Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Architectural |
ArchitecturalAdjective1. Of or pertaining to the art and science of architecture; "architectural history"; "architectural design". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "architectural" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1781. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
An architect is a person skilled in the art of planning, designing and constructing buildings. See Architecture. Architects are considered professionals, along with doctors and lawyers. The most prestigious award a living architect can receive is the Pritzker Prize.
Although architect is a specific term referring to a licensed professional, the word is frequently used in a broader sense to define someone who brings order to the built or unbuilt environment through rational and irrational constructs using the tools of reason (for example, webmasters or designers sometimes call themselves architects).
In many countries, architects are required to be licensed in order to represent themselves as architects.
USA
In the United States, architects are required to pass a series of exams and pay a fee before they can be licensed. In addition, American architects must have eight years of practical experience (which may include accredited degrees in architecture) before they may become licensed.The American Institute of Architects [1] is the U.S.A. professional organization dedicated to offering a network of services to architects. Architects who are members of this organization are permitted to use the suffix AIA after their names. Although all members of the AIA are required to be licensed architects, not all architects are members of the AIA.
UK
In the United Kingdom, the term Architect is protected by Law, the latest regulations being made under the Architects Act 1997. Apart from Architects in the construction industry, the only other persons permitted to carry out business using the term are naval architects landscape architects and golf-course architects.Construction industry architects (the subject of this article) must be registered with the Architects Registration Board (ARB external Link) in order to practice, and who also have the power to suspend or revoke registration. The ARB took over an expanded role from the now defunct Architects Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) as a result of the 1997 law. In order to register, an Architect must be qualified in the UK or an European Economic Area country.
The leading professional body for architects in the UK is the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) external link.
See also UK topics.
Notable Architects
The architects in this List of notable architects are in chronological order of when they did their most important work (or emerged), and alphabetized within each time period.
Notable schools which trained architects:
- Bauhaus, Weimar, Dessau, and Berlin
- Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris Prarie
See also
- Landscape architect
- Landscape architecture
- Regional planning
- Urban planning
- Urban planner
- Civil engineering
- Civil engineer
- Structural engineering
- Structural engineer
- Clerk of the Works
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Architect."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings. A wider definition would include within its scope the design of the total built environment, from the macro level of town planning, urban design and landscape to the microlevel of furniture and product design. Architecture, equally importantly, also refers to the product of such a design.According to the earliest surviving work on the subject, Vitruvius' "On Architecture", good building should have Beauty (Venustas), Firmness (Firmitas) and Utility (Utilitas); architecture can be said to be a balance and coordination among these three elements, with no one overpowering the others. A modern day definition sees architecture as addressing functional, aesthetic and psychological considerations. However, looked at another way, function itself is seen as encompassing all criteria, including aesthetic and psychological ones.
Architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, including within its fold mathematics, science, art, technology, social sciences, politics, history, philosophy, and so on. In Vitruvius' words, "Architecture is a science, arising out of many other sciences, and adorned with much and varied learning: by the help of which a judgement is formed of those works which are the result of other arts". He adds that an architect should be well versed in fields such as music, astronomy, etc., Philosophy is a particular favourite, in fact one frequently refers to the philosophy of each architect when one means the approach. Rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism and phenomenology are some directions from philosophy influencing architecture.
The importance of theory in informing practice cannot be overemphasised, though many architects shun theory. Vitruvius continues "Practice and theory are its parents. Practice is the frequent and continued contemplation of the mode of executing any given work, or of the mere operation of the hands, for the conversion of the material in the best and readiest way. Theory is the result of that reasoning which demonstrates and explains that the material wrought has been so converted as to answer the end proposed. Wherefore the mere practical architect is not able to assign sufficient reasons for the forms he adopts; and the theoretic architect also fails, grasping the shadow instead of the substance. He who is theoretic as well as practical, is therefore doubly armed; able not only to prove the propriety of his design, but equally so to carry it into execution."
The difference between architecture and building is a subject matter that has engaged the attention of many. According to Nikolaus Pevsner, European historian of the early 20th century, " A bicycle shed is a building, Lincoln Cathedral is a piece of architecture". In current thinking, the division is not too clear. Bernard Rudofsky's famous book "Architecture without architects" consolidated a whole range of structures designed by ordinary people into the realm of architecture. The further back in history one goes, the greater is the consensus on what architecture is or is not, possibly because time is an efficient filter. If like Vitruvius we consider architecture as good building, then does it mean that bad architecture does not exist? To resolve this dilemma, especially with the increasing number of buildings in the world today, architecture can also be defined as what an architect does. This would then place the emphasis on the evolution of architecture and the architect.
