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Radio

Specialty Definition: Radio

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Specialty Definition: Electromagnetic radiation

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Electromagnetic radiation is a combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields propagating through space and carrying energy from one place to another. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. The theoretical study of electromagnetic radiation is called electrodynamics, a subfield of electromagnetism.

Any electric charge which accelerates radiates electromagnetic radiation. When any wire (or other conducting object such as an antenna) conducts alternating current, electromagnetic radiation is propagated at the same frequency as the electric current. Depending on the circumstances, it may behave as waves or as particles. As a wave, it is characterized by a velocity (the velocity of light), wavelength, and frequency. When considered as particles, they are known as photons, and each has an energy related to the frequency of the wave given by Planck's relation E = hv, where E is the energy of the photon, h is Planck's constant - 6.626 × 10^-34 J·s - and v is the frequency of the wave. Einstein later updated this formula to E_photon = hv.

Generally, electromagnetic radiation is classified by wavelength into radio, microwave, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma rays. The details of this classification are contained in the article on the electromagnetic spectrum.

The effect of radiation depends on the amount of energy per quantum it carries. High energies correspond to high frequencies and short wavelengths, and vice versa. One rule is always obeyed, regardless of the circumstances. Radiation in vacuum always travels at the speed of light, relative to the observer, regardless of the observer's velocity. (This observation led to Albert Einstein's development of the theory of special relativity).

Much information about the physical properties of an object can be obtained from its electromagnetic spectrum; this can be either the spectrum of light emitted from, or transmitted through the object. This involves spectroscopy and is widely used in astrophysics. For example; many hydrogen atoms emit radio waves which have a wavelength of 21.12 cm.

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a conductor it induces an electric current flow in the conductor. This effect is used in antennas. Electromagnetic radiation may also cause certain molecules to oscillate and thus to heat up; this is exploited in microwave ovens.

See Also

• Electromagnetic radiation hazards

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Electromagnetic radiation."

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Music radio

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Commercial music radio is a radio format that plays popular music in a manner intended to increase profitability of advertisers, thereby increasing the value of the station's advertising, and the station's profits.

In general, the items least valuable to the audience are played before a sequence of commercials, and the most valuable items are played after those commercials. To reduce station changes, commercial breaks are made as brief as commercially possible, and the valuable item following a commercial is rotated several times per hour. Commercial breaks may be longer at times when the audience is thought to be larger. In some countries the maximum time given to commercial breaks is regulated.

Dead air time is considered wasteful. It neither produces profits, nor draws more audience.

Music radio has been helped by the development of semi-automated song-picker programs. Basically, these present the disc-jockey with a list of commercially-acceptable music selections, and other items for the current time slot. These give the disc-jockey some artistic freedom to select songs, promotions, jingles, etc., and yet still assure a cohesive station "sound" and good audience satisfaction. They also reduce a disc-jockey's workload, allowing him or her to develop news items, run the station, prepare gags, or take call-ins while a song is playing. The employer may as a result reduce staffing levels and thus trim overhead costs.

A station's value is usually measured as a percentage of market share in a market of a certain size. The measurement in U.S. markets has historically been by Arbitron, a commercial statistical service that uses listener diaries. Arbitron diaries were historically collected on Thursdays, and for this reason, most radio stations have run special promotions on Thursdays, hoping to persuade last-minute Arbitron diarists to give them a larger market-share. Stations are contractually prohibited from mentioning Arbitron on the air.

Some well-known music-radio formats are Top 40, Freeform Rock and AOR (Album Oriented Rock)''. It turns out that most other stations (such as Rhythm & Blues) use a variation of one of these formats with a different playlist.

Top 40

The original formulaic music radio format was "Top 40." In this format, disc-jockeys would select one of a set of the forty best-selling singles (usually in a rack) as rated by Billboard magazine or from the station's own chart of the local top selling songs. In general, the more aggressive "Top 40" stations could sometimes be better described as "Top 20" stations. They would aggressively skirt listener boredom to play only the most popular singles.

Top 40 radio would punctuate the music with jingles, promotions, gags, call-ins, and requests, brief news, time and weather announcements and most importantly, advertising. The distinguishing mark of a traditional top-40 station was the use of a hyperexcited disc-jockey, and high tempo jingles.

Some of the most famous Top 40 stations of the era were Musicradio 77 WABC/New York, Boss Radio 93 KHJ/Los Angeles Musicradio 89 WLS/Chicago and The Big 68 WRKO/Boston.

Jingles are the musical equivalent of neon signs, and they can be remarkably beautiful. Jingles are brief, bright pieces of choral music that promote the station's call letters, frequency and sometimes disc-jockey or program segment. Jingles were produced for radio stations by commercial speciality services. The most famous jingle service was called PAMS, based in Texas.

Gags are audible jokes, often with a (sometimes imaginary) side-kick. Talk radio evolved out of gags.

News, time-checks, real-time travel advice and weather reports are often quite valuable to listeners. The news headlines and station identification are often given just before a commercial. Time, traffic and weather are given just after. The engineer typically sets the station clocks to standard local time each day, by listening to WWV or WWVH (see atomic clock).

The station will usually have a policy of announcing time, station call letters and frequency as often as six times per hour, in order to build station loyalty. Jingles can very useful for giving the station a branded sound in a pleasant, minimal amount of air-time.

While small stations may simply "tear and read" news items (from the teletype), larger stations may employ an editor to rewrite headlines, and provide summaries of local news. The summaries allow more news to fit in less air-time. Some stations can share news collection with TV or newspapers in the same media conglomerate. An emerging trend is to use the radio station's web site to provide in-depth coverage of news and advertisers head-lined on the air.

Most radio stations maintain a call-in telephone line for use during promotions and gags, or to take record requests. Jocks generally answer the phone and edit the call during music plays.

