Shall

Definition: Shall

Shall

Verb

1. Be going to; indicates futurity.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "shall" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references)

Note: Shall \Shall\, intransitive verb. & auxiliary. [imperfect Should.]. (references)

Tips from 1870

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Synonym: Shall

Book

Phrase: "among the giant fossils of my past"; craignez tout d'un auteur en courroux; "for authors nobler palms remain"; "I lived to write and wrote to live"; "look in thy heart and write"; "there is no Past so long as Books shall live"; "the public mind is the creation of the Master-Writers"; "volumes that I prize above my dukedom".

Death

Phrase: life ebbs, life fails, life hangs by a thread; one's days are numbered, one's hour is come, one's race is run, one's doom is sealed; Death knocks at the door, Death stares one in the face; the breath is out of the body; the grave closes over one; sic itur ad astra; de mortuis nil nisi bonum; dulce et decorum est pro patria mori; honesta mors turpi vita potior; "in adamantine chains shall death be bound"; mors ultima linea rerum est; ominia mors aequat; "Spake the grisly Terror"; "the lone couch of this everlasting sleep"; nothing is certain but death and taxes.

Expectation

Phrase: we shall see; nous verrons; "expectation whirls me round"; the light at the end of the tunnel.

Perpetuity

Phrase: esto perpetuum; labitur et labetur in omne volubilis oevum; "but thou shall flourish in immortal youth"; "Eternity! thou pleasing, dreadful thought"; "her immortal part with angels lives"; ohne Rast; ora e sempre.

Promise

Adverb: as one's head shall answer for.

Superiority

Phrase: " I shall not look upon his like again "; deos fortioribus addesse.

Uncertainty

Phrase: Heaven knows; who can tell? who shall decide when doctors disagree? ambiguas in vulgum spargere voces.

Crosswords: Shall

Albanian (cravat, muffle, muffler, neckcloth, neckerchief, neckpiece, scarf, shawl, throw, wrap), Manx (rotating ).

Once you have frozen mankind, these babies will overrun the globe, and we shall rule them, for we will be the only two people left in the world (Batman & Robin; writing credit: Akiva Goldsman)

Your evil says you cannot be evil, and I shall suffer for it no longer (Interview With the Vampire; writing credit: Anne Rice)

There was a time that I would have wished you dead but your shame shall be your torture and your torture will be your life (Seven Years in Tibet; writing credit: Becky Johnston)

What kind of havoc shall the Carver Media Group create in the world today (Tomorrow Never Dies; writing credit: Bruce Feirstein)

Come on lads, let's get home, the sky's beginning to bruise, night must fall and we shall be forced to camp (Withnail and I; writing credit: Bruce Robinson.)

And as we seek so shall we find (Run-Around; performing artist: Blues Traveler)

Now how shall we sing the lord's song in a strange land (Rivers Of Babylon; performing artist: Boney M)

Magick shall be our key, prayers said unto thee (One With Darkness; performing artist: Cher)

Which road shall you choose (Choose; performing artist: Color Me Badd)

We shall survive, let us take ourselves along (Bennie And The Jets; performing artist: Elton John)

Surely Sylvia swims!" shrieked Sammy, surprised. "Someone should show Sylvia some strokes so she shall not sink. (references; author: unknown)

Sheath thy sword, the surly sheriff said, "or surely shall a churlish serf soon shatter thee. (references; author: unknown)

Shy Shelly says she shall sew sheets. (references; author: unknown)

We surely shall see the sun shine soon. (references; author: unknown)

They Shall Overcome (1974)

I Shall Return (1973)

Tomorrow Shall Be Better (1965)

We Shall See (1964)

And Women Shall Weep (1960)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Books

• You Shall Not Abhor an Edomite for He is Your Brother: Edom and Seir in History and Tradition (reference)

• No State Shall Abridge: The 14th Amendment and the Bill of Rights (reference)

• If Two Shall Agree: The Story of General Paul A. Rader and Commissioner Kay F. Rader of the Salvation Army (reference)

• The Adventures of Aku: Or, How It Came About That We Shall Always See Okra the Cat Lying on a Velvet Cushion, While Okraman the Dog Sleeps Among the (reference)

• When I Am an Old Woman I Shall Wear Purple (reference)

  (more book examples)

Theater & Movies

• Shall We Dance? (reference)

  (more DVD examples; more video examples)

Music

• His Name Shall Be Called (reference)

• No More Shall We Part (reference)

• Those Who Tell the Truth Shall Die, Those Who Tell the Truth Shall Live Forever (reference)

  (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Caption: Movie Still, "Lips That Touch Liquor Shall Not Touch Ours." in the Black Maria; Unknown Date; {23.430/25} (jpg).

Sudden Breaking Up Of A Consultation. : Weighty Arguments on both sides! When Doctors disagree, Who shall Decide. / CJG. Credit: National Library of Medicine.

Poster designed by Allen Sandburg, issued by the Office of War Information, Washington, D.C., in 1942, in remembrance of the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. The poster also features a quotation from Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address: "... we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain ...". Credit: NAVY.

Photograph taken during World War II of the medal designed by Anthony C. Paquet during the Civil War. The Medal of Honor was authorized by Congress on 21 December 1861 for presentation to Navy enlisted personnel. Eligibility was extended in 1901 to any Navy man "who shall have distinguished himself in battle or displayed extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession". Credit: NAVY.

The Union must and shall be preserved. For President Abraham Lincoln of Illinois. For Vice President Hannibal Hamlin of Maine. Credit: Library of Congress.

Shall I vote for ten cents a day?. Credit: Library of Congress.

Oh, Aunt Sarah, where shall we get another Jack-O'-Lantern?. Credit: Library of Congress.

David Fitz-David: this rock shall fly from its firm base as soon as I (and Cy). Credit: Library of Congress.

Here's the news from Washington, sir, shall I post it?. Credit: Library of Congress.

Soliloquy of the Minnesota viking in the thrilling Ballinger-Pinchot melodrama -- "shall I whitewash or shall I probe". Credit: Library of Congress.

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Welshmen shall do the same to us and ours. (reference)

If this made the father free, it shall make the son free too. (Second Treatise of Government)

That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. (reference)

When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. (reference)

Amendment VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. (reference)

But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. (reference)

It shall, however, receive a more attentive consideration. (reference)

In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all. (reference)

And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be, free; and that the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. (Abraham Lincoln)

It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. (The Gettysburg Address)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

I shall soon have done

We need something more than a fixed Law of Nature to settle which nerve shall carry it.

In leaving it, I shall not leave its lesson, trust me.

I shall see him tremble

I shall not sell it to you at a high price

My coffin shall be black, Six angels at my back, Two to sing and two to pray And two to carry my soul away

What, shall I stab him as he sleeps

Sometimes the quarrel between two princes is to which of them shall dispossess a third of his dominions, where neither of them pretend to any right

Otherwise we shall be found sailing under false colors, and be inevitably cashiered at last by our own opinion, as well as that of mankind

You do there work, and they shall have good luck, are you not he

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Health

However, we shall confine ourselves here primarily to a discussion of elevated blood cholesterol. (references)

Business

The Private sector and the Government shall jointly make efforts to meet the growing IT education needs. (references)

The ENCON Act stipulates that owners of designated factories and buildings shall have to implement energy conservation measures. (references)

Currently, there is a tendency toward liberalization of the currency exchange, which shall bring the two rates closer to each other. (references)

Children

Haiti

Persons with Disabilities The Constitution provides that persons with disabilities shall have the means to ensure their autonomy, education, and independence. (references)

Korea

The law states that "no one shall be discriminated against in all areas of political, economic, social, and cultural life on the grounds of disability." In 1995 the Government expanded job training programs, medical benefits, and welfare facilities for disabled citizens. (references)

