Polyglot

Definition: Polyglot

Polyglot

Adjective

1. Having a command of or composed in many languages; "a polyglot traveler"; "a polyglot Bible contains versions in different languages".

Noun

1. A person who speaks more than one language.

Date "polyglot" was first used: sometime around 1645. (references)

Domain	Definitions
19th Century Satire	A parrot that can swear in several languages. Source: Foolish Dictionary, 1904.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

In the context of computing, a polyglot is a computer program or script written in a valid form of multiple programming languages, which performs the same operations or output independently of which of the chosen programming language in which it is compiled or interpreted. Intuition suggests that polyglot programs should be impossible or very difficult to write. Intuition, in this case, is wrong.

Generally polyglots are written in a combination of C (which allows redefinition of tokens and even operators with a preprocessor) and a scripting language such as Lisp, Perl or sh.

The two most commonly used techniques for constructing a polyglot program are to make liberal use of languages which use different characters for comments and to redefine various tokens as others in different languages. Often good use is made of quirks of syntax. These are demonstrated in this public domain polyglot written in ANSI C, PHP and GNU bash shell:

#define a /*
#"// 2> /dev/null > /dev/null \\
;
// 2> /dev/null; x=a;
$x=5 // 2> /dev/null \\
;
if (($x))
// 2> /dev/null; then
return 0;
// 2> /dev/null; fi
#define e ?>
#define b */
#include 
#define main() int main()
#define printf printf(
#define true )
#define function
function main()
{
printf "Hello, world!\
"true/* 2> /dev/null | grep -v true*/;
return 0;
}
#define c /*
main
#*/

Note the following:

A hash sign marks a preprocessor statement in C, but is a comment in both bash and PHP.
"//" is a comment in PHP and the root directory in bash.
Shell redirection is used to eliminate undesirable outputs.
Even on commented out lines, the "<?php" and "?>" PHP indicators still have effect.
The statement "function main()" is valid in both PHP and bash; C #defines are used to convert it into "int main()" at compile time.
Comment indicators can be combined to perform various operations.
"if (($x))" is a valid statement in both bash and PHP.
printf is a bash shell builtin which is identical to the C printf except for its omission of brackets (which the C preprocessor adds if this is compiled with a C compiler).
The final three lines are only used by bash, to call the main function. In PHP the main function is defined but not called and in C there is no need to call the main function.

External links

An eight language polyglot (written in COBOL, Pascal, Fortran, C, PostScript, sh, x86 machine language and Perl)
List of generic polyglots

The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted.
Entry	Source	Expression	Field
POLYGLOT	English	Multi-Language Speech-to-Text and Text-to-Speech System	N/A
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Synonym: Polyglot

Synonym: linguist (n). (additional references)

Context	Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).
Difference	Adjective: differing; Verb: different, diverse, heterogeneous, multifarious, polyglot; distinguishable, dissimilar; varied, modified; diversified, various, divers, all manner of, all kinds of; variform; daedal.
Interpretation	Polyglot; literal; paraphrastic, metaphrastic;
	Equivalent, equivalent meaning; synonym; paraphrase, metaphrase; convertible terms, apposition; dictionary; polyglot.
Language	Adjective: lingual, linguistic; dialectic; vernacular, current; bilingual; diglot, hexaglot, polyglot; literary.
Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

Crosswords: Polyglot

English words defined with "polyglot": Polyglottous. (references)

Etymologies containing "polyglot": Pentaglot, Polyglottous. (references)

Non-English Usage: "Polyglot" is also a word in the following language with the English translation in parentheses.

Czech (polyglot).

Domain	Title
Books	Mushroom terms : polyglot on research and cultivation of edible fungi (reference) Polyglot Dictionary of 116 Languages (reference) Polyglot medical questionnaire in twenty-seven languages with digital system of communication (reference) Polyglott Sprachfèuhrer = Polyglot conversation booK (reference) Terminorum musicae index septem linguis redactus = Polyglottes Wèorterbuch der musikalischen Terminologie : deutsch, englisch, franzèosisch, italienisch, spanisch, ungarisch, russisch = Polyglot dictionary of musical terms : English, German, French, Itali (reference) (more book examples)

Music	Polyglot (reference) (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

"Polyglot" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 94.12% of the time. "Polyglot" is used about 17 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)

Parts of Speech	Percent	Usage per 100 Million Words	Rank in English
Noun (singular)	94.12%	16	87,710
Lexical Verb (base form)	5.88%	1	339,140
Total	100.00%	17	N/A

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.

Language		Translations for "polyglot"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.
Albanian		poliglot, shumëgjuhësh. (various references)

Arabic		‏متعدد اللغات, ‏مزيج من اللغات, ‏الكثير اللغات. (various references)

Bulgarian		многоезичен, полиглот (linguist). (various references)

Czech		polyglot, vícejazyèný, nìkolikajazyèný, mnohojazyèný. (various references)

Farsi		متکلم بچندزبان , چندزبانی . (various references)

Finnish		monikielinen puheesta tekstiksi-ja tekstistä puheeksi muuntava järjestelmä POLYGLOT (multi-language speech-to-text and text-to-speech system). (various references)

French		projet POLYGLOT, polyglotte. (various references)

German		vielsprachig (multilingual), mehrsprachig (multi lingual, multilingual). (various references)

Greek		γλωσσομαθήσ (linguist), πολύγλωσσοσ (multilingual). (various references)

Hebrew		פולי�'לוט, רב לשו� י. (various references)

Hungarian		több nyelvű könyv, több nyelvű (multilingual), soknyelvű (multilingual). (various references)

Italian		poliglotta (multi-lingual). (various references)

Manx		yl-chengagh. (various references)

Pig Latin		olyglotpay

Portuguese		poligamia. (various references)

Romanian		poliglot. (various references)

Russian		многоязычный (multilingual, multi-lingual), полиглот. (various references)

Serbo-Croatian		poliglotski, poliglot, mnogojezični, koji govori više jezika. (various references)

Spanish		polígloto (linguist). (various references)

Swedish		polyglott, POLYGLOT (multi-language speech-to-text and text-to-speech system), flerspråkig (multilingual, multi-lingual). (various references)

Turkish		çok dilli (multilingual), çok dilde basılmış kitap, çok dilde basılmış, çok dil bilen kimse, çok dil bilen (multilingual). (various references)

Ukrainian		багатомовний (multilingual), поліглот. (various references)

Vietnamese		viết bằng nhiều thứ tiếng, người biết nhiều thứ tiếng sách viết bằng nhiều thứ tiếng, kinh thánh viết bằng nhiều thứ tiếng, biết nhiều thứ tiếng nhiều thứ tiếng. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Language	Period	Translations
Greek	700 BCE-300 CE	polyglottos. (various references)
Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

Derivations
	Words beginning with "polyglot": polyglotism, polyglotisms, polyglots, polyglottism, polyglottisms. (additional references)
Misspellings
	"Polyglot" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: