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Definition: Predestination |
PredestinationNoun1. (theology) the doctrine (usually associated with Calvin) that God has foreordained every event throughout eternity (including the final salvation of mankind). Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "predestination" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1258. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
Satire | PREDESTINATION, n. The doctrine that all things occur according to programme. This doctrine should not be confused with that of foreordination, which means that all things are programmed, but does not affirm their occurrence, that being only an implication from other doctrines by which this is entailed. The difference is great enough to have deluged Christendom with ink, to say nothing of the gore. With the distinction of the two doctrines kept well in mind, and a reverent belief in both, one may hope to escape perdition if spared. Source: Devil's Dictionary. |
Bible | Predestination This word is properly used only with reference to God's plan or purpose of salvation. The Greek word rendered "predestinate" is found only in these six passages, Acts 4:28; Rom. 8:29, 30; 1 Cor. 2:7; Eph. 1:5, 11; and in all of them it has the same meaning. They teach that the eternal, sovereign, immutable, and unconditional decree or "determinate purpose" of God governs all events. This doctrine of predestination or election is beset with many difficulties. It belongs to the "secret things" of God. But if we take the revealed word of God as our guide, we must accept this doctrine with all its mysteriousness, and settle all our questionings in the humble, devout acknowledgment, "Even so, Father: for so it seemed good in thy sight." For the teaching of Scripture on this subject let the following passages be examined in addition to those referred to above; Gen. 21:12; Ex. 9:16; 33:19; Deut. 10:15; 32:8; Josh. 11:20; 1 Sam. 12:22; 2 Chr. 6:6; Ps. 33:12; 65:4; 78:68; 135:4; Isa. 41:1-10; Jer. 1:5; Mark 13:20; Luke 22:22; John 6:37; 15:16; 17:2, 6, 9; Acts 2:28; 3:18; 4:28; 13:48; 17:26; Rom. 9:11, 18, 21; 11:5; Eph. 3:11; 1 Thess. 1:4; 2 Thess. 2:13; 2 Tim. 1:9; Titus 1:2; 1 Pet. 1:2. (See DECREES OF GOD; ELECTION.) Hodge has well remarked that, "rightly understood, this doctrine (1) exalts the majesty and absolute sovereignty of God, while it illustrates the riches of his free grace and his just displeasure with sin. (2.) It enforces upon us the essential truth that salvation is entirely of grace. That no one can either complain if passed over, or boast himself if saved. (3.) It brings the inquirer to absolute self-despair and the cordial embrace of the free offer of Christ. (4.) In the case of the believer who has the witness in himself, this doctrine at once deepens his humility and elevates his confidence to the full assurance of hope" (Outlines). Source: Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In Chinese Buddhism, predestination is a translation of yuanfen, which does not necessarily imply the existence or involvement of a deity. Predestination in this sense takes on a very literal meaning: pre- (before) and destiny, in a straightforward way indicating that some events seem bound to happen.
Predestination may sometimes be used to refer to other, materialistic, spiritualist, non-theistic or polytheistic ideas of determinism, destiny, fate, doom, or karma. Such beliefs or philosophical systems may hold that any outcome is finally determined by the complex interaction of multiple, possibly immanent, possibly impersonal, possibly equal forces: rather than the issue of the Creator's conscious choice.
For example, some may speak of predestination from a purely physical perspective, such as in a discussion of time travel. In this case, rather than referring to the afterlife, predestination refers to any events that will occur in the future. In a predestined universe the future is immutable and only one set of events can possibly occur; in a non-predestined universe, the future is mutable and multiple different events are possible. This may be considered as part of the issue of free will or separately from the context of consciousness. See also determinism and free will and determinism.
Finally, antithetical to determinism of any kind, are theories of the cosmos which assert that any outcome is ultimately unpredictable, luck, chance, or chaos.