Architecture first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (conducive environmental conditions, security, etc.,) and means (available building materials and construction technology). Prehistoric and primitive architecture constitute this early stage. As humans progressed and knowledge began to be formalised through oral traditions and practices, architecture evolved into a craft. Here there is first a process of trial and error, and later improvisation or replication of a successful trial. The architect is not the sole important figure, he is merely part of a continuing tradition. What is termed as Vernacular architecture today falls under this mode and still continues to be produced in many parts of the world.
Early human settlements were essentially rural. As surplus of production began to occur, rural societies transformed into urban ones. The complexity of buildings and their types increased. General civil construction such as roads and bridges began to be built. Many new building types such as schools, hospitals, recreational facilities emerged. Religious architecture retained its primacy in most societies. Architectural styles developed and texts on architecture began to be written. These became canons to be followed in important works, especially religious architecture. Some examples of canons are the works of Vitruvius and Vaastu Shastra in ancient India. In Europe in the Classical and Medieval periods, buildings were not attributed to specific individual architects who remained anonymous. Guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trade.
With the Renaissance and its emphasis on the individual and humanity rather than religion, and with all its attendant progess and achievements, a new chapter began. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects- Michaelangelo, Brunelleschi, Leonardo da Vinci, the cult of the individual had begun. But there was no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved were within the scope of the generalist.
With the consolidation of knowledge in scientific fields such as engineering and the rise of new materials and technology, the architect began to lose ground on the technical aspects of building. He therefore cornered for himself another playing field - that of aesthetics. There was the rise of the 'gentleman architect' who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities, usually derived from historical prototypes. In the 19th century Ecole des Beaux Arts in France, the training was towards producing quick sketch schemes involving beautiful drawings without much emphasis on context.
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass consumption and aesthetics started becoming a criterion even for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftmanship, became cheaper under machine production. Such products lacked the beauty and honesty associated with the expression of the process in the product.
The dissatisfaction with such a general situation at the turn of the twentieth century gave rise to many new lines of thought that in architecture served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutshe Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Germany in 1919, consciously rejected history and looked at architecture as a synthesis of art, craft and technology.
When Modern architecture first began to be practiced, it was an avante garde movement with moral, philosophical and aesthetic underpinnings. Truth was sought by rejecting history and turning to function as generator of form. Architects became prominent figures and were termed masters. Later modern architecture moved into the realm of mass production due to its simplicity and economy.
However, a reductive quality began to be perceived in modern architecture by the general public from the 1960s. Some reasons cited for this are its lack of meaning, sterility, ugliness, uniformity and psychological effects.
The architectural profession responded to this partly by attempting a more populist architecture at the visual level, even if at the expense of sacrificing depth for shallowness, a direction called Postmodernism. Robert Venturi's contention that a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside) was better than a "duck" (a building in which the whole form and its function are considered together) gives an idea of this approach.
Another part of the profession, and also some non-architects, responded by going to what they considered the root of the problem. They felt that architecture was not a personal philosophical or aesthetic pursuit by individualists, rather it had to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to give a livable environment. The Design Methodology Movement involving people such as Chris Jones, Christopher Alexander started searching for a more inclusive process of design in order to lead to a better product. Extensive studies on areas such as behavioural, environmental and social sciences were done and started informing the design process.
As many other concerns began to be recognised and complexity of buildings began to increase in terms of aspects such as services, architecture started becoming more multi-disciplinary than ever. Architecture now required a team of professionals in its making, an architect being one among the many, sometimes the leader, sometimes not. This is the state of the profession today. However, individuality is still cherished and sought for in the design of buildings seen as cultural symbols-the museum or fine arts centre has become a showcase for new experiments in style, today Deconstructivism, tomorrow maybe something else.