Promotions are usually the on-air equivalent of lotteries for listeners. Promotional budgets usually run about $1 per listener per year. In a large market, a successful radio station can pay a full time director of promotions, and several lotteries per month of vacations, automobiles and other prizes. Lottery items are often bartered from advertisers, allowing both companies to charge full prices while incurring wholesale costs. For example, consider a cruise vacation. Cruising companies often have unused capacity, and when given the choice, prefer to pay their bills by bartering vacations. Since the ship will sail in any case, bartered vacations cost the cruise company little or nothing. The promotion is itself advertising for the company providing the prize.

Freeform Rock

"Top 40" was the original form of music radio. A later development was "freeform" Rock, later commercially developed as AOR (Album-Oriented Rock), in which selections from an album would be played together, with an appropriate introduction.

Traditional freeform rock stations prided themselves on offering their disc-jockeys freedom to play significant music and make significant social commentary and humor. This approach developed commercial problems because disc-jockeys attracted to this freedom often had tastes substantially different from the audience, and lost audience share. Also, freeform rock stations could lack predictability, and listeners' loyalty could then be put at risk.

Responsible jocks would realize their responsibility to the audience to produce a pleasant show, and try to keep the station sound predictable by listening to other jocks, and repeating some of their music selections.

At their best, freeform stations have never been equalled for their degree of social activism, programmatic freedom, and listener involvement. However, to succeed, the approach requires genius jocks, totally in-tune with their audience, who are also committed to the commercial success of the radio station. This is a rare combination of traits. Even if such people are available, they often command extremely high salaries. However, this may be an effective approach for a new station, if talented jocks can be recruited and motivated at low salaries.

AOR

AOR (Album Oriented Rock) developed as a commercial compromise between top-forties-style formulas and freeform rock. A program director or music consultant would select some set of music "standards" and require the playlist to be followed, perhaps in an order selected by the jock. The jock would still introduce each selection, but the jock would have available a scripted introduction to use if he was not personally familiar with a particular piece of music and its artist. Obviiously a computer helps a lot in this process.

Computer-directed playlisting was a God-send for AOR, because it gave the jocks a great deal of freedom, without risking the station's commercial stability. The result was often happier jocks, happier audiences, and higher ratings.

A wonderful, relatively safe compromise with the artistic freedom of the jocks is that a few times each hour, usually in the least commecially valuable slots of the hour, the disc-jockey can highlight new tracks that he or she thinks might interest the audience. The audience is encouraged to comment on the new tracks, allowing the station to track audience tastes.

A skillfully-run AOR station can be virtually indistinguishable from a top-quality freeform station with good jocks that listen to each other.

Giving a jock freedom to play a few new songs has other benefits. It increases the credibility of the station with serious listeners. Also, a willingness to identify and play new talent makes a radio station very valuable to record-promoters and artists. The promotional recordings let a station to develop a large, high quality music library at low cost.

To play new songs that honestly interest the audience, the station must publish rules about which promotional offers a jock should refuse. Otherwise commercial gifts, promotional offers and other payola can cause jocks to play bad songs, and ruin the station's ratings and profitability. A policy helps the jocks, because it gives them a simple reason to say no, so that they can continue to do a good job without offending promoters.

Classic Rock

Not playing new artists has been described as a weakness of "classic rock" or "oldies" formats. This is true in a creative but not a commercial sense. One of the unwritten "rules" of commercial radio is to get a big share of ratings and revenue. Stations will not get these if they frequently play songs unfamiliar to their audience. This is why "Top 40" stations played only the biggest hits and why oldies and classic rock formats do the same for the eras they cover.

The oldies and classic rock formats have a strong niche market, but as the audience becomes older the station becomes less attractive to advertisers. Advertisers perceive older listeners as set in their brand choices and not as responsive to advertising as younger, more impulsive listeners. Oldies stations must occasionally change to more youthful music formats.

This preference for younger listeners caused the decline of the "Big Band" or "Standards" music formats that covered music from the 1930s to the 1950s. As the audience grew too old for advertisers, the radio stations that carried these formats saw a sharp loss of ratings and revenue. This left them with no choice but to adopt more youthful formats.

Classical, Pop, R&B, Easy-listening, Jazz, etc.

These formats all have small but very loyal audiences in the largest markets. Most follow formats similar to the above (Top 40s, Freeform, AOR and Oldies), except with a different playlist. Public service stations following these formats tend to be "freeform" stations.

Public Service Formats

Some music radio is broadcast by public service organizations, such as PBS or the BBC. These usually resemble freeform stations, with particular programs for different types of music. More popular formats get more popular hours. The Avant-garde programs tend to be pushed to the late night and early morning slots.

Promotional usages

Music radio is also a means of promoting other enterprises, such as a record label or ad-hoc music events in which the broadcaster(s) have a commercial interest.

See also radio, Christian radio offshore radio, WABC, WLS, WKBW, KHJ, WRKO, KIMN and internet radio.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Music radio."

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Old-time radio

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Old-Time Radio (OTR) or The Golden Age of Radio is a term used to refer to radio programs that were broadcast during the 1920s through the late 1950s (with some outlying programs produced earlier and later) in the United States, as well as the United Kingdom and Canada and some other countries. The end of the OTR era was marked by the final CBS broadcasts of Suspense and Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar on September 30, 1962.

Before the widespread adoption of television, radio was the most popular home entertainment system across the United States. Initially, radio was regarded as a "low" medium and not well respected by American media corporations. With the rise of the movie industry, America's appetite for mass entertainment grew, and soon the breeding ground of Vaudeville was serving radio as well as movies.

Early radio shows reflected Vaudeville origins and usually featured variety shows with music, slapstick or ethnic humor, and often suggestive situations. As the medium matured, sophistication increased. By the mid-1930s radio featured all the genres popular in other forms of American entertainment: comedy, drama, horror, mystery, romance, music, and so on.