All conceptions of an ordered or rational cosmos have determinist implications, as a logical consequence of the idea of predictability; but predestination usually refers to a specifically religious type of determinism, especially as found in the various monotheistic systems of Christianity and Islam.
In Christianity, ideas of preordination are strong or weak in parallel with ideas of predestination; the two live or die together. This is not the case in some other religions, which make a strong difference between earthly and eternal destinies. However, in Christianity, although the two are formally distinguished, the principles are the same which explain the relationship of God's determining will and man's free choices, whether speaking of the earthly fortunes and roles to which God has preordained men, or the final status to which they are predestined.
On the other hand, in that ultimate reference there may be a complete reversal of the status of people or groups expected. Thus, for example the Christian sayings, "The meek shall inherit the earth" and "many who are first shall be last and the last, first", imply that there is no predictable continuity between present and final status. The final state (to which men are predestined) may be a reversal of the present injustices under which the righteous suffer (which are preordained), and yet God has as much to do with one as with the other (if the particular belief system allows that God has anything to do with either of them).
Furthermore, predestination typically refers to God's will for salvation and not His will for damnation. Predestination to damnation is, rather, called reprobation.
Judaism may accept the possibility that God is atemporal; some forms of Jewish theology teach this virtually as a principle of faith, while other forms of Judaism do not. Jews may use the term omniscience, or preordination as a corollary of omniscience, but normally reject the idea of predestination outright, as a completely foreign idea that has no place in their religion.
Islam traditionally has strong views of predestination similar to some found in Christianity; however, just as in Christianity there is a spectrum of beliefs on this subject. In Islam, Allah both knows and ordains whatever comes to pass.
In philosophy, the relation between foreknowledge and predestination is a central part of Newcomb's paradox.
In terms of these ultimates, with creation as the ultimate beginning, and salvation as the ultimate end, a belief system has a doctrine of predestination if it teaches:
As a rough illustration, if God foresaw that herbivores would be the food of carnivores, and regardless of whether he would prefer a different state of affairs, decides to create knowing what will be brought to pass subsequently: then, herbivores are predestined to be the only food of carnivores, by the prior decision of God; and without that food, carnivores are predestined to perish. This scenario illustrates predestination at the weakest end of the spectrum. Varieties of predestination based on foreknowledge are considered stronger, the more particularly God foreknows the future and the more continually He acts; but, no matter how complicated, the basic idea is the same. God makes a free choice between not acting, and acting knowing what will happen as a result. By acting, he predestinates, because he foreknows not only the possible but the actual future state of affairs that his acts make possible.
In views of weak predestination (predestination on the basis of foreknowledge), the freedom of creaturely will is the supreme issue; and, views of God's control are adjusted accordingly.
Calvinism never divides predestination in a mathematical way. It is disinterested, in the abstract, in questions of "how much" either God or man are responsible for particular destinies. These questions of "how much" will become hopelessly entangled in paradox, Calvinists teach, regardless of the view of predestination adopted. Instead, Calvinism divides the issues of predestination according to two kinds of being, knowledge, and will, distinguishing that which is divine from that which is human. Therefore, it is not so much an issue of quantity, but of distinct roles. God is not a creature, and the creature is not God, in knowledge, will, freedom, ability, responsibility, or anything else. As the archetypical illustration of this idea, Christ humanly fulfilled all that God eternally determined from Himself would be done by Jesus, in his words and work, death on the cross, and resurrection, etc. What he did humanly is distinguishable, but not separate, from what he did divinely.