Buildings are the most visible productions of man ever. However, most of them are still designed by people themselves or masons as in developing countries, or through standardised production as in developed countries. The architect remains at the fringes of building production. The skills of the architect are sought only in complex building types or those seen as cultural and political symbols. And this is what the public perceives as architecture. The role of the architect, though changing, has not been central and never autonomous. There is always a dialogue between society and the architect. And what results from this dialogue can be termed architecture- as a product and as a discipline.
See also
- Architect
- Architectural history
- Architectural style
- List of buildings
- Forms in Architecture
- List of notable architects
- Skyscraper
- Space Syntax
- Sustainable Design
- Pattern language
- Mathematics and architecture
- Informatics
External links
Related adjectives are architectural and architectonic
- Vitruvius' "Ten Books of Architecture" online
- Skyscrapers.com database on skyscrapers and tall structures
- Royal Institute of British Architects
- American Institute of Architects
- Institute for Architectural Theory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich
- What is New Urbanism? - Congress for the New Urbanism
- What is Landscape Architecture? - American Society of Landscape Architects
- Architecture and Urban Research Laboratory
- Canadian Centre for Architecture - International Research Centre and Museum devoted to Architecture
- http://www.architexturez.net
- http://www.pritzkerprize.com/
- http://www.vitruvio.ch/
The word architecture is also used for the design or act of designing other complex systems. For example computer architecture, software architecture, information architecture. In these cases, it tends to refer to the overall structure of the system.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Architecture."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
| ARCHIMEDES | English | Architectural Methodologies for Advanced Testing of VLSI Systems | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | It's like something out of Architectural Digest (Gilmore Girls; writing credit: Povl Erik Carstensen; Sebastian Dorset) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References |
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Books |
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Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies | |||
High Tech |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | East elevation. Photograph by Walter Smalling, Jr., March 1980. (Reproduction Number: HABS, FL,13-MIAM,16-1) The southern end of Miami Beach contains a rich collection of Art Deco architecture, the most famous of which are a series of small hotels facing towards the beach. Larger and more flamboyant hotels were built after World War II as Miami Beach expanded to the north. By the late 1970s, development pressures threatened the Art Deco district. A group of local citizens recognized the uniqueness of the area and sought to preserve the architectural heritage the buildings represented. One of their approaches was to have HABS document the district in large format photographs. Those photographs were widely published and helped to generate national interest in the Art Deco district. Today, many of the buildings were restored to their original splendor as the area has been revitalized and once again become popular. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Veranda and doorway. Photograph by L.D. Andrew, May 1936. (Reproduction Number: HABS, GA,108-COLM,4-1) Begun in 1859 for the wealthy Scottish immigrant James A. Rankin but not completed until after the Civil War, this town house combines different building materials and details from a number of historical architectural styles. The ironwork shown here on the veranda is based on the Gothic architecture of medieval England and France. The Corinthian columns of the doorway behind it, on the other hand, call to mind the classical architecture of ancient Greece and Rome. The Rankin House is an excellent example of Eclecticism architecture, the term used to describe the mixing of different styles and materials in buildings. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | [Decorative and functional architectural features of a chemical laboratory in Berlin]. Credit: National Library of Medicine. |  | Architectural drawing for a 600 foot columnar monument with military figure. Monument, rendered elevation. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Architectural drawing for a monument for Vice President George Clinton, Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D.C. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Log chapel from Mamonov Ostrov village (Plesetsk Region) (18th century), reassembled at Malye Korely Architectural Preserve, Russia. Credit: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540. |
