Portland Cement

Domain	Definition
Building & Civil Engineering	The product obtained by finely pulverizing clinker produced by calcining to incipient fusion, an intimate and properly proportioned mixture of argillaceous and calcareous materials, with no additions subsequent to calcination excepting water and calcined or uncalcined gypsum ; obtained by crushing of the clinkers. Source: European Union. (references)
Mining	A calcium-aluminum silicate produced by fusing or clinkering limestone and clay in a kiln so as to drive off carbon dioxide and produce an oxide glass. The clinker is ground very fine and, when mixed with water, will recrystallize and set. It is combined with aggregate to form concrete. Thename is from a resemblance to the Portland limestone of England. (references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Specialty Definition: Portland cement

Portland cement is arguably the most important type of cement in general usage, as it is a basic ingredient of concrete and mortar. It consists of a mixture of oxides of calcium, silicon and aluminum. Portland cement and similar materials are made by heating limestone (as source of calcium) with clay or sand (as source of silicon) and grinding the product. The resulting powder, when mixed with water, will become a hydrated solid over time.

Portland cement was first manufactured in Britain in the early part of the 19th century, and its name is derived from its similarity to Portland Stone, a type of building stone that was quarried near Portland, England. The patent for Portland cement was issued to Joseph Aspin in 1824, an British bricklayer.

There are three fundamental stages in the production of Portland cement:

Preparation of the raw mixture
Production of the clinker
Preparation of the cement

The raw materials for Portland cement production are a slurry of calcium oxide (44%), silicon oxide (14.5%), aluminum oxide (3.5%), ferric oxide (3%), and magnesium oxide (1.6%). The raw materials are usually quarried from local rock, which in some places is already practically the desired composition and in other places requires the addition of clay and limestone, as well as iron ore, bauxite or recycled materials.

The raw mixture is heated in a kiln, a gigantic slowly rotating and sloped cylinder, with temperatures increasing over the length of the cyclinder up to 1480°C. The temperature is regulated so that the product contains sintered but not fused lumps; too low a temperature causes insufficient sintering, but too high a temperature results in a molten mass or glass. In the lower temperature part of the kiln, calcium carbonate (limestone) turns into calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide. In the high temperature part, calcium oxides and silicates react to form dicalcium and tricalcium silicates (3CaO·SiO₂). Small amounts of tricalcium aluminate (3CaO·Al₂O₃) and tetracalcium aluminoferrite are also formed. The resulting material is clinker, and can be stored indefinitely; it is not affected by exposure to water.

The high energy requirements and the release of significant amounts of carbon dioxide makes cement production a concern for global warming.

In order to achieve the desired setting qualities in the finished product, about 2% gypsum is added to the clinker and the mixture is pulverized very finely. This powder is now ready for use, and will react with the addition of water.

When water is mixed with Portland cement, the product sets in a few hours and hardens over a period of weeks. The initial setting is caused by a reaction between the water and tricalcium aluminate (3CaO·Al₂O₃), present in the cement, accompanied by the separation of gelatinous hydrated product. The later hardening and the development of cohesive strength is due to the reaction of water and tricalcium silicate (3CaO·SiO₂). In each case the gelatinous hydration product surrounds and cements together the individual grains. The hydration of dicalcium silicate (2CaO·SiO₂) proceeds more slowly than that of the above compounds. The ultimate cementing agent is probably gelatinous silica (SiO₂), and it is thought by some that the value of the aluminate lies in its action as a flux in the burning of the clinker. All three reactions mentioned above set off heat.

The finished cement has the following composition: calcium oxide 64%, aluminum oxide 5.5%, silicon oxide 21%, ferric oxide 4.5%, magnesium oxide 2.4%, sulfate 1.6%, with a loss of ignition about 1% (mostly water).

When used in concrete, sand and gravel are added as aggregate. In mortar, only sand is added. After hardening, the aggregate particles are surrounded and held together by the cement.

Commercial Usage: Portland Cement

Domain	Title
References	Helwan Portland Cement Co. (H.P.C.C.): International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) Pretoria Portland Cement Company Limited: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference) The 2000 Import and Export Market for Portland Cement, Ciment Fondu, and Slag Cement in N. America & Caribbean (reference) The 2002 World Forecasts of Portland Cement, Ciment Fondu, and Slag Cement Export Supplies (reference) The 2003 World Forecasts of Portland Cement, Ciment Fondu, and Slag Cement Export Supplies (reference) (more reference examples)

Books	The Portland Cement Association's Guide to Concrete Homebuilding Systems (reference) Determining Deteriorated Areas in Portland Cement Concrete Pavements Using Radar and Video Imaging (reference) Guide for Selecting Proportions for High-Strength Concrete With Portland Cement and Fly Ash (reference) The 2000 Import and Export Market for Portland Cement, Ciment Fondu, and Slag Cement in Africa [DOWNLOAD: ADOBE READER] (reference) Guide to Portland Cement Plastering (reference) (more book examples)