In views of strong predestination, the freedom of God is the supreme issue, and views of human freedom are adjusted accordingly.Contrasted with other kinds of determinism
Distinguished from preordination
Predestination, in the sense of preordination or foreordination, is concerned not only with the afterlife, but also with the roles and limitations that are assigned to things and people in life as well. In Christian theology, all issues of preordination correspond directly with the issues of divine providence, with emphasis on God's particular determination of events: especially those events which arise from the choices made by men and angels. Predestination includes all of the issues of preordination, and in addition is concerned with the ultimate outcome, the final destiny of men and of angels. So, in Christianity, the terms are roughly synonymous and may be used interchangeably. These or related issues may be discussed in monotheistic religions besides Christianity. Predestination and omniscience
Discussion of predestination usually involves consideration of whether God is omniscient, or eternal or atemporal (out of the flow of time in our universe). In terms of these ideas, God may see the past, present and future, so that God effectively knows the future. If God in some sense knows ahead of time what will happen, then events in the universe are effectively predetermined from God's point of view. This is not predestination in itself (although it does involve determinism). Predestination implies that God has something to do with determining ahead of time, what the destiny of creatures will be.Predestination in Christianity
The "doctrine of predestination" usually refers to Christian teaching concerning the ultimate implications of the predestination idea: the final destiny of men and of angels. As such, discussion of predestination concerns the extent to which salvation and damnation are the issue of God's decisions ahead of time, and the extent to which these are matters decided by men and angels for themselves. The more immediate application of the doctrine of predestination, concerns the extent to which people and nations are confined by God to particular roles, compared to how much they are makers of their own destiny.
There are numerous ways to describe the spectrum of beliefs concerning predestination, in Christian thinking. To some extent, this spectrum has analogies in other monotheistic religions; although, in other religions the term predestination may not be used. For example, teaching on predestination may vary in terms of three considerations.
With each additional consideration relevant to predestination, the spectrum of beliefs can be expanded to display the religious presuppositions upon which the various systems are organized. For this reason, predestination is of particular interest in discerning the principle upon which a belief system explains differences of status or condition between people, in life and in death.Weak predestination
With rare exception, Christian belief includes some idea of predestination. However, some versions severely limit their conception of God's prior role in determining the outcome, to the decision to create. Creation is predestinating, only if God is conceived to have some foreknowledge of what will inevitably come to pass because of this decision, and only if that decision is free (he can choose, either to create or not). If God foreknows what will happen to creatures - at a minimum, knows what will happen to them as categories of creatures, among which particular individuals will certainly exist - and decides to create, then the act of creation predestines every category of creature that is foreknown by God, to the end He foresaw.Strong predestination
The doctrine of predestination often has particular reference to Calvinism (sometimes referred to as Reformed theology, particularly when referring to theological development post-Calvin). Predestination is not identical to Calvinism; but it is perhaps the most controversial element of that family of theological thinking which descends from John Calvin. On the spectrum of beliefs concerning predestination, Calvinism is the strongest form among Christians. It teaches that God's predestinating decision is based on the knowledge of His own will rather than foreknowledge, concerning every particular person and event; and, in an unfathomable way, not accessible to scrutiny, God continually acts with entire freedom, in order to bring about His will in completeness.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Predestination."
Synonyms: PredestinationSynonyms: foreordination (n), predetermination (n), preordination (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Necessity | Destiny, destination; fatality, fate, kismet, doom, foredoom, election, predestination; preordination, foreordination; lot fortune; fatalism; inevitableness; Adjective: spell. |