Among the best-known of the early radio performers were comedians: Jack Benny, Burns and Allen, Amos and Andy, Abbott and Costello, and Fibber McGee and Molly. The Lux Radio Theater included adaptations of Hollywood movies, performed before a live audience, often with the same stars that appeared in the original movies. Later shows included highly succcessful suspense series such as the aptly-named Suspense, Escape, The Mysterious Traveler, Inner Sanctum and many others.

The best known writers and directors during the Golden Age of Radion included Norman Corwin and Orson Wells.

Old-time radio survives largely because the Armed Forces Radio Service often requested disk transcriptions to be sent to "our forces overseas," and transcription disks were also distributed to many stations that broadcast in different time zones. Many of these disks ultimately ended up in the hands of collectors who preserved them with great care. Today, these recordings are collected on tape and via MP3 files on computers.

Old-time radio is fondly remembered by most Americans of the right age for at least a few trademark sounds, phrases and events: the famous broadcast of War of the Worlds by Orson Welles' Mercury Theater on the Air, which caused a panic in New York City; the "creaking door" which opened each episode of Inner Sanctum; Jack Benny's famous call for "Rochester" (and the famous answers of Eddie Anderson, as much a star of the program as Benny himself); the clipped speech of Jack Webb on Dragnet; the call of the Lone Ranger: "Hi-Yo, Silver!"; the cackle of The Shadow: "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The Shadow knows..."

An especially useful external link for finding more resources relating to old-time radio is http://www.old-time.com.

Selected OTR programs by genre:

(Add new shows alphabetically by title)

• Adventure
  • Bold Venture
  • Challenge of the Yukon
  • Escape
  • Superman
  • Tarzan of the Apes
  • Voyage of the Scarlet Queen

• Comedy & Variety
  • A Date with Judy
  • Amos and Andy
  • Bob & Ray
  • The Bob Hope Show
  • Burns and Allen
  • Duffy's Tavern
  • Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy
  • Fibber McGee and Molly
  • The Fred Allen Show
  • The Great Gildersleeve
  • Henry Aldrich
  • The Jack Benny Show
  • The Life of Riley
  • Lum and Abner
  • Our Miss Brooks
  • My Friend Irma
  • The Phil Harris Show
  • Tales of Fatima
  • You Bet Your Life

• Children
  • Mickey Mouse Theater

• Detective/Crime Drama
  • The Adventures of Philip Marlowe
  • The Black Museum
  • Box 13
  • Broadway Is My Beat
  • Crime Does Not Pay
  • Dragnet
  • The FBI in Peace and War
  • The Green Hornet
  • The Lives of Harry Lime
  • Mr. and Mrs. North
  • Mr. District Attorney
  • The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
  • This Is Your FBI
  • The Whisperer
  • Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar

• Drama
  • The Campbell Playhouse
  • Family Theater
  • Lux Radio Theater
  • Mercury Theater on the Air

• Espionage & Foreign Intrigue
  • Cloak and Dagger
  • David Harding, Counterspy
  • I Was a Communist for the FBI
  • The Man Called X
  • Secret Agent K-7 Returns
  • Spy Catcher
  • Top Secret

• Horror/Thrillers
  • The Black Mass
  • The Creaking Door
  • Dark Fantasy
  • Hermit's Cave
  • Lights Out
  • Quiet Please
  • Theater 10:30
  • The Weird Circle

• Mystery/Suspense
  • Inner Sanctum
  • Murder at Midnight
  • The Mysterious Traveler
  • The Shadow
  • Suspense
  • The Whistler

• Science Fiction
  • Dimension X
  • Space Patrol
  • X Minus One

• Western
  • All Star Western Theater
  • Frontier Gentleman
  • Gunsmoke
  • Have Gun, Will Travel
  • The Lone Ranger
  • The Six Shooter
  • Tales of the Texas Rangers

See also: Radio programming, Radio

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Old-time radio."

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Radio

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This article is about radio, the medium of communication. For other article subjects named radio see radio (disambiguation).

Radio is a technology that allows for the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves. These waves travel (propagate) through the air and the vacuum of space equally well, not requiring a medium of transport.

A radio wave is created whenever a charged object accelerates with a frequency that lies in the radio frequency (RF) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. By contrast, other types of emissions which fall outside the RF range are gamma rays, X-rays, cosmic rays, infrared & ultraviolet light, and light visible to humans.

When a radio wave passes a wire, it induces a moving electric charge (voltage) that can be transformed into audio or other signals that carry information. Although the word 'radio' is used to describe this phenomenon, the transmissions which we know as television, radio, radar, and cell phone are all in the class of radio frequency emissions.

Discovery

The theoretical basis of the propagation of electromagnetic waves was first described by James Clerk Maxwell in his paper to the Royal Society A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field, which followed his work between 1861 and 1865.

It was Heinrich Rudolf Hertz who, between 1886 and 1888, first validated Maxwell's theory through experiment, demonstrating that radio radiation had all the properties of waves, and discovering that the electromagnetic equations could be reformulated into a partial differential equation called the wave equation.

Invention and history

The identity of the original inventor of radio, at the time called wireless telegraphy, is contentious.

In St. Louis, Missouri, Nikola Tesla made the first public demonstration of radio communication in 1893. Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia and the National Electric Light Association, he described and demonstrated in detail the principles of radio communication. The apparatus that he used contained all the elements that were incorporated into radio systems before the development of the vacuum tube.

Guglielmo Marconi was awarded what is sometimes recognised as the world's first patent for radio with British Patent 12039, Improvements in transmitting electrical impulses and signals and in apparatus there-for.

In the USA, some key developments in radio's early history were created and patented in 1897 by Nikola Tesla. However the US Patent Office reversed its decision in 1904, awarding Guglielmo Marconi a patent for the invention of radio, possibly influenced by Marconi's financial backers in the States, who included Thomas Edison and Andrew Carnegie. In 1909 Marconi, with Karl Ferdinand Braun, was also awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".