 | Log house, from Bolshoi Khalui village (Kargopol Region) (19th century), reassembled at Malye Korely Architectural Preserve, Russia. Credit: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540. |  | Colossal statues and architectural models of ancient Mexico, new national museum, Washington, D.C. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | An architectural monument to the intrepid and zealous monks of the conquest, Masaya, Nicaragua, C.A. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Frank A. Cordner, Washington, D.C., Assistant Chief of architectural staff of Cincinnati project. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Architectural Detail #1" by Chico Iuliano Commentary: "An interesting detail of the interiors of a building in Perth (Australia)." | "French Quarter Houses" by Lisa Christine Tam Commentary: "Typical architectural details of houses in the French Quarter of New Orleans." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Author | Quotation |
Guillaume Apollinaire | A structure becomes architectural, and not sculptural, when its elements no longer have their justification in nature. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | They take different forms, but in general SCUs have special architectural features and/or programs tailored to the needs of dementia patients. (references) | |
At one end of the spectrum are nevi with the architectural disorder described above, usually recognizable with the low power or scanning microscope objective. (references) | ||
The essence of the problem in defining the significance of nevi with architectural disorder seems to rest in the degree of melanocyte nuclear atypia in the lesion required for the histologic diagnosis. (references) | ||
Business | An average architectural firm employs 10 architects. (references) | |
There is no listing in Poland of foreign architectural offices. (references) | ||
Few architectural firms in Poland employ more than 20 architects. (references) | ||
Children | Brazil | There has been little progress nationwide on eliminating architectural barriers, but in December the city of Rio de Janeiro passed a law requiring multifamily condominiums to make alterations ensuring access to handicapped residents. (references) |
Bulgaria | Disabled individuals have access to university training (students with disabilities must pay the university's initial application fee but are exempt from semester fees if accepted), to housing, and to employment; however, architectural barriers are a great hindrance in most older buildings, including schools and universities. (references) | |
Civil Liberties | Ukraine | In conjunction with a Cabinet of Ministers decree issued on January 15, the State Committee on Religious Affairs began a project to facilitate the periodic usage by religious groups of religious buildings that are state architectural landmarks whose return is not planned. (references) |
Economic History | Luxembourg | The company specializes in production of large architectural steel beams and specialized value-added products. (references) |
Peru | The mountain town of Machu Picchu and the buildings at Cuzco are excellent examples of Inca architectural design. (references) | |
Russia | Consequently, Byzantine culture predominated, as is evident in much of Russia's architectural, musical, and artistic heritage. (references) | |
Political Economy | MALAYSIA | Unlike engineers, Malaysian architectural firms may not have foreign architectural firms as registered partners. (references) |
Trade | Singapore | However, there are trade barriers in several sectors, including broadcasting, news media, domestic retail banking, legal services, professional engineering and architectural services, accounting and tax services, and insurance. (references) |
India | Medium-term guarantees cover the sale of capital items such as trucks and construction equipment, scientific apparatus, food processing machinery, medical equipment, or project-related services including architectural, industrial design, and engineering services. (references) | |
Worker Rights | China | Buildings are of Chinese architectural style; the Chinese language is spoken widely, and Chinese characters are used in most commercial and official communications. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Architectural" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 89.53% of the time. "Architectural" is used about 677 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Adjective (general or positive) | 89.53% | 606 | 10,598 |
| Noun (proper) | 6.34% | 43 | 52,181 |
| Noun (singular) | 3.98% | 27 | 66,962 |
| Noun (common) | 0.15% | 1 | 339,140 |
| Total | 100.00% | 677 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
Expressions using "architectural": Architectural Accessibility ♦ architectural acoustics ♦ architectural design ♦ Architectural Drawings [Publication Type] ♦ architectural engineering ♦ architectural model ♦ architectural ornament ♦ architectural plan ♦ architectural style. Additional references. | |
| Hypenated Usage | |
Ending with "architectural": quasi-architectural, semi-architectural. | |
Containing "architectural": i'm-a-dealer-in-architectural-antiques. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "architectural"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | argitektuur (architectonic, architecture). (various references) | |
Albanian | arkitektural. (various references) | |
Arabic | متسم بخصائص فن العمارة, معماري (architectonic, builder, tectonic). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | архитектурен (architectonic, tectonic). (various references) | |
Chinese | 建筑 (Architectonic, Construction), 建築學 (architecture). (various references) | |
Czech | architektonický, stavitelský. (various references) | |