Predetermination | Noun: predestination, preordination, premeditation, predeliberation, predetermination; foregone conclusion, fait accompli; parti pris; resolve, propendency; intention; project; fate, foredoom, necessity. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Predestination |
| English words defined with "predestination": Arminian Baptist, Arminianism ♦ Calvin ♦ General Baptist ♦ Jean Caulvin, Jean Cauvin, Jean Chauvin, John Calvin ♦ Predestinarian, Predestinator, Predestiny ♦ Thomaism. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "predestination": Augustinians ♦ FOREORDINATION ♦ INFALAPSARIAN ♦ Precipitate. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | What's predestination got to do with it? (Oliver's Travels; writing credit: Alan Plater) A synchronicity that borders on on predestination, one might say. (Buffy the Vampire Slayer; writing credit: Doreen Spicer) So, we've covered abortion, church and state, predestination, drug abuse, prostitution -- ah, yes, homosexuality. (When Night Is Falling; writing credit: Patricia Rozema) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title |
Books |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
Les Miserables | Hugo, Victor | No difference, here below at least, in predestination. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Lexicography | Devil's Dictionary | INFALAPSARIAN, n. One who ventures to believe that Adam need not have sinned unless he had a mind to -- in opposition to the Supralapsarians, who hold that that luckless person's fall was decreed from the beginning. Infralapsarians are sometimes called Sublapsarians without material effect upon the importance and lucidity of their views about Adam. Two theologues once, as they wended their way To chapel, engaged in colloquial fray -- An earnest logomachy, bitter as gall, Concerning poor Adam and what made him fall. "'Twas Predestination," cried one -- "for the Lord Decreed he should fall of his own accord." "Not so -- 'twas Free will," the other maintained, "Which led him to choose what the Lord had ordained." So fierce and so fiery grew the debate That nothing but bloodshed their dudgeon could sate; So off flew their cassocks and caps to the ground And, moved by the spirit, their hands went round. Ere either had proved his theology right By winning, or even beginning, the fight, A gray old professor of Latin came by, A staff in his hand and a scowl in his eye, And learning the cause of their quarrel (for still As they clumsily sparred they disputed with skill Of foreordination freedom of will) Cried: "Sirrahs! this reasonless warfare compose: Atwixt ye's no difference worthy of blows. The sects ye belong to -- I'm ready to swear Ye wrongly interpret the names that they bear. You -- Infralapsarian son of a clown! -- Should only contend that Adam slipped down; While you -- you Supralapsarian pup! -- Should nothing aver but that Adam slipped up. It's all the same whether up or down You slip on a peel of banana brown. Even Adam analyzed not his blunder, But thought he had slipped on a peal of thunder! G.J. |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Predestination" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time. "Predestination" is used about 54 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 100% | 54 | 46,184 |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day |
predestination | 114 |
predestination and free will | 8 |
free predestination vs will | 7 |
election predestination | 4 |
augustine predestination | 3 |
catholic predestination | 3 |
calvin john predestination | 3 |
free predestination versus will | 2 |
calvinism predestination | 2 |
doctrine predestination | 2 |
double predestination | 2 |
definition predestination | 2 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Language | Translations for "predestination"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arabic | مسبق (beforehand, previous, prior), مصير (destiny, fate, lot), قضاء وقدر (destiny, fatalism), قدر (afford, amount, appraise, appreciate, assess, assume, be able to, be capable of, believe, can, consider, cost, count, deal, degree, esteem, estimate, evaluate, guess, lot, magnitude, manage to, measure, number, predestine, predetermine, presume, prize, proportion, quantity, rate, size, suppose, think, treasure, value, volume), جبرية الأحداث, الجبري (necessitarian). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech | předurèení, osud (destiny, doom, draw, fate, fortune, kismet, lot). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finnish | ennaltamääräys. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French | prédestination. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