However, Tesla's patent (number 645576) was reinstated in 1943 by the US Supreme Court, shortly after his death. This decision was based on the fact that there was prior work existing before the establishment of Marconi's patent. Some believe it was apparently made for financal reasons, to allow the US Government to avoid having to the pay damages that were being claimed by the Marconi Company for use of its patents during World War I.

Claims have also been made that Nathan Stubblefield invented radio before either Tesla or Marconi, but his device seems to have worked by induction transmission rather than radio transmission. Marconi opened the world's first "wireless" factory in Hall Street, Chelmsford, England in 1898, employing around 50 people. The next great invention was the vacuum tube detector, invented by a team of Westinghouse engineers.

On Christmas Eve, 1906, using his heterodyne principle, Reginald Fessenden transmitted the first radio audio broadcast in history from Brant Rock Station, Massachusetts. Ships at sea heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing the song O Holy Night on the violin and reading a passage from the Bible. The world's first regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment commenced in 1922 from the Marconi Research Centre at Writtle near Chelmsford, England, which was also the location of the world's first "wireless" factory.

Early radios ran the entire power of the transmitter through a carbon microphone. In the 1920s, amplifying vacuum tubes revolutionized both radio receivers and radio transmitters.

Developments in the 20th century:

• As a matter of course, aircraft used commercial AM radio stations for navigation. This continued through the early 1960s when VOR systems finally became widespread.
• In the early 1930s, single sideband and frequency modulation were invented by amateur radio operators. By the end of the decade, they were established commercial modes.
• In 1948, radio became visible as television.
• In 1960, Sony introduced the first transistorized radio, small enough to fit in a vest pocket, and able to be powered by a small battery. It was reliable, because there were no tubes to burn out. Over the next twenty years, transistors displaced tubes almost completely except for very high power, or very high frequency.
• In 1963 color television was commercially transmitted, and the first (radio) communication satellite was launched.
• In the late 1960s, the U.S. long-distance telephone network began to convert to a digital network, employing digital radios for many of its links.
• In the 1970s, LORAN became the premier radio navigation system. Soon, the U.S. Navy experimented with satellite navigation, culminating in the invention and launch of the GPS constellation in 1987.
• In the early 1990s, amateur radio experimenters began to use personal computers with audio cards to process radio signals. In 1994, the U.S. Army and DARPA launched an aggressive, successful project to construct a software radio that could become a different radio on the fly by changing software.

Uses of radio

Many of its early uses were naval, for sending Morse code messages between ships and land. Today, radio takes many forms, including wireless networks, mobile communications of all types, as well as radio broadcasting. Read more about radio's history.

Before the advent of television, commercial radio broadcasts included not only news and music, but dramas, comedies, variety shows, and many other forms of entertainment. Radio was unique among dramatic presentation that it used only sound. For more, see radio programming.

There are a number of uses of radio:

• Audio
  • The oldest form of audio broadcast was marine radio telegraphy, now no longer used. A continuous wave, or CW, was switched on and off by a key to create Morse code, which was heard at the receiver as an intermittent tone.
  • AM radio sends music and voice. AM radio uses amplitude modulation, in which higher air-pressure at the microphone causes higher transmitter power. Transmissions are affected by static because lightning and other sources of radio add their radio waves to the ones from the transmitter.
  • FM radio sends music and voice, with higher fidelity than AM radio. In frequency modulation, a higher air-pressure at the microphone turns into a higher transmitted frequency. FM is transmitted as Very High Frequency radio waves (VHF). There are more frequencies available at higher frequencies, so there can be more stations, each sending more information. Another effect is that the shorter radio waves act more like light, and travel in straight lines that do not bend around the Earth.
  • FM Sub-band services transmit digital data, such as station identification, the current song's name, web addresses, or stock quotes on unused space in an FM station's allocation. In some countries, FM radios automatically retune themselves to the same channel in a different district by using sub-bands.
  • Marine and aviation voice radios use VHF AM. This is good for aircraft and boats because the antennas are lightweight. Aircraft are often so high that their radios can see hundreds of miles, even though they are using VHF.
  • Government, police, fire and commercial voice services use narrowband FM on special frequencies. Fidelity is sacrificed to use a smaller range of radio frequencies, usually five kilohertz of deviation (5 thousand cycles per second) for maximum pressure, rather than the 16 used by FM broadcasts and TV sound.
  • Civil and military HF (high frequency) voice services use shortwave radio to contact ships at sea, aircraft and isolated settlements. Most use single sideband voice (SSB), which uses less bandwidth than AM. SSB sounds like ducks quacking on an AM radio. Viewed as a graph of frequency versus power, an AM signal shows power where the frequencies of the voice add and subtract with the main radio frequency. SSB cuts the bandwidth in half by sacrificing the carrier and (usually) lower sideband. This also makes the transmitter about three times more powerful, because it doesn't need to transmit the unused carrier and sideband.
  • TETRA, Terrestial Trunked Radio is a digital cell phone system for military, police and ambulances.

• Telephony
  • Cell phones transmit to a local cell radio, which connects to the public service telephone network through an optic fiber or microwave radio. When the phone leaves the cell radio's area, the central computer switches the phone to a new cell. Cell phones originally used FM, but now most use various digital encodings.
  • Satellite phones come in two types: INMARSAT and Iridium. Both types provide world-wide coverage. INMARSAT uses geosynchronous satellites, with aimed high-gain antennas on the vehicles. Iridium provides cell phones, except the cells are satellites in orbit.

• Video
  • Television sends the picture as AM, and the sound as FM, on the same radio signal.
  • Digital television encodes three bits as eight strengths of AM signal. The bits are sent out-of-order to reduce the effect of bursts of radio noise. A Reed-Solomon error correction code lets the receiver detect and correct errors in the data. Although any data could be sent, the standard is to use MPEG-2 for video, and five CD-quality (44.1 kilo-sample/sec) digital channels (center, left, right, left-back and right back). With all this, it takes only half the bandwidth of an analog TV signal because the video data is compressed.