Civil Liberties

Hong Kong

Article 23 of the Basic Law provides that Hong Kong shall enact laws to prohibit subversion, secession, treason, and sedition against the Chinese Government. (references)

Discrimination

Croatia

Additionally members of all national groups and minorities shall have equal rights. (references)

Nepal

Disability, Language, or Social Status The Constitution specifies that the Government shall not discriminate against citizens on grounds of religion, race, sex, caste, or ideology; however, there still is a de facto caste system. (references)

Economic History

Pakistan

Article 198 provides that no law shall be repugnant to Islam. (references)

Human Rights

Estonia

It also provides that court proceedings shall be public. (references)

Iran

Article 157 provides that the head of the judiciary shall be a cleric chosen by the Supreme Leader. (references)

Taiwan

The Code of Criminal Procedure states that a confession shall not be the sole evidence used to find a defendant guilty. (references)

Indigenous People

Mexico

The General Education Act provides that educational instruction shall be conducted in the national language (i.e. Spanish) without prejudice to the protection and promotion of indigenous languages. (references)

Political Economy

PHILIPPINES

Industrial Designs: The registration of a qualifying industrial design, including layout-designs of integrated circuits, shall be for a period of five years from the filing date of the application. (references)

URUGUAY

A government decree establishes that local products or services of equal quality, and no more than ten percent more expensive than foreign goods or services, shall be given preference in government tenders. (references)

Political Rights

Bhutan

The candidate whose name is drawn shall be deemed to be elected. (references)

Bhutan

However, it does state that in case of a tie among the candidates in the election, selection shall be made through the drawing of lots. (references)

Suriname

If the legislature is unable to do so, as was the case both in the 1991 and 1996 national elections, the Constitution provides that a national people's assembly, composed of Members of Parliament and regional and local officials, shall elect the President. (references)

Trade

Philippines

Subsequent renewal of CPR shall be valid for a period of three (3) years. (references)

Dominican Rep

Such vehicles shall be non-transferable for a period of at least five years. (references)

Egypt

Those representatives shall be subjected to the administrative supervision of GOEIC. (references)

Women

Malaysia

The Penal Code states that a convicted rapist shall be punished with imprisonment for a term not less than 5 years and not more than 20 years. (references)

Worker Rights

Malawi

The guidelines also mandated that processing times for TEP applications shall not exceed 40 working days. (references)

Zimbabwe

The Export Processing Zones Act states the LRA shall not apply to workers in export processing zones (EPZ's). (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

The people shall arise

The remnant shall return

Those that shall be changed

Expressions using "shall": ad as one's head shall answer for ♦ bomb shall ♦ he shall have cause to remember me! ♦ how shall i go about it? ♦ how shall we do it? ♦ i shall be delighted ♦ i shall be delighted to ♦ i shall be delighted! ♦ i shall be pleased to come ♦ i shall see you again soon! ♦ shall i ring for a car? ♦ we shall see ♦ we shall see! ♦ we shall still see the end of it! ♦ which road shall i take? ♦ who can tell? who shall decide when doctors disagree? ambiguas in vulgum spargere voces ♦ you shall do your duty!. Additional references.

Ending with "shall": s-shall.

Containing "shall": Shill-I-shall-I.

Afrikaans

sal (go, will), gaan (are, go, to go, will). (various references)

Albanian

do të (should, will). (various references)

Arabic 

‏سوف (ought to, procrastinate, pussyfoot, retard, temporize, will). (various references)

Bulgarian 

ще (should, will), да (and, as to, ay, aye, exactly, if, let, that, to, yea, yep, yes, yup). (various references)

Chinese 

將要 (be going to, will), 将. (various references)

Czech

pomocné sloveso. (various references)

Danish

skulle (go, have to, must, ought to, should, will). (various references)

Dutch

zullen (go, have to, must, ought to, should, will), gaan (go, go on foot, ride, sound, travel, will). (various references)