German | prädestination. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greek | μοίρα (degree, destiny, doom, fate, fortune, kismet, lot, share, split), προορισμόσ (bourn, destination, destiny, foreordination, preordination, purpose). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hebrew | 'ורל (cast, cut, destiny, fate, lot), 'זר" ק"ומ", 'זר" (decision, decree, edict, prohibition, restrictive law). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungarian | sors (cast, chance, cup, destiny, fate, fortune, kismet, lot, nemesis, weird), eleve elrendelés (preordination), végzet (chance, destiny, doom, fatality, fate, fortune, kismet, nemesis, weird), predesztináció (absolutism, predetermination). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indonesian | takdir (destiny, fate, fore-ordination). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italian | predestinazione. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Kanji | 予定説 , 宿命 (destiny, fate). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Japanese Katakana | しゅくめい (destiny, fate), よていせつ. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Manx | roie-oardaghey (predestinate), kiarail rolaue (foresight, providence). (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pig Latin | edestinationpray predestinação. (various references) predestinare, predestinaţie. (various references) предопределение (predetermination, preordination). (various references) predodređenje. (various references) predestinación. (various references) yazgı (dispensation, ordinance), takdir-i ilâhi, kader (destiny, dispensation, doom, fatal, fatality, fate, foreordination, fortune, karma, lot, Moira, Providence), kısmet (chance, destiny, fatality, fate, foreordination, fortune, inning, innings, kismet, lot, Moira, portion, shot), allah'ın takdiri (Providence), alın yazısı (destiny, doom, fate, foreordination, ordinance). (various references) доля (allotment, chance, cup, destiny, doom, fatality, fate, fortune, karma, lot, nemesis, portion). (various references) vận mệnh (destiny, fatality), sự tiền định, sự định trước vận mệnh số phận, sự định trước số phận. (various references) rhagarfaethiad. (various references) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "predestination": predestinations. (additional references) | |
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"Predestination" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: predestinatioin, predestionation. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "predestination" (pronounced prē'de'stunā"shun) |
| 10 | -d e' s t u n ā" sh u n | destination. |
| 8 | -s t u n ā" sh u n | procrastination. |
| 7 | -t u n ā" sh u n | concatenation, detonation, intonation. |
| 6 | -u n ā" sh u n | abomination, alienation, antidiscrimination, assassination, combination, contamination, coordination, coronation, culmination, decaffeination, decontamination, denomination, desalination, determination, discrimination, disinclination, dissemination, divination, domination, elimination, emanation, examination, explanation, extermination, fascination, germination, hallucination, hydrogenation, illumination, imagination, impersonation, inclination, incoordination, incrimination, indoctrination, insemination, insubordination, machination, nomination, nondiscrimination, ordination, origination, pagination, pollination, profanation, recrimination, reexamination, rejuvenation, renomination, rumination, subordination, termination, transillumination, vaccination. |
| 5 | -n ā" sh u n | carnation, condemnation, consternation, damnation, designation, donation, hibernation, impregnation, incarnation, indignation, nation, reincarnation, resignation, stagnation. |
| 4 | -ā" sh u n | abbreviation, abdication, aberration, abrogation, acceleration, acclimation, accommodation, accreditation, accumulation, accusation, acidification, activation, adaptation, adjudication, administration, admiration, adoration, adulation, advocation, affectation, affiliation, affirmation, agglomeration, aggravation, agitation, allegation, alleviation, allocation, alphabetization, alteration, altercation, amalgamation, amelioration, amortization, amplification, amputation, animation, annexation, annihilation, annotation, anticipation, appellation, application, appreciation, approbation, appropriation, approximation, arbitration, argumentation, articulation, aspiration, assimilation, association, augmentation, authentication, authorization, automation, aviation, avocation, balkanization, bifurcation, calculation, calibration, cancellation, cannibalization, capitalization, capitulation, castration, categorization, causation, celebration, centralization, certification, cessation, cetacean, characterization, citation, civilization, clarification, classification, coagulation, codification, cogeneration, cogitation, cohabitation, collaboration, collectivization, colonization, coloration, colorization, commemoration, commendation, commercialization, communication, communization, compensation, compilation, complication, computation, computerization, concentration, conciliation, condensation, confabulation, confederation, configuration, confirmation, confiscation, conflagration, confrontation, conglomeration, congratulation, congregation, conjugation, connotation, consecration, conservation, consideration, consolation, consolidation, constellation, constipation, consultation, consummation, contemplation, continuation, conversation, convocation, cooperation, corporation, correlation, corroboration, creation, cremation, criminalization, crustacean, cultivation, dalmatian, decapitation, deceleration, decentralization, decertification, declaration, decoration, decriminalization, dedication, defamation, deflation, deforestation, deformation, degeneration, degradation, dehumanization, dehydration, deification, deinstitutionalization, delegation, deliberation, delineation, demarcation, demilitarization, demobilization, democratization, demodulation, demonization, demonstration, demoralization, denationalization, denuclearization, denunciation, depopulation, deportation, depravation, depreciation, depredation, deprivation, deregulation, derivation, desalinization, desecration, desegregation, desiccation, desolation, desperation, destabilization, detoxication, detoxification, devaluation, devastation, deviation, dictation, differentiation, dilatation, dilation, discoloration, discontinuation, disembarkation, disinflation, disinformation, disintegration, dislocation, disorganization, disorientation, dispensation, disputation, disqualification, dissertation, dissipation, dissociation, distillation, diversification, documentation, domestication, dramatization, duplication, duration, echolocation, edification, education, ejaculation, elaboration, elation, electrification, elevation, elongation, emancipation, embarkation, emigration, emulation, enumeration, equalization, equitation, equivocation, eradication, escalation, estimation, evacuation, evaluation, evaporation, evocation, exacerbation, exaggeration, exasperation, excavation, excitation, exclamation, excommunication, exfoliation, exhalation, exhilaration, exhortation, exhumation, exoneration, expatriation, expectation, experimentation, expiration, explication, exploitation, exploration, expropriation, extrapolation, fabrication, facilitation, falsification, federation, fermentation, fertilization, fibrillation, figuration, filtration, fixation, flirtation, flotation, fluctuation, fluoridation, foliation, formation, formulation, fortification, foundation, fragmentation, frustration, fumigation, gasification, gastrulation, generalization, generation, gentrification, gestation, glaciation, globalization, glorification, gradation, graduation, granulation, gratification, gravitation, gyration, habitation, harmonization, hesitation, hospitalization, humiliation, hybridization, hydration, hyperinflation, identification, illustration, imitation, immigration, immunization, implantation, implementation, implication, importation, improvisation, imputation, inactivation, inauguration, incantation, incapacitation, incarceration, incorporation, incrustation, incubation, indemnification, indentation, indexation, indication, industrialization, infatuation, infestation, infiltration, inflammation, inflation, information, inhabitation, inhalation, initiation, innovation, inoculation, insinuation, inspiration, installation, instigation, institutionalization, instrumentation, insulation, integration, intensification, internationalization, interpretation, interrogation, intimation, intimidation, intoxication, inundation, invalidation, investigation, invitation, invocation, ionization, irradiation, irrigation, irritation, isolation, jubilation, justification, laceration, lactation, legalization, legislation, levitation, liberalization, liberation, libration, ligation, limitation, liquidation, litigation, localization, location, lubrication, magnetization, magnification, malformation, manifestation, manipulation, marginalization, masturbation, maturation, maximization, mechanization, mediation, medication, meditation, menstruation, migration, mineralization, miniaturization, ministration, misallocation, misapplication, misappropriation, miscalculation, mischaracterization, miscommunication, miscreation, misidentification, misinformation, misinterpretation, misrepresentation, mitigation, mobilization, moderation, modernization, modification, modulation, molestation, monopolization, motivation, multiplication, mummification, mutation, mutilation, narration, nationalization, naturalization, navigation, negation, negotiation, neutralization, nitration, nonproliferation, normalization, notation, notification, nucleation, nullification, obfuscation, obligation, observation, occupation, operation, optimization, oration, orchestration, organisation, organization, orientation, ornamentation, oscillation, ossification, ostentation, ovation, overpopulation, overregulation, overvaluation, ovulation, oxidation, pacification, palpitation, participation, pasteurization, penetration, perforation, permutation, perpetuation, personalization, personification, perspiration, perturbation, pigmentation, plantation, polarization, politicization, pontification, popularization, population, precipitation