• Navigation
  • All satellite navigation systems use satellites with precision clocks. The satellite transmits its position, and the time of the transmission. The receiver listens to four satellites, and can figure its position as being on a line that is tangent to a spherical shell around each satellite, determined by the time-of-flight of the radio signals from the satellite. A computer in the receiver does the math.
  • Loran systems also used time-of-flight radio signals, but from radio stations on the ground.
  • VOR systems (used by aircraft), have two transmitters. A directional transmitter scans like a lighthouse at a fixed rate. When the directional transmitter is facing north, an omnidirectional transmitter pulses. An aircraft can get readings from two VORs, and locate its position at the intersection of the two beams.
  • Radio direction-finding is the oldest form of radio navigation. Before 1960 navigators used movable loop antennas to locate commercial AM stations near cities. In some cases they used marine radiolocation beacons, which share a range of frequencies just above AM radio with amateur radio operators.

• Radar
  • Radar detects things at a distance by bouncing radio waves off them. The delay caused by the echo measures the distance. The direction of the beam determines the direction of the reflection. The polarization and frequency of the return can sense the type of surface.
  • Navigational radars scan a wide area two to four times per minute. They use very short waves that reflect from earth and stone. They are common on commercial ships and long-distance commercial aircraft.
  • General purpose radars generally use navigational radar frequencies, but modulate and polarize the pulse so the receiver can determine the type of surface of the reflector. The best general-purpose radars distinguish the rain of heavy storms, as well as land and vehicles. Some can superimpose sonar data and map data from GPS position.
  • Search radars scan a wide area with pulses of short radio waves. They usually scan the area two to four times a minute. Sometimes search radars use the doppler effect to separate moving vehicles from clutter.
  • Targeting radars use the same principle as search radar but scan a much smaller area far more often, usually several times a second or more.
  • Weather radars resemble search radars, but use radio waves with circular polarization and a wavelength to reflect from water droplets. Some weather radar use the doppler to measure wind speeds.

• Emergency services
  • emergency position-indicating rescue beacons (EPIRBs), emergency locating transmitters or personal locator beacons are small radio transmitters that satellites can use to locate a person or vehicle needing rescue. Their purpose is to help rescue people in the first day, when survival is most likely. There are several types, with widely-varying performance.

• Data (digital radio)
  • Microwave dishes on satellites, telephone exchanges and TV stations usually use quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). QAM sends data by changing both the phase and the amplitude of the radio signal. Engineers like QAM because it packs the most bits into a radio signal. Usually the bits are sent in "frames" that repeat. A special bit pattern is used to locate the beginning of a frame.
  • IEEE 802.11, the radio network standard, has stations with digital tuners. They start off by contacting a central control node, which tells the nodes about each other so they can communicate privately. Nodes move through many frequencies. They use a pseudo-random number generator to select the next frequency.
  • Radio teletypess usually operate on short-wave (HF) and are much loved by the military because they create written information without a skilled operator. They send a bit as one of two tones. Groups of five or seven bits become a character printed by a teletype. These are classically used by the military and weather services.
  • Aircraft use a 1200 Baud radioteletype service over VHF to send their ID, altitude and position, and get gate and connecting-flight data.

• Heating
  • Microwave ovens use intense radio waves to heat food. (Note: It is a common misconception that the radio waves are tuned to the resonant frequency of water molecules. The microwave frequencies used are actually about a factor of 10 below the resonant frequency.)

• Mechanical Force
  • Tractor beams: Radio waves exert small electrostatic and magnetic forces. These are enough to perform station-keeping in microgravity environments.
  • Space drive: Radiation pressure from intense radio waves has been proposed as a propulsion method for interstellar probes. Since the waves are long, the probe could be a very light-weight metal mesh, and thus achieve higher accelerations than if it were a light sail.

• Other
  • Amateur radio is an emergency and public-service radio service provided by enthusiasts who purchase or build their own equipment. It operates in a large number of narrow bands throughout the radio spectrum. Radio amateurs use all forms of encoding, including obsolete and experimental ones. Several forms of radio were pioneered by radio amateurs and later became commercially important, including FM, single-sideband AM, digital packet radio and satellite repeaters.

See also: Radio propagation and ionosphere, Radio programming, old-time radio, international broadcasting, transistor radio, crystal radio receiver, software radio, Radio hardware, Internet radio, types of radio emissions

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Radio."

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Radio (album)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

An album titled Radio has been released by John Zorn (Radio), NRG (Radio), Eazy-E (Radio), The Corrs (Radio), Teenage Fanclub (Radio), LL Cool J (Radio).

This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix that link to point to the appropriate specific page.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Radio (album)."

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Radio (disambiguation)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Radio is a medium of communication.

It can also refer to:

• Modern music radio.
• Radio programming.
• the radio industry, including radio stations
• An album titled Radio (album) has been released by John Zorn (Radio), NRG (Radio), Eazy-E (Radio), The Corrs (Radio), Teenage Fanclub (Radio), LL Cool J (Radio).

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Radio (disambiguation)."

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Radio (LL Cool J album)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Radio is an East Coast rap album by hip hop artist LL Cool J, released in 1985 (see 1985 in music). LL Cool J had dropped out of high school to record the album (after the 12" "I Need the Single" became a moderate success the year before), and he was seventeen years old when it was released. Widely considered one of the first hip hop LPs that are a cohesive whole, the album was surprisingly popular for a hip hop album in the mid-1980s. Rick Rubin's sparse production was also influential, its sparse, stripped down beats and gritty sound inspired The Bomb Squad (best known for producing Public Enemy) and many other future hip hop producers. "I Want You" and "I Can Give You More" are sometimes considered the first hip hop ballads.

Radio peaked at #6 and #46 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums and Billboard 200 albums charts. It ranks at #69 on Rolling Stone magazine's "100 Best LPs of the 80s".