Danish | arkitektfirma (architectural firm, architectural office), arkitektonisk model (architectural model, mock up, model, scale model), arkitektonisk rådgivning (architectural advice), arkitektonisk udsmykning (architectural ornament), arkitekturbegreb (architectural concept), arkitekturdesign (architectural design), arkitekturidé (architectural concept), architekturløsning (architectural solution), bygningsrådgivning (architectural advice), bygningsforskrifter (architectural control), spejlarmatur (architectural lighting, reflector lamp for sports area), bygningsreglement (architectural by-law, architectural regulation, building bye-law, building regulation), den arkitektoniske kulturarv (architectural heritage), kontrolleret arkitek (controlled architectural ensemble, ordered architectural ensemble), kontrolleret arkitektonisk sammensætning (controlled architectural ensemble, ordered architectural ensemble), metasystem til brug for arkitekter (meta-system for architectural use), Pilotprojekter til bevarelse af den arkitektoniske kulturarv i Europa (Pilot projects to conserve European architectural heritage), Planstyrelsen (Architectural Heritage, Department for the Conservation of Historic Buildings and Sites, English Heritage, Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England), reflektorarmatur til hal (architectural lighting, reflector lamp for sports area), bygningsdesign (architectural design). (various references) | |
Dutch | architectonisch (architectonic), bouwkundig (architectonic). (various references) | |
Esperanto | arkitektura (architectonic), arĥitektura (architectonic). (various references) | |
Finnish | arkkitehtoninen, rakennustaiteellinen. (various references) | |
French | architectural (architectonic). (various references) | |
Frisian | arsjitektoanysk (architectonic), boukeunstich (architectonic). (various references) | |
German | architektonisch (architectonic, architecturally). (various references) | |
Greek | αρχιτεκτονικόσ, αρχιτεκτονικός (architectonic). (various references) | |
Hungarian | építészeti (architectonic). (various references) | |
Indonesian | arsitektural. (various references) | |
Italian | architettonico (architectonic). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 校倉造り (ancient architectural style utilizing intercrossed triangle logs). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | あぜくらづくり (ancient architectural style utilizing intercrossed triangle logs). (various references) | |
Korean | 건축 (Construction). (various references) | |
Manx | seyrnagh (architect), ard-obbrinagh. (various references) | |
Papiamen | arkitektóniko (architectonic). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | architecturalay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | arquitetural, arquitetônico (architectonic). (various references) | |
Romanian | arhitectural. (various references) | |
Russian | архитектурный (architectonic, tectonic). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | arhitektonski (architectonic). (various references) | |
Spanish | arquitectónico (architectonic). (various references) | |
Swedish | arkitektonisk. (various references) | |
Turkish | mimarlıkla ilgili (architectonic), mimari (architecture). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | архітектурний (architectonic). (various references) | |
Welsh | pensaerniol. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "architectural": architecturally. (additional references) | |
| |
"Architectural" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: architechtural, architector, architectual, architectur, architectura, architecturel, Architektur, Arkhitektura. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "architectural" (pronounced Ä'rkute"kkherul) |
| 6 | -e" k kh er u l | prefectural. |
| 5 | -k kh er u l | structural. |
| 4 | -kh er u l | agricultural, countercultural, cultural, horticultural, supernatural, intercultural, multicultural, natural, nomenclatural, nonagricultural, scriptural, sculptural, unnatural. |
| 3 | -er u l | admiral, behavioral, bilateral, collateral, Corporal, doctoral, doggerel, electoral, ephemeral, federal, femoral, funeral, Gen, general, guttural, humoral, inaugural, temporal, lateral, liberal, literal, littoral, mackerel, mayoral, mineral, multilateral, neoliberal, numeral, pastoral, pectoral, peripheral, pickerel, postdoctoral, procedural, sectoral, trilateral, unilateral, visceral. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-a-c-c-e-h-i-l-r-r-t-t-u" | |
-3 letters: articulate, caricature, haircutter, tetrarchic, theatrical. | |
-4 letters: acritarch, architect, articular, autarchic, cathartic, cercarial, character, circulate, clathrate, creatural, curtailer, erratical, reticular, theriacal, ultrachic, ultraheat, ultrarich. | |
-5 letters: accurate, aciculae, acicular, arcature, arterial, athletic, attacher, carritch, catchier, cercaria, chattier, circular, cruciate, cultrate, curricle, hatteria, hectical, reattach, reticula, ruralite, tactical, tailrace, tartaric, tetrarch, theatric, theriaca, thetical, tracheal, tractile. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-a-c-c-e-h-i-l-r-r-t-t-u" | |
+1 letter: multicharacter. | |
+2 letters: architecturally. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Crosswords 3. Usage: Modern 4. Usage: Commercial | 5. Images: Slideshow 6. Images: Photo Album 7. Images: Digital Art 8. Quotations: Familiar | 9. Quotations: Non-fiction 10. Usage Frequency 11. Expressions 12. Expressions: Internet | 13. Translations: Modern 14. Abbreviations 15. Acronyms 16. Derivations | 17. Rhymes 18. Anagrams 19. Bibliography |
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