, prefabrication, premeditation, preoccupation, preparation, presentation, preservation, pressurization, privation, privatization, probation, proclamation, procreation, prognostication, proliferation, pronunciation, propagation, proration, prostration, protestation, provocation, publication, punctuation, purification, qualification, quantification, quotation, radiation, radicalization, ramification, ratification, rationalization, reaffirmation, realization, reallocation, reauthorization, recalculation, recantation, recapitalization, recertification, recitation, reclamation, reclassification, recommendation, reconciliation, reconfiguration, reconfirmation, reconsideration, recreation, rectification, recuperation, redecoration, rededication, reevaluation, reflation, reforestation, reformation, refrigeration, refutation, regeneration, regimentation, registration, regulation, rehabilitation, rehydration, reincorporation, reinterpretation, reinvigoration, reiteration, relation, relaxation, relocation, remediation, remuneration, renationalization, renegotiation, renovation, renunciation, reorganization, reparation, repatriation, replication, representation, repudiation, reputation, reregulation, reservation, respiration, restoration, resuscitation, retaliation, retardation, reunification, revaluation, revelation, reverberation, revitalization, revocation, rotation, salvation, sanctification, sanitation, saponification, saturation, securitization, sedation, sedimentation, segmentation, segregation, sensation, separation, sequestration, simplification, simulation, situation, socialization, solicitation, sophistication, specialization, specification, speculation, stabilization, stagflation, standardization, starvation, station, sterilization, stimulation, stipulation, strangulation, subluxation, subsidization, substantiation, suburbanization, suffocation, summation, superstation, syndication, tabulation, taxation, telecommunication, temptation, titillation, toleration, transformation, translation, transplantation, transportation, trepidation, triangulation, tribulation, undervaluation, unification, unionization, urbanization, usurpation, utilization, vacation, vacillation, validation, valuation, vaporization, variation, vegetation, ventilation, verification, vibration, victimization, vilification, vindication, violation, visitation, visualization, vocation, vulgarization, westernization. |
| 3 | -sh u n | abduction, abolition, abortion, absolution, absorption, abstraction, academician, accession, accretion, acquisition, action, addiction, addition, admission, admonition, adoption, advection, affection, affliction, aggression, alliteration, alternation, ambition, ammunition, antiabortion, anticorruption, apparition, apportion, apprehension, ascension, ashen, assertion, assumption, attention, attraction, attribution, attrition, auction, audition, beautician, benediction, brutalization, caption, carburetion, caution, circulation, circumspection, clinician, coalition, coercion, cognition, collection, commission, commotion, compassion, competition, completion, complexion, composition, comprehension, compression, compulsion, compunction, conception, conceptualization, concession, concoction, concussion, condescension, condition, conduction, confection, confession, conjunction, connection, conniption, conscription, constitution, constriction, construction, consumption, contention, contortion, contraception, contraction, contradiction, contraption, contribution, contrition, convection, convention, conviction, convolution, convulsion, correction, corruption, counterrevolution, crucifixion, cushion, deception, decimation, decommission, decomposition, decompression, deconstruction, deduction, defection, definition, deletion, demolition, demotion, dentition, depiction, depletion, deposition, depression, dereliction, description, desertion, destitution, destruction, detection, detention, deterioration, devolution, devotion, diction, dietitian, diffraction, digression, dilution, dimension, diminution, direction, disaffection, disconnection, discretion, discussion, disinfection, disposition, disruption, dissatisfaction, dissection, dissension, dissolution, distinction, distortion, distraction, distribution, dysfunction, edition, egyptian, ejection, election, electrician, electrocution, elocution, emission, emotion, emulsion, encryption, erection, erudition, eruption, eviction, evolution, exaction, exception, excoriation, excretion, execution, exemption, exertion, exhibition, expansion, expedition, exposition, expression, expulsion, extension, extinction, extortion, extraction, extradition, faction, fashion, fiction, fission, flexion, formalization, fraction, freshen, friction, fruition, function, gentian, geriatrician, gumption, hessian, homogenization, hypertension, hypotension, ignition, impassion, imperfection, imposition, impression, inaction, inception, incineration, indiscretion, induction, infarction, infection, inflection, infliction