black-currant, black-dark, black-directed, black-dominated, black-doored, black-draped, black-dressed, black-dyed, black-eared, Black-earth, black-economy, black-edged, black-eye, black-eyebrowed, Black-eyed, Black-eyed pea, black-eyed Susan, black-eyed Susan vine, black-face, Black-faced, black-faced crow, black-fanged, black-feathered, black-fellow, black-feminist, black-figure, black-figured, black-filled, black-finished, black-flagged, black-fletched, black-flies, black-footed, black-footed albatross, Black-footed ferret, black-framed, black-friars, Black-friar-wynd, black-frilled, black-fringed, black-fronted, black-fronted bush shrike, black-fungus, black-garbed, black-glassed, black-glistening, black-gloved, black-gowned, black-green, black-grey, black-grey-white, black-haired, black-haired dark-haired, black-hat, black-hatted, black-head, black-head gull, black-headed, black-headed gull, black-headed minnow, black-headed snake, black-heads, black-hearted, black-hilted, black-hole, black-hooded, black-humour, black-influenced, Black-jack, black-jacketed, black-lace-becapped, black-lacquered, Black-land, black-lashed, black-lead, black-leaded, black-leading, black-leather, black-leathered, black-leaved, black-led, black-leg, black-legged tick, black-lensed, Black-letter, black-letter day, black-light, black-lined, black-listed, black-lists, black-magic, black-mail, black-mail', black-mailing, black-maned, black-mantillaed, black-market, black-marketeering, black-marketeers, black-mascara-daubed, black-masked, black-misted, black-moth, Black-mouthed, black-mucosae, black-muzzled, black-naped, black-necked, black-necked cobra, black-necked grebe, black-necked stilt, Black-necked stork, black-nyloned, Black-on-black, black-on-green, black-on-red, black-on-white, black-or-white, black-out, black-outed, black-outs, black-owned, black-painted, black-peppered, black-pigmented, black-plumed, black-powder, black-printed, black-purple, black-quarter, black-quiffed, black-red, black-rights, black-rim, black-rimmed, black-ringed, black-robed, black-rot, black-ruled, black-rust, black-sailed, black-satin, Black-scholes, Black-sea, black-shawled, black-sheep, black-sheet, black-shelled, black-shirted, black-shouldered, black-shrouded, black-skinned, black-skirted, black-slash, black-souled, black-sounding, black-spired, black-spots, black-spotted trout, black-stained, black-stem spleenwort, black-stemmed spleenwort, black-stockinged, black-stoled, black-stormy, black-straw, black-striped, black-studies, black-suede, black-suited, black-tailed, black-tailed deer, black-tarred, black-throated, black-tie, black-tie dinner, black-tied, black-tie-dressed, black-timbered, black-tinted, black-tipped, black-toothed, black-top, black-topped, black-un, black-uniformed, black-varnished, black-veiled, black-veined, black-vented, black-vested, black-water, black-whiskered vireo, black-white, black-winged, black-winged stilt, Black-women-artists, black-yellow. | |
Ending with "black": all-black, almost-black, anti-black, boot-black, brown-black, campbell-black, green-black, grey-black, near-black, night-black, non-black, purple-black, raven-black, red-and-black, soot-black, yellow-and-black. | |
Containing "black": blae bluish-black or gray-blue, blue-black-green, gold-black-striped, great black-backed gull, yellow black-breasted hill whistling plover. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
black planet | 39,656 | black model | 2,278 |
black jack | 12,778 | black horse | 2,009 |
black on blonde | 9,350 | black planet.com | 2,003 |
black porn | 7,982 | black cock | 1,959 |
black moorhouse | 7,372 | black man | 1,919 |
black | 6,786 | black hole | 1,868 |
black pussy | 6,675 | black lab | 1,798 |
black decker | 5,779 | black hawk down | 1,788 |