Farsi 

فعل معین (Do), بایستی (Ought), بایست (Must, Ought), باید (Must, Ought). (various references)

Finnish

tulee (has to, must). (various references)

French

sur dénonciation de la Cour,il poursuit les auteurs de ce délit devant la juridiction nationale compétente (the Member State concerned shall prosecute the offender before its competent court), si le recours est fondé,la Cour de justice déclare nul et non avenu l'acte contesté (the Court of Justice shall declare the act concerned to be void), la juridiction est réputée saisie (the court shall be deemed to be seized), la Haute Autorité recourt aux associations de producteurs (the High Authority shall call upon producers'associations), la Haute Autorité reconnait,s'il y a lieu,l'existence d'une telle situation (the High Authority shall), la formule exécutoire est apposée par l'autorité nationale (the order for its enforcement shall be appended to the decision by the national authority), la faillite produit ses effets � l'égard du débiteur (the bankprutcy shall take effect against the debtor), la Communauté jouit des immunités et privilèges nécessaires pour remplir sa mission (the Community shall enjoy such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the performance of its tasks), la libération de ces restrictions sera subordonnée � la coordination de... (the abolition of restrictions shall be dependent upon coordination of...), la période de session se décompose en séances (the part-session shall be subdivided into daily sittings), la dotation est rétablie � son niveau initial (the appropriation shall be restored to its initial level), la destruction des produits ainsi retirés ne doit pas entraver l'écoulementnormal (the disposal of products thus withdrawn from the market shall not interferewith the normal marketing), la Cour ne peut valablement délibérer qu'en nombre impair (decisions of the Court shall be valid only when an uneven number of its members is sitting in the deliberations), la Cour de justice siège en séance plénière (the Court of Justice shall sit in plenary session), la Cour de justice est compétente pour statuer en vertu d'une clause compromissoire (the Court of Justice shall have jurisdiction to give judgment pursuant to any arbitration clause), la Cour de justice entre en fonctions dès la nomination de ses membres (the Court of Justice shall take up its duties as soon as its members have been appointed), la durée d'embarquement est d'une marée (the period spent on board shall be the length of a trip), la Communauté n'exerce une action directe sur la production et le marché que lorsque les circonstances l'exigent (the Community shall exert direct influence upon production or upon the market only when circumstances so require), la première étape est automatiquement prolongée d'un an (the first stage shall automatically be extended for one year), la Communauté est tenue de réparer le dommage (the Community shall make good the damage), la Communauté est subrogee aux intéressés dans l'exercice de leurs droits de recours contre les tiers (the Community shall acquire any rights of action enjoyed by those concerned against third parties), la Communauté a pour mission de promouvoir des relations plus étroites entre les Etats qu'elle réunit (the Community shall have as its task to promote closer relations between the Member States belonging to it), la Commission,de sa proPre initiative,examine... (the Commission shall), la Commission s'efforce d'obtenir ou de faire obtenir � l'amiable la communication de connaissances (the Commission shall eneavour), la Commission recommande les méthodes par lesquelles les autres Etats membres apportent la coopération nécessaire (the Commission shall recommend the methods for the requisite cooperation between Member States), la Commission propose une procédure de révision de ces critères (the Commission shall propose a procedure for revising these criteria), la Commission procède sans délai � un examen de la situation de cet Etat (the commission shall immediately investigate the position of the State in question), la Commission procède aux études (the Commission shall undertake the studies), la Commission participe � la formation des actes du Conseil (the Commission shall participate in the shaping of measures taken by the Council), la Commission joint un avis qui peut comporter des prévisions divergentes (the Commission shall attach thereto an opinion which may contain different estimates), la Commission fixe le montant de ces taxes dans la mesure nécessaire pour rétablir l'équilibre (the Commission shall fix the amount of these charges at the level required to redress the balance), la Communauté possède la capacité juridique la plus large (the Community shall enjoy the most extensive legal capacity), l'arrêt contient l'indication qu'il est rendu par la Cour (the judgment shall contain a statement that it is the judgment of the Court), le Conseil arrête des règlements (the Council shall make regulations), le Conseil établit les principes généraux pour la mise en oeuvre d'une politique commune de formation professionnelle (the Council shall lay down general principles for implementing a common vocational training policy), le comité d'arbitrage doit se conformer aux points de droit arrêtés par la Cour (the Arbitration Committee shall conform to any decisions on points of law given by the Court), le Comité comprend des sections spécialisées pour les principaux domaines (the Committee shall include specialised sections for the principal fields), le budget doit être equilibré en recettes et en dépenses (the revenue and expenditure shown in the budget shall be in balance), l'avocat général dont la désignation est sujette � renouvellement � la fin de la première période de trois ans est désigné par le sort (the Advocate-General whose term of office is to expire at the end of the first three years shall be chosen by lot), l'Assemble désigne parmi ses membres son président et son bureau (the Assembly shall elect its President and its officers from among its members), l'Assemblée tient une session annuelle (the Assembly shall hold an annual session), l'Assemblée se réunit pour élire son bureau et élaborer son règlement intérieur (the Assembly shall meet in order to elect its officers and draw up its rules of procedure), l'Assemblée se réunit de plein droit le troisième mardi d'octobre (the Assembly shall meet), l'Assemblée est présidée par le doyen d'âge (the oldest member shall take the chair of the Assembly), l'Assemblée est formée de délégués (the Assembly shall consist of delegates), l'Assemblée désigne son bureau (the Assembly shall elect its officers), la présidence est exercée a tour de rôle par... (the office of President shall be held by...in turn), la sauvegarde des intérêts lésés doit être garantie par une procédure légale appropriée (there shall be an appropriate legal procedure to ensure the protection of interests that have been prejudiced), la présidence est exercée � tour de rôle suivant l'ordre alphabétique des Etats membres (the office of President shall be held in turn), la Commission entre en consultation avec les Etats membres intéressés (the Commission shall consult the Member States concerned), la première étape est prolongée d'une année supplémentaire (the first stage shall be extended for a further year). (various references)

German

soll (debit, debit side, desired, target), sollen (be meant to, be supposed to, be to, have to, must, ought, ought to, should), beabsichtigt (intended, intends). (various references)

Greek 

θα (will, would). (various references)

Guarani

jaha (we shall go), ñaguahêta (we shall arrive), aguahêta (I shall arrive), agueraháta (I shall bring), aháta (I shall go), aju (I shall come back), ajujevýta (I shall come again), ame'êta (I shall give), apáyta (I shall awaken), ñaguahê (we shall arrive), ja'úta (we shall eat), rosêta (we shall leave), jaháta (we shall go), jahami (we shall go a little bit), jahasáta (we shall spend), jajapóta (we shall do), jakarúta (we shall eat), jevýta (I shall come back), roguahêta (we shall arrive), rokemíta (we shall sleep a little bit), asêta (I shall leave). (various references)

Hebrew 

פועל עזר �"מצין עתי�" ב�'וף ראשון. (various references)

Hungarian

fog (catch, cog, dental, held, hold, oppress, press, sawed, sawn, sprocket, squeeze, take, teeth, to grab, to grab at, to grab for, to hold, to saw, tooth). (various references)

Indonesian

bakalan (will), akan (ABOUT TO, burr, will, would). (various references)

Italian

dovere (be bound to, be compelled to, be due, be forced to, be to, charge, duty, feel bound to, have to, must, need, obligation, office, ought, ought to, owe, should, take). (various references)

Japanese Kanji 

へぼ医者 (all over, being sticky, bloody fool!, blunder, bungle, chattering, clinging, closely, empty, frivolous, gaffe, gooey, hard, hungry, messy, must, non-stop talking, prattling, quack doctor, should, speaking indiscreetly, squished flat, sticky, thickly, to commit a blunder). (various references)