, infraction, inhibition, injection, injunction, inquisition, inscription, insertion, inspection, institution, instruction, insurrection, interaction, interception, intercession, interconnection, interdiction, interjection, intermission, interruption, intersection, introduction, introspection, intuition, invention, junction, jurisdiction, juxtaposition, lilliputian, liposuction, liquefaction, locomotion, logician, lotion, magician, malfunction, malnutrition, mansion, martian, mathematician, mention, midsection, misapprehension, misconception, misimpression, misperception, mission, mortician, motion, munition, musician, nonaggression, nonfiction, nonprescription, notion, nutrition, objection, obsession, obstetrician, obstruction, ocean, omission, opposition, oppression, optician, option, overconsumption, overexpansion, overproduction, overprotection, overreaction, oversimplification, partition, passion, patrician, pediatrician, pension, perception, percussion, perfection, permission, persecution, petition, physician, politician, pollution, portion, position, possession, potion, precaution, precession, preconception, precondition, prediction, predilection, predisposition, preelection, preemption, preignition, premonition, prescription, presumption, presupposition, pretension, prevention, procession, production, profession, progression, prohibition, projection, promotion, proportion, proposition, propulsion, proscription, prosecution, prostitution, protection, ration, reaction, reassertion, reception, recession, recognition, recollection, recondition, reconstruction, redefinition, redemption, redirection, redistribution, reduction, reeducation, reelection, reflection, regression, reimposition, reinspection, reintegration, reintroduction, reinvention, rejection, remission, rendition, repercussion, repetition, reposition, repossession, repression, reproduction, requisition, resolution, restitution, restriction, resumption, resurrection, retention, retraction, retransmission, retribution, revolution, revulsion, rhetorician, sanction, satisfaction, secession, secretion, section, sedition, seduction, selection, session, solution, statistician, submission, subscription, subsection, substation, substitution, subtraction, succession, suction, superstition, supposition, suppression, suspension, suspicion, syncopation, tactician, technician, tension, theoretician, titian, traction, tradition, transaction, transcription, transection, transgression, transition, transmission, tuition, venetian, volition, workstation. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "a-d-e-e-i-i-n-n-o-p-r-s-t-t" | |
-2 letters: disorientate, penetrations, presentation, trepidations. | |
-3 letters: desperation, destination, interpoints, partitioned, paternities, penetration, peridotites, petitioners, repetitions, septentrion, trepidation. | |
-4 letters: dentitions, detentions, detritions, distention, entertains, inordinate, inpatients, internodes, interpoint, interposed, iterations, itinerants, itinerated, itinerates, nitrations, nonseptate, orientated, orientates, panettones, partitions, patronised, pedantries, pedestrian, pediatrist, penetrants, perditions, peridotite, personated, petitioned, petitioner, podiatries, podiatrist, poinsettia, predations, prednisone, pretension. | |
| Words containing the letters "a-d-e-e-i-i-n-n-o-p-r-s-t-t" | |
+1 letter: predestinations. | |
+3 letters: predeterminations. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)50 72 65 64 65 73 74 69 6E 61 74 69 6F 6E |
| Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)
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| American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)
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| Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)
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| Braille (1829, in France) (references)
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Morse Code (1836) (references).--. .-. . -.. . ... - .. -. .- - .. --- -. |
| Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)
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Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)01010000 01110010 01100101 01100100 01100101 01110011 01110100 01101001 01101110 01100001 01110100 01101001 01101111 01101110 |
HTML Code (1990) (references)P r e d e s t i n a t i o n |
ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)0050 0072 0065 0064 0065 0073 0074 0069 006E 0061 0074 0069 006F 006E |
| British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)
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Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)5084717071858675806786758180 |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Quotations: Fiction 7. Quotations: Non-fiction 8. Usage Frequency | 9. Expressions: Internet 10. Translations: Modern 11. Derivations 12. Rhymes | 13. Anagrams 14. Orthography 15. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