black and white | 4,761 | black sabbath | 1,773 |
black eyed pea | 4,751 | cable black box | 1,750 |
black hair style | 4,629 | black lesbian | 1,699 |
black girl | 4,497 | black art | 1,661 |
black sex | 4,364 | gay black man | 1,642 |
black and white photography | 3,732 | black eyed susan | 1,528 |
black ass | 3,250 | black dick | 1,524 |
black woman | 2,972 | black magic | 1,512 |
black panther | 2,933 | black and white photo | 1,477 |
black booty | 2,830 | exploited black teen | 1,453 |
black hair | 2,791 | black voice | 1,447 |
black cat | 2,731 | black book | 1,420 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "black"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | swart. (various references) | |
Albanian | blozë (lampblack, pitch-black, smoke-black, smut, soot), zi (bereavement, dearth, famine, mourning, sables), zezak (ebony, negro), lyej (anoint, color, colour, daub, dye, lubricate, miniate, overspread, paint, retouch, smear, tint, whitewash), i zymtë (cheerless, crepuscular, dark, depressed, dismal, dour, drab, dreary, eerie, funeral, funereal, gloomy, glum, grim, heavy, leaden, macabre, mirk, mirthless, morose, mournful, muddy, murk, sad, sepulchral, somber, sombre, spleenful, stark, sulky, sullen, surly, tenebrous, winterly, wintry), i zi (bold, coaly, darksome, ebon, ebony, inky, mourning, nigrescent, pitchy, Raven, sable, sooty, unfortunate), i thellë (abstruse, deep, dense, distant, heavy, intense, out of the way, profound, saturated, visceral), i madh (bally, big, bouncing, capacious, capital, chuckle, chunking, close, grand, great, gross, intense, large, lumping, major, massive, mighty, pelting, thumping, vast, vasty, voluminous, whacking, whaling), i errët (abstruse, addle, ambiguous, arcane, blind, cloudy, dark, darkling, darksome, deep, delphian, delphic, dim, dingy, dusky, foggy, fuscous, gloomy, indeterminate, inky, low-browed, mirk, misted, muddy, murk, murky, nebulous, nigrescent, obscure, opaque, recondite, sable, sad, secret, shady, somber, sombre, tenebrous), e zezë (whole wheat). (various references) | |
Arabic | كحيل (darkened), متشائم (biliousness, cynic, cynical, dim, gloomy, pessimistic), متشح بالسواد, معاد (antagonistic, hostile, inimical, iterative, opposite, repeated, unfriendly), مظلم (dark, dim, dun, dusk, gloomy, mirk, murk, murky, obscure, overcast, tenebrous), قاتم (cloudy, dark, deep, dim, dusky, gloomy, murky, overcast, sable), سواد (blackness, nigritude), سود (blacken, denigrate), زنجي (coon, negro, rank), اللون الأسود (sable), أسود (blacken, blackly, ebony, lions, negro, raven, sable), شىء أسود, شائن (abominate, disgraceful, disgusting, dishonorable, dishonourable, heinous, hideous, ignominious, infamous, inglorious, nefarious, outrageous), شرير (bad, black-hearted, dark, devil, diabolic, diabolical, evil, ill, iniquitous, maleficent, malicious, malign, nasty, naughty, rascally, reprobate, rogue, roguish, rude, sinister, spiteful, unholy, vicious, wicked), شديد السواد (pitchy). (various references) | |
Asturian | prietu. (various references) | |
Aymara | ch'iyara. (various references) | |
Basque | beltz. (various references) | |
Bavarian | schwoarz. (various references) | |
Bemba | ukufita. (various references) | |
Blackfoot | sik. (various references) | |
Bulgarian | черня (calumniate, disparage, slander, spatter), черни дрехи (penitentials), черен цвят (nigrescence, sable), черен (nigrescent, sable, sooty, thick), тъмнокож, тъмен (blackish, cimmerian, dark, darkling, darksome, deep, dense, dusk, dusky, esoteric, fuscous, inky, low-browed, murky, neutral, obscure, opaque, overcast, sad, shady, somber, sombre, sooty, unlit), негър (blackamoor, jim crow, negro, sambo), начерням, мрачен (bleak, cheerless, comfortless, darksome, dejected, depressing, dim, dingy, dismal, drab, drear, dumpish, dusky, forbidding, gaunt, gloomy, glum, grave, grey, grim, grisly, heavy, inhospitable, joyless, low-browed, lowering, melancholy, mirk, morbid, morose, murk, murky, obscure, sad, saturnine, somber, sombre, sullen, sunless, tenebrous, thick, tristful), боядисвам в черно, почернял. (various references) | |