Japanese Katakana 

べし (must, should). (various references)

Korean 

하기로 하십시�". (various references)

Luganda

tunaalya (we shall eat, what shallwe eat). (various references)

Manx

gowee (shall take), cha gluinnee (shall not hear), cha gow (shall not take), cha jean (shall not do), cha jed (shall not go), cha jig (shall not come), cha n'yiarrys (shall not say), cha vaik (shall not see), cha vow (shall not get), Chluinnee? (Shall hear?), cha der (shall not give), gow (go, shall take?, take), vow (shall get?), hed (shall go), hee (shall see), hig (shall come), jean? (do? make? shall do?), jed? (daddy, shall go? priest? clergyman? pa), jig? (shall come?), jir (shall say), nee (do, shall do, will), n'yiarrys (shall say?), vaikys (shall see?), der? (shall give?). (various references)

Pig Latin

allshay.(various references)

Portuguese

dever (be obliged, charge, debt, devoir, duty, have to, must, obligation, office, onus, ought, ought to, owe, place, should, thank, trust, would). (various references)

Romanian

vom, voi (demand, thou, want, will, ye, you). (various references)

Russian 

вспомогательный глагол, модальный глагол анг. языка (would), быть должен если. (various references)

Scottish

chìtear (va.irr. will or shall be seen), chì (va.irr. will or shall see, will see), bhitheas (sv. will or shall be), bhi (aspirated form of bi after cha : cha bhi, shall or). (various references)

Serbo-Croatian

ću. (various references)

Spanish

tener que (have to, must, ought to, should), deber de (should), deber (due, duty, encumbrance, job, must, obligation, onus, ought, owe, part, remit, should, suppose, task, term, thing, trust). (various references)

Swedish

skall (bark, barking, clang, cry, must, ought, ring, should, will). (various references)

Turkish

-meli (must, ought, should), -malı (must, ought, should), -ecek, -acak. (various references)

Ukrainian

повинен (must, should). (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Derivations

Words beginning with "shall": shalloon, shalloons, shallop, shallops, shallot, shallots, shallow, shallowed, shallower, shallowest, shallowing, shallowly, shallowness, shallownesses, shallows. (additional references)

Words ending with "shall": marshall. (additional references)

Words containing "shall": marshalled, marshalling, marshalls. (additional references)

Misspellings

"Shall" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Ashall, chall, Ishkal, Sahal, sahel, Sahgal, sahl, sahll, Sahlul, sahul, salel, salil, sall, s'all, Schaal, schal, schalle, Schally, schalt, schmall, Sgall, shacl, shaell, Shal, shala, shalls, shally, shaol, shaul, Shaula, shayla, Shazli, Sheail, shel, shelk, shelp, shil, shilb, shilli, shl, shlat, Sholl, sholp, Shuala, shul, shull, Shurll, sialyl, Spall, thall, Zahl. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Direct Anagrams: halls.

-1 letter: alls, hall, lash, sall.

-2 letters: all, als, ash, has, las, sal, sha.

-3 letters: ah, al, as, ha, la, sh.

+1 letter: hallos, hollas.

+2 letters: alphyls, ashfall, challas, challis, chollas, fellahs, halalas, hallahs, hallels, halloas, halloes, halloos, hallows, hilloas, holloas, hulloas, lethals, mollahs, mullahs, nullahs, phallus, shallop, shallot, shallow, shellac, tallish, thallus, thralls, wallahs, zillahs.

+3 letters: alcohols, allheals, anthills, ashfalls, challahs, challies, chlorals, fallfish, flashily, halalahs, halluces, hallways, haltless, hellcats, holdalls, hollands, lavishly, marshall, phallism, phallist, pushball, seashell, selfheal, shalloon, shallops, shallots, shallows, shellack, shellacs, shigella, shillala, smallish, talliths, tallyhos, thallous.