The song "I Can't Live Without My Radio" appeared on the soundtrack to Krush Groove.

Track listing

1. I Can't Live Without My Radio - 5:27
2. You Can't Dance - 3:37
3. Dear Yvette - 4:07
4. I Can Give You More - 5:07
5. Dangerous - 5:56
6. Untitled- 1:18
7. Rock the Bells - 4:01
8. I Need a Beat - 4:32
9. That's a Lie - 4:41
10. You'll Rock - 4:41
11. I Want You - 4:51

Personnel

• Steven Ett - Engineer
• LL Cool J - Vocals
• Robert Lewis - Photography
• Herb Powers - Mastering
• Nelson George - Liner Notes
• Steve Byram - Design

Charting singles

Billboard Music Charts (North America)

1986	You'll Rock             Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks         No. 59
1986	Rock The Bells          Hot Dance Music/Club Play                No. 35
1986	I Can Give You More     Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales       No. 21
1986	Rock The Bells          Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales       No. 24

External links

• for lyrics

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Radio (LL Cool J album)."

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Radio astronomy

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Radio astronomy is the study of celestial phenomena through measurement of the characteristics of radio waves emitted by physical processes occurring in space. Radio waves are much longer than light waves. In order to receive good signals, radio astronomy requires large antennas.

Radio astronomy is a relatively new field of astronomical research. The earliest investigations into extraterrestrial sources of radio waves were by Karl Guthe Jansky, an engineer with Bell Telephone Laboratories, in the early 1930s. Following World War II, substantial improvements in radio astronomy technology were made by astronomers in Europe and the United States, and the field of radio astronomy began to blossom.

Radio astronomy has led to substantial increases in astronomical knowledge, particularly with the discovery of several classes of new objects, including pulsars, quasars and radio galaxies. Such objects represent some of the most extreme and energetic physical processes in the universe. Radio astronomy is also partly responsible for the idea that dark matter is an important component of our universe; radio measurements of the rotation of galaxies suggest that there is much more mass in galaxies than has been directly observed. And the cosmic microwave background radiation was first detected using radio telescopes. However, radio telescopes have also been used to investigate objects much closer to home, including observations of the Sun and solar activity, and radar mapping of the planets.

The United States government has established an institution to conduct radio astornomy research, titled NRAO, or National Radio Astronomy Observatory. This institution controls various radio telescopes around the United States included the world's largest fully mobile radio telescope, the GBT. The United States government has also set aside a national radio quiet zone for radio astronomy research centered around Green Bank, West Virginia. As a result, Green Bank is now the home of NRAO's primary facility.

VLBI

Multiple antenna radio astronomy is also known as interferometry. When the antennas are too far apart to allow the antennas to be connected by conventional cables, the data are recorded on magnetic tape (or recently hard disks) and shipped to a central processing location (correlator). This technique is known as Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). VLBI involves using a number of antenna linked together to create a giant antenna which can resolve features with smaller angles. The band of radio waves used depends on what they want to achieve for the particular experiment.

Some of the scientific results derived from VLBI include:

• Motion of the Earth's tectonic plates
• Regional deformation and local uplift or subsidence.
• Definition of the celestial reference frame
• Variations in the Earth's orientation and length of day.
• Maintenance of the terrestrial reference frame
• Measurement of gravitational forces of the Sun and Moon on the Earth and the deep structure of the Earth
• Improvement of atmospheric models.
• Astronomical benefits too

VLBI is used mostly for mapping and timing. It is essential for accurate spacecraft tracking that the positions of the antennas is known to the milimetre. This technique measures the time differences between the arrival of radio waves from distant sources (such as quasars) at two separate antennas. Using large numbers of time difference measurements from many quasars observed with a global network of antennas over a period of time, it is possible to map movements of tectonic plates to within milimetres.

Space VLBI

The latest development in radio astronomy observations is the Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry (SVLBI) program. This is used to perform radio astronomy with an extended baseline VLBI, of which one element is a space-based antenna.

The JPL SVLBI project, funded by NASA, supports the VSOP (VLBI Space Observatory Program) mission developed by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) in Japan. The VSOP spacecraft consists of an eight meters radio telescope. It was launched in February 1997 and is orbiting the Earth in an elliptical orbit to enable VLBI observations on baselines between space and ground telescopes. The primary targets are active galactic nuclei, water masers, OH masers, radio stars, and pulsars will also be observed.

The baselines between space and ground telescopes will provide 3 to 10 times the resolution available for ground VLBI at the same observing frequencies. Four ground tracking stations are involved with the SVLBI project.

The whole system was supposed to operate automatically, needing only the observing schedule, Doppler predicts, and spacecraft state vectors to perform all the acquisition and tracking functions, with no operator inputs. This however has not yet been achieved and an operator is required for all supports on this system.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Radio astronomy."

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Radio call sign

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A radio call sign or callsign is a unique designation for amateur, broadcast, and sometimes military radio use. Such call signs are formal, semi-permanent, and issued by a nation's telecommunication agency.

Each country has a set of alphabetic or numeric International Telecommunication Union-designated prefixes with which their call signs must begin. For example:

• The U.S.A uses the prefixes: W, K, N, and AAA to ALZ
• The United Kingdom uses the prefixes: G, M, and 2
• France uses the prefixes: F, TM
• Germany use the prefix: D
• Chad uses the prefix: TT
• Italy uses the prefix: I

Amateur radio call signs

Amateur radio call signs normally consist of a one or two character prefix, a number (which sometimes corresponds to a geographic area within the country) and a 1, 2, or 3 character suffix. The number following the prefix is normally a single number (0 to 9). Some prefixes, such as Djibouti's (J2), consist of a letter followed by a number. Hence, in the hypothetical Djibouti callsign, J29DBA, the prefix is "J2", the number is "9", and the suffix is "DBA". In the Italian callsign, IK1TZO, "IK" is the prefix, the number component is "1" and corresponds to the Piemonte region, and TZO is the suffix. Another example is WB3EBO. "WB" is the prefix, the number "3" most often indicates that the station is located in Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, or the District of Columbia. The suffix is "EBO".