Periodicals	Apparent Use Of Portland Cement By State And Market (reference) Us And Canadian Portland Cement Industry (reference) (more periodical examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Photo Album: Portland Cement

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Caption: Yankee Stadium, New York, Built with Edison Portland Cement, Main Entrance; New York, NY; Unknown Date; {08.110/2} (jpg).		Caption: Model of Cement House Made with Edison Portland Cement; West Orange, NJ; 1912; {08.130/20} (jpg).
	Caption: Edison Portland Cement Co., Panorama of Works; New Village, NJ; December 14, 1912; {10.220/5} (jpg).		Portland cement used in bridge building in Menard County, Texas. Credit: Library of Congress.
	Victorville (vicinity), California. Passing a Portland cement plant along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad between Barstow and San Bernardino, California. Credit: Library of Congress.		Universal Portland Cement Co., Plant No. 2 at South Chicago. Credit: Library of Congress.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

Usage in Company Names: Portland Cement

Expression: Portland Cement

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Portland Cement

Modern Translation: Portland Cement

Language		Translations for "Portland cement"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Bulgarian		портланд цимент. (various references)

Danish		portlandcement, Portland cement. (various references)

Dutch		portlandcement, Portland cement. (various references)

Finnish		portlandsementti. (various references)

French		ciment Portland, ciment artificiel. (various references)

German		Portland-Zement, Portlandzement (ordinary Portland cement, Portland cement concrete, standard Portland cement). (various references)

Greek		τσιμέντον Portland, τεχνητόν τσιμέντον. (various references)

Italian		cemento Portland. (various references)

Pig Latin		ortlandpay ementcay

Portuguese		cimento portland. (various references)

Russian		портландцемент. (various references)

Spanish		portland, cemento portland, cemento de Pórtland, cemento artificial. (various references)

Swedish		portlandcement. (various references)

Turkish		kaliteli çimento. (various references)

Vietnamese		xi măng pooclăng (portland). (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Anagrams: Portland Cement

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "a-c-d-e-e-l-m-n-n-o-p-r-t-t"
	-2 letters: contemplated, malcontented.
	-3 letters: contemplate.
	-4 letters: department, deportment, ectodermal, entodermal, entrapment, malcontent, ornamented, percolated, treponemal.
	-5 letters: adornment, atonement, cattlemen, clattered, coeternal, comparted, competent, completed, completer, condemner, contemned, contemner, contender, contented, corelated, ealdormen, enactment, enrolment, entranced, latecomer, letterman, nanometer, octameter, panettone, patrolmen, patterned, penetrant, percolate, permanent, placement, praenomen, promenade, protected, relocated, repentant, replanned, replanted, replotted, tentacled.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

Country	Name	Country	Name
Egypt	Helwan Portland Cement Co. (H.P.C.C.)	South Africa	Pretoria Portland Cement Company Limited
	(more examples...)

Expression	Frequency per Day
portland cement	219
portland cement plaster	19
white portland cement	6
portland cement manufacturer	6
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Expression using "Portland cement": portland cement clinker. Additional references.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Portland Cement

Definition: Portland Cement

Portland Cement

Noun

Specialty Definition: Portland Cement

Building & Civil Engineering

Mining

Specialty Definition: Portland cement

Synonym: Portland Cement

Crosswords: Portland Cement

Commercial Usage: Portland Cement

References

Books

Periodicals

Photo Album: Portland Cement

Usage in Company Names: Portland Cement

Helwan Portland Cement Co. (H.P.C.C.)

Pretoria Portland Cement Company Limited

Expression: Portland Cement

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Portland Cement

portland cement

portland cement plaster

white portland cement

portland cement manufacturer

Modern Translation: Portland Cement

Bulgarian

Danish

Dutch

Finnish

French

German

Greek

Italian

Pig Latin

Portuguese

Russian

Spanish

Swedish

Turkish

Vietnamese

Anagrams: Portland Cement

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Alternative Orthography: Portland Cement

50 6F 72 74 6C 61 6E 64 43 65 6D 65 6E 74

01010000 01101111 01110010 01110100 01101100 01100001 01101110 01100100 00100000 01000011 01100101 01101101 01100101 01101110 01110100

&#80 &#111 &#114 &#116 &#108 &#97 &#110 &#100 &#32 &#67 &#101 &#109 &#101 &#110 &#116

0050 006F 0072 0074 006C 0061 006E 0064 0043 0065 006D 0065 006E 0074

50818486786780702377179718086

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