Catalan | negre (red). (various references) | |
Cebuano | itum. (various references) | |
Chamorro | áttilong. (various references) | |
Chinese | 黑色 . (various references) | |
Cornish | du. (various references) | |
Croatian | crnoga. (various references) | |
Czech | bojkotovat (boycott), zlovìstný (baleful, fateful, inauspicious, ominous, portentous, sinister, spooky, uncanny, unlucky), zlostný (angry, irascible, peppery), zaèernit (blacken, blot out), vyleštit (do up, gloss, rub up), tmavý (dark, darksome, deep, nubilous, shadowy, swarthy), ponurý (cheerless, dark, dismal, gaunt, gloomy, grim, lurid, somber, sombre), černý, èernidlo, èerný (dark, ghoulish, grimy, illegal, illicit, unlucky), èerò (blackness), špinavý (dirty, filthy, foul, grimy, grotty, grubby, impure, messy, murky, nasty, seamy, slovenly, smutty, sordid, squalid, unclean), špatný (bad, defective, evil, faulty, ill, improper, inferior, low, poor, weak, wicked, worthless, wrong). (various references) | |
Danish | sort (cultivar, strain, variety). (various references) | |
Dutch | zwart (Negro, pessimistic). (various references) | |
Ecuadorian Quechua | yana. (various references) | |
Esperanto | nigro, nigra. (various references) | |
Faeroese | svartur. (various references) | |
Farsi | چرک وکثیف , لباس عزا, تیره (Caliginous, Dark, Gloomy, Heavy, Ilk, Indistinct, Lurid, Muddy, Murky, Nebulous, Obscure, Overcast, Thick, Turbid), تهدیدامیز (Minatory), سیاهی , سیاه کردن (Blacken, Denigrate), سیاه رنگی , سیاه رنگ , سیاه شده , سیاه (Grimy, Jetty, Negro, Sooty), زشت (Awkward, Awry, Backhand, Bad, Bawdy, Execrable, Gash, Gross, Hank, Heinous, Hideous, Homely, Horrid, Invidious, Maladroit, Nefarious, Offensive, Ugly, Uncouth, Unfavorable, Ungainly, Ungraceful, Unhandsome), عبوسانه (Sullen), دوده (Grime, Smut, Soot). (various references) | |
Finnish | musta (black horse). (various references) | |
French | noir (black man, blackly). (various references) | |
Frisian | swart. (various references) | |
German | schwarz (blackly, deeply tanned, dirty, glum, illicit, noir, papist, sable, shady, without paying), schwarze (black woman, brunette, dark man, inner, jim crow, papist). (various references) | |
Greek | σκοτεινόσ (dark, dim, dingy, dusk, murky, obscure, opaque, recondite, shady, somber, sombre), νέγροσ (negro), μέλαν σώμα (black body, blackbody, complete radiator, full radiator, Planckian radiator), μαύροσ (colored, coloured, negro, pitchy, sable), μαύρος, μαυρισμένοσ, μουτζουρώνω (smudge, smut), ζωική αιθάλη (animal black), άσχημοσ (homely, nasty, seamy, shapeless, ugly, unlovely, unshightly, unsightly), άγριοσ (feral, ferocious, fierce, harsh, lupin, lupine, sassy, savage, truculent, violent, wild), αράπησ (arab, negro), αμαυρώνω (blacken, blemish, blot, darken, stain, tarnish), δυσφημώ (bespatter, blacken, decry, defame, denigrate, discredit, disparage, libel, malign, slander, slur, traduce, vilify), δυσοίωνοσ (inauspicious, inauspiciousness, ominous, pessimistic, portentous, sinister, sinistrous). (various references) | |
Hawaiian | zi. (various references) | |
Hebrew | שחור (blackness, dark, ebony, nigritude), קודר (cheerless, dark, dour, dun, gaunt, gloomy, gruff, morose, murky, saturnine, sepulchral, somber, sullen, tenebrous), אפל (dark, dim, gloomy, leaden, obscure, somber), כושי (ethiopian, moor, negro). (various references) | |