Broadcast call signs

Broadcast stations in the U.S. and Canada are assigned three or four letter callsigns. Many of these, such as Baltimore television station WJZ, have long historical associations. Others are changed frequently as the station changes format. Many stations prefer not to use call signs at all, since a slogan is more easily remembered by listeners filling in diaries for the Arbitron Company's radio ratings. However, in the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission does require periodic identification using the formal callsign, as close to the top of each hour as possible.

There are some common conventions followed for call signs in North America.

In Australia, broadcast callsigns begin with a single-digit number indicating the state or territory, followed by two letters for AM stations and three for FM, also, some AM stations retain their old callsigns when moving to FM, or just add an extra letter to the end. Australian broadcast stations used the prefix VL-, but since Australia has no nearby neighbors, this practice was discarded in use.

In Europe and much of Asia, callsigns are normally not used for broadcast stations. Japan, South Korea and Taiwan are exceptions to this general rule. Other countries have yet other formats for assigning callsigns to domestic services.

Military call signs

The United States Army uses fixed call signs for Army stations which begin with "W", such as WAR, used by U.S. Army Headquarters.

The United States Air Force uses semi-fixed identifiers consisting of a name followed by a two or three digit number. The name is assigned to a unit on a semi-permanent basis; they change only when the U.S. Department of Defense goes to DEFCON 3. For example, "JAMBO 51" would be assigned to a particular B-52 aircrew of the 5th Bomb Wing, while "NODAK 1" would be an F-16 fighter with the North Dakota Air National Guard. The most recognizable callsign of this type is Air Force One, used when any plane is carrying the U.S. President.

Fixed call signs for USAF stations begin with "A", such as AIR, used by USAF Headquarters.

The United States Navy and United States Coast Guard use a mixture of tactical call signs and formal call signs beginning with the letter N. For example, the carrier USS John F. Kennedy has the callsign NJFK.

External link

• http://www.ac6v.com/prefixes.htm

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Radio call sign."

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Radio drama

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A radio drama or radio play is a play to listen to (i.e. with sound only), for radio broadcasting. They were especially popular before there was television. They were often live.

Probably the two most famous radio dramas are Under Milk Wood, a 'Play for Voices' by Dylan Thomas, and (in the US) Orson Welles's version of War of the Worlds, originally a book by H. G. Wells.

Radio drama is still popular-much more popular than televisual plays. Partly this is because of the need for the audience to use its imagination in picturing scenes and characters. Many film, stage and TV writers got their start in radio drama, including Tom Stoppard and Caryl Churchill. Broadcasters that produce radio drama often require a large number of scripts, since they cannot be reused in the way that a stage play can. The relatively low cost of producing a radio play enables them to take a chance with works by unknown writers. Radio is a good training medium for drama writers as the words written form a much greater part of the finished product; bad lines cannot be obscured with 'stage business'.

The lack of visuals also enable fantastical settings and effects to be used in radio plays where the cost would be prohibitive in a visual medium. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy was first produced as radio drama, and was not translated to television until much later, when its popularity would ensure an appropriate return for the high cost of the futuristic setting.

Radio plays often include the work of Shakespeare and other playwrights.

Radio dramas can be regularly heard on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Radio 1, and the British Broadcasting Corporation, Radio 4 and Radio 3.

See also:

• CBS Radio Mystery Theater
• Sound effect.

External Links

• CBC radio drama home page
• BBC Radio 4 drama page

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Radio drama."

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Radio programming

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Radio broadcasts were a popular entertainment from the 1910s until television became widespread. The medium was unique in that it used only sound.

Radio programmes included the famous Hollywood talent of the day, and so there has been a resurgence of interest in what is now called old-time radio or the "Golden Age of Radio," with surviving shows being traded and collected in reel-to-reel, cassette and MP3 format. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the advent of television gradually eroded the popularity of most radio shows, and by the late 1950s radio broadcasting took on much the form it has today.

Radio broadcasting is still very popular, with many stations devoted to news, talk, sports and especially popular music. In western Europe offshore radio, such as Radio Caroline broadcast from ships at anchor or abandoned forts, helped to stimulate a demand for the latter type of station during the post 1964 period.

• Internet radio, which keeps the form of audio-only broadcasting, although the signals are transmitted using the Internet rather than by radio broadcast - a sort of "radio-less radio".
• Digital audio broadcasting, which is a way of broadcasting radio digitally, which gives less noise in the transmission.

Notable old-time radio programs include:

• Amos 'n Andy
• The Jack Benny Program (see Jack Benny)
• Burns and Allen
• Suspense
• Nightbeat
• The Lone Ranger
• The Shadow
• Ma Perkins
• Fibber McGee and Molly
• Lux Radio Theater
• Escape
• Inner Sanctum
• CBS Radio Mystery Theater
• The Great Gildersleeve
• The Bob Hope Show (see Bob Hope)
• Dragnet
• Mercury Theater on the Air (also see Orson Welles)
• Dimension X/X-Minus One

Notable modern radio programs include:

• All Things Considered
• The Al Read Show
• The Archers
• Audience of Two
• Billy Cotton Band Show (see Billy Cotton)
• Coast to Coast AM with George Noory and Art Bell on weekends.
• Caesar the Geezer sometimes known as Caesar the Boogieman
• Desert Island Discs
• Dick Barton - Special Agent
• Does he take Sugar
• Dr. Demento
• Dr. Laura
• Emperor Rosko Show
• The Goon Show initially called Crazy People
• Hello Cheeky
• The Hitch-Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy
• The Howard Stern Radio Show
• I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again
• ITMA-It's That's Man Again
• Kenny Everett Radio Programme
• The Larry King Show
• Listen with Mother
• Morning Edition
• The Navy Lark
• Paul Harvey
• Phil Hendrie
• Pick of the Pops
• A Prairie Home Companion
• Round The Horne, and its predecessor, Beyond Our Ken
• Rush Limbaugh
• Stan Freberg
• This American Life
• The Today Programme

See also:

• National Public Radio, old-time radio, Public Radio International

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Radio programming."

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Radio station

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

A radio station is a site configured for broadcasting sound. Traditionally, radio stations have broadcast through the air via radio waves, a form of electromagnetic radiation, but today many stations broadcast via cable, local wire networks, or the Internet as well or instead of atmospheric broadcasting. Often stations are linked in radio networks.

KDKA of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (owned by Westinghouse) started broadcasting as the first commercial radio station on November 2, 1920. The first broadcast was the results of the U.S. presidential election, 1920.

Radio stations are of a number of types. The best known are the AM and FM stations, both commercial and "public", or nonprofit.

AM stations occurred first. AM refers to amplitude modulation, a mode of broadcasting radio waves, and occurs on commercial US airwaves in the frequency range of 530 to 1600 KiloHertz (thousand cycles per second). FM refers to frequency modulation, and occurs on commercial US airwaves in the frequency range of 88 to 108 MegaHertz (million cycles per second).

FM stations are nowadays much more popular in the developed countries, such as Europe and United States today, especially since higher musical fidelity and stereo broadcasting is possible in this format.

The emerging Digital Radio stations have started their transmissions, first in Europe – the UK and Germany, and later in the United States. The European system is named DAB, for Digital Audio Broadcasting, and public. In the United States, the system is named HD Radio and owned by a private company. It is expected that for the next 10-20 years, all these systems will co-exist, while from 2015 – 2020, the main system, at least in the developed countries, will be the digital radio.

Many other types of radio stations exist. These include:

• base stations for police, fire and ambulance networks
• military base stations
• dispatch base stations for taxis, trucks, and couriers
• emergency broadcast systems

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Radio station."

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Star Wars (radio)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

\Star Wars is a 13-part radio drama first broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981. It was adapted and expanded from the film Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope by Brian Daley, and directed by John Madden. The series was made with the full co-operation of George Lucas, who donated the rights and allowed the use of sound effects and music from the movie.

The series fleshes out the storyline by adding a great deal of back story that had probably been created but not used by Lucas. For instance, there is a speeder race between Luke Skywalker and his friends that takes place days or weeks before the events of the movie.

Many of the actors involved in the movie were unavailable to reprise their roles (Harrison Ford, for instance, was committed to the first Indiana Jones movie), but Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels returned to reprise Luke Skywalker and C-3PO respectively. Han Solo was played by Perry King, Princess Leia by Ann Sachs, Ben Kenobi by Bernard Behrens, and Darth Vader by Brock Peters.

NPR's reruns of the series had some small timing cuts. Perhaps the most telling of these involves some dialogue in which Leia tells her father about a walk she took in the countryside on Alderaan, which makes the planet's eventual fate seem more of a personal tragedy to her.

BBC Radio 1 broadcast the series in the UK, but a key scene in the final episode was clumsily cut for timing.

The success of the series led to another, 10-part, series based on Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back, again written by Daley and directed by Madden. Billy Dee Williams reprised Lando Calrissian, and John Lithgow played Yoda.

It was not until 1996 that a 6-part adaptation of Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi was made by Highbridge Audio (the company that had released the first two series on tape and CD), using many of the original radio cast but with Joshua Fardon taking over as Luke Skywalker. Edward Asner guest-stars as Jabba the Hutt — speaking only in grunts! Sadly scriptwriter Brian Daley died before the series went to air.

All three series were released on tape and CD in the US. Unfortunately NPR's cuts to the first series were retained.

Related articles

• Star Wars

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Star Wars (radio)."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: Radio

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Synonyms within Context: Radio

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Modern Usage: Radio

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Commercial Usage: Radio

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Image Slideshow: Radio

Photos: Radio More pictures...

Illustrations: Radio More pictures...

Computer Images: Radio More pictures...

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Photo Album: Radio

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Loran stands for LOng RANge navigation, and is a long distance radio-navigation land station that transmits synchronized radio wave pulses. Credit: CDC.		The popular National Public Radio program "The Marc Steiner Show" (WJHU, FM 88.1) and the ... Credit: NASA.
	Radar images of the asteroid Toutatis obtained with NASA's 70 m radio telescope at Goldstone. Credit: NASA.		World longitude network setup at Manila Note radio gear to receive time ticks Chronograph is drum-like instrument to right. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
	Short wave radio recorder Astro party of E. J. Brown Part of World Longitude Campaign. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.		View from Buck Island Lagoon of east St. Croix. Telescope of National Radio Astronomy Observatory is visible. Credit: America's Coastlines.
	Cathy, the radio operator during the summer months, communicating with McMurdo Station. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.		Noah White, the Antarctic radio operator, takes a well-deserved rest. Homeward bound after 12 months at the South Pole. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.
	Radio station. Credit: Flying With NOAA.		A restoration worker uses a marine radio on board the Cunan Law to prepare for a site visit. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Radio
 

"Dashboard and radio" by Mirko Commentary: "In my car."	"Radio Mast" by James Stephen Windsor Commentary: "The radio / mobile mast on the Beacon, Birmingham."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Sounds Captioned with "Radio".

Play	Caption	Play	Caption
	Female dispatcher's police radio call.		White noise; the sounds of static on a television or radio.
	Female dispatcher's police radio call.		Radio signal static.
	Science fiction radio turner sound effect.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Familiar Quotations: Radio

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Use in Literature: Radio

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Non-Fiction Usage: Radio

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Spoken Usage: Radio

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Speeches: Radio

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Usage Frequency: Radio

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Usage in Company Names: Radio

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Expressions: Radio

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Radio

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Modern Translation: Radio

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Derivations & Misspellings: Radio

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Rhyming with "Radio"

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Anagrams: Radio

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