Hungarian | fekete (collied, dark-skinned, dusky, inky, sable, smutty, sooty), néger (african, blacky, buffalo, coon, dark-skinned, negro, negroe, nig, nig-nog, spook), gonosz (bad, black-hearted, catty, evil, fell, felon, felonious, ill, iniquitous, maleficent, malicious, malignant, mischievous, nefarious, rancorous, shabby, shrewd, spiteful, ungodly, vicious, viperous, wicked), fekete szín (sable). (various references) | |
Icelandic | svartur. (various references) | |
Indonesian | hitam, gelap (dark, murky, secret, unclear). (various references) | |
Inuktitut | qirniqtuq. (various references) | |
Irish | dubh. (various references) | |
Italian | nero (dark, dire, gloomy, sable, tanned), negro (blackamoor, blackly, negro). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 黒い. (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | ブラック , くろい (dark), くろ (dark). (various references) | |
Kongo | ndombe. (various references) | |
Korean | 검정 (Blacks, Qualification). (various references) | |
Lombard | negher. (various references) | |
Macedonian | crna. (various references) | |
Malay | hitam. (various references) | |
Manx | gorrym (blue, dark-skinned, negroid; washing blue), gobbal, dullyraghey, dooghey (blacken, darken, ink), doo (black headed, black-haired, bold, dark, dirty, ink, inky, negroid, sable). (various references) | |
Maori | mangu. (various references) | |
Maya | eek (star). (various references) | |
Mohawk | kahòntsi. (various references) | |
Norwegian | svart. (various references) | |
Occitan | negre. (various references) | |
Papago | chuk. (various references) | |
Papiamen | pretu, preto. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ackblay.(various references) | |
Polish | czarny. (various references) | |
Portuguese | preto (ebon, jim-crow, negro, sable, sambo), negro (blackamoor, blacky, ebon, jim-crow, mirk, murk, negro, sable, sambo). (various references) | |
Provencal | negre. (various references) | |
Romanian | negru (blackened, Brown, coon, dark, dirtiness, dirty, foul, ghost writer, grimy, hidden, jim crow, negro, penny-a-liner, sable, sun-burnt, swarthy, tawny, wicked). (various references) | |
Romansch | nair. (various references) | |
Romany | kalòo. (various references) | |
Ruanda | yirabura. (various references) | |
Russian | черный (ebon, jet-black, menial). (various references) | |
Samoan | lanu uliuli. (various references) | |
Scottish | dubh (blot out, dark, darken). (various references) | |
Sepedi | so. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | vran (jet, raven), crnilo (blackness, jet, nigrescence), crnac (blackamoor, jig, negro), crnački (colored, coloured, negro), crna figura, crna boja, crn (dark, inky, jet, negro, raven). (various references) | |
Shona | -tema. (various references) | |
Sicilian | niuru. (various references) | |
Spanish | negro (black man, blacking, colored, coloured, coon, dark, ebony, gloom, gloomy, jim crow, Negro, nig-nog, pitchy, Raven, sable, stout). (various references) | |
Sranan | blaka. (various references) | |
Swahili | -eusi, eusi. (various references) | |
Swazi | -mnyáma. (various references) | |
Swedish | svart (sable, soul, under the counter, under the table). (various references) | |
Tagalog | maitím, itím. (various references) | |
Thai | ไร้ความหวัง, ชั่วร้าย (egregious, evil, fiendish, hellish, rapacious, sinful), ผิวดำ, สีดำ, ทำให้ดำ, คนผิวดำ, ดำ, มืด (mirky, tenebrous). (various references) | |
Turkish | kara (earth, ground, ivory black, land, nigr-, overland, sable, shore, smut, sooty, terra firma, territorial). (various references) | |
Turkmen | gara. (various references) | |
Ukrainian | сажа (crock, smut, soot), чорнота (blackness, nigrescence, nigritude), чорнити (begrime, bespatter, denigrate, nigrify, worsen), чорний колір (sable), чорний (dark, negro), фарбувати у чорний колір, темний (abstruse, backwoods, cimmerian, dark, darkling, darksome, lowering, murk, murky, nightly, nigrescent, obscure, occult, opaque, shaded, smutty, somber, sombre), брудний (bawdy, beastly, chatty, dirty, dungy, filthy, foul, greasy, grimy, hoggish, lousy, mangy, messy, miry, mucky, muddy, nasty, obscene, puddly, sludgy, smeary, smudgy, smutty, sordid, sozzly, unclean). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | buồn rầu (chap-fallen, darkly, moody, morose, mournful, rueful, sad, sadly, sorrowful, sullen, woebegone, woeful, woefully, woesome), bẩn thỉu đen tối, vô hy vọng xấu xa, mồ hóng, màu đen sơn đen quần áo đen, ảm đạm (drear, dreary, dull, howling, mournful, stygian), đen mặc quần áo đen da đen tối; tối tăm dơ bẩn, độc ác; kinh tởm, áo tang người da đen bụi bẩn. (various references) | |
Welsh | du. (various references) | |
Yucatec | box. (various references) | |
Zulu | -mnyama. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | ater, atriorum, furva, furvum, niger, nigra, nigrae, nigri, nigrum. (various references) |
| Avestan | 200-600 | sâmahe, vohu-gaonahe. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Matthew Chapter 5, Verse 36 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Mhte en th kefalh sou omoshV oti ou dunasai mian trica leukhn h melainan poihsai |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Neque per caput tuum iuraveris quia non potes unum capillum album facere aut nigrum |
| Old English | 990 | West Saxon | Oðerne blacne. |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | For thou maist not make oon heere white, ne blacke; |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | Nether shalt thou sweare by thy heed because thou canst not make one white heer or blacke: |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | Neither shalt thou swear by thy head, because thou canst not make one hair white or black. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | Neither shalt thou swear by thy head, because thou canst not make one hair white or black. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | You may not take an oath by your head, because you are not able to make one hair white or black. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Matthew Chapter 5, Verse 36 |
| Cebuano | Ug ayaw pagpanumpa tungod sa imong ulo, kay ikaw dili arang makapaputi ni makapaitom sa bisan usa na lang ka lugas nga buhok niini. |
| Croatian | Ni svojom se glavom ne zaklinji jer ni jedne vlasi ne možeš uèiniti bijelom ili crnom. |
| Danish | Du må heller ikke sværge ved dit Hoved, thi du kan ikke gøre et eneste Hår hvidt eller sort. |
| Dutch | Noch bij uw hoofd zult gij zweren, omdat gij niet een haar kunt wit of zwart maken; |
| Finnish | äläkä vanno pääsi kautta, sillä et sinä voi yhtäkään hiusta tehdä valkeaksi etkä mustaksi; |
| French | Ne jure pas non plus par ta tête, car tu ne peux rendre blanc ou noir un seul cheveu. |
| German | Auch sollst du nicht bei deinem Haupt schwören, denn du vermagst nicht ein einziges Haar schwarz oder weiß zu machen. |
| Haitian Creole | Pa fè sèman non plis sou tèt pa ou, paske ou pa ka fè yon sèl grenn cheve nan tèt ou tounen blan osinon nwa. |
| Hungarian | Se a te fejedre ne esküdjél, mert egyetlen hajszálat sem tehetsz fehérré vagy feketévé; |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | Jangan juga bersumpah demi kepalamu, sebab engkau sendiri tidak dapat membuat rambutmu menjadi putih atau hitam, biar hanya sehelai. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | dan jangan engkau bersumpah demi kepalamu, karena tiadalah engkau berkuasa menjadikan putih atau hitam sehelai rambut pun; |
| Italian | Non giurare neppure per la tua testa, perché non hai il potere di rendere bianco o nero un solo capello. |
| Latvian | Arî pie savas galvas nezvçri, jo tu nevari nevienu matu padarît baltu vai melnu! |
| Manx Gaelic | Chamoo looys oo liorish dty chione, er-yn-oyr nagh vod oo un renaig y yannoo bane ny doo. |
| Maori | Kaua ano e oatitia tou matenga, e kore hoki e ahei i a koe te mea kia ma tetahi makawe, kia mangu ranei. |
| Norwegian | Heller ikke skal du sverge ved ditt hode; for du kan ikke gjøre ett hår hvitt eller sort. |
| Rumanian | Sq nu juri nici pe capul tqu, cqci nu poyi face un singur pqr alb sau negru. |
| Russian | ОЙ ЗПМПЧПА ФЧПЕА ОЕ ЛМСОЙУШ, РПФПНХ ЮФП ОЕ НПЦЕЫШ ОЙ ПДОПЗП ЧПМПУБ УДЕМБФШ ВЕМЩН ЙМЙ ЮЕТОЩН. |
| Shuar | |
| Spanish | No jurarás ni por tu cabeza, porque no puedes hacer que un cabello sea ni blanco ni negro. |
| Swahili | Wala usiape kwa kichwa chako, maana huwezi kuufanya hata unywele mmoja kuwa mweupe au mweusi. |
| Swedish | ej heller må du svärja vid ditt huvud, ty du kan icke göra ett enda hår vare sig vitt eller svart; |
| Uma | Neo' wo'o mosumpa mpokahangai' woo' -ta, apa' uma tapakulei' mpakabula ba mpomo'eta wuluwoo' -ta, nau' ba hangkaho-wadi. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "black": blackamoor, blackamoors, blackball, blackballed, blackballing, blackballs, blackberries, blackberry, blackbird, blackbirded, blackbirder, blackbirders, blackbirding, blackbirds, blackboard, blackboards, blackbodies, blackbody, blackboy, blackboys, blackcap, blackcaps, blackcock, blackcocks, blacked, blacken, blackened, blackener, blackeners, blackening, blackenings, blackens, blacker, blackest, blackface, blackfaces, blackfin, blackfins, blackfish, blackfishes, blackflies, blackfly, blackguard, blackguarded, blackguarding, blackguardism, blackguardisms, blackguardly, blackguards, blackgum, blackgums. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "black": antiblack, bootblack, lampblack, nonblack, shoeblack. (additional references) | |
Words containing "black": antiblackism, antiblackisms, bootblacks, lampblacks, nonblacks, shoeblacks. (additional references) | |
| |
"Black" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: bacc, backg, Backx, balac, balak, balck, Balick, Belasco, blac, blace, blach, blacka, blacke, blackl, blackw, blacky, blacl, Blak, blake, Blaszk, blax, blcak, blck, blerk, blicky, Bliecq, blisk, blix, blockx, Bmac, bylak, Glack, klack. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "black" (pronounced bla"k) |
| 3 | -l a" k | clack, Flack, flak, lac, lack, plack, plaque, slack. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-b-c-k-l" | |
-1 letter: back, balk, calk, lack. | |
-2 letters: alb, bal, cab, kab, lab, lac. | |
-3 letters: ab, al, ba, ka, la. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-b-c-k-l" | |
+1 letter: blacks. | |
+2 letters: backlit, backlog, bechalk, becloak, blacked, blacken, blacker, blackly. | |
+3 letters: backfill, backflow, backhaul, backland, backlash, backless, backlist, backlogs, backslap, backslid, backtalk, baldrick, bechalks, becloaks, blackboy, blackcap, blackens, blackest, blackfin, blackfly, blackgum, blacking, blackish, blackleg, blackout, blacktop, blockade, blockage, blowback, bluejack, bucktail, callback, clambake, claybank, cookable, fallback, fullback, halfback, holdback, kickable, kickball, lockable, mockable, nonblack, packable, playback, plowback, pullback, rollback, scablike, slotback, tailback. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Sounds 10. Quotations: Familiar 11. Quotations: Historic 12. Quotations: Fiction | 13. Quotations: Non-fiction 14. Quotations: Spoken 15. Quotations: Speeches 16. Usage Frequency | 17. Names: Frequency 18. Names: Derived from 19. Names: Company Usage 20. Cities | 21. Expressions 22. Expressions: Internet 23. Translations: Modern 24. Translations: Ancient | 25. Bible Trace 26. Abbreviations 27. Acronyms 28. Derivations | 29. Rhymes 30. Anagrams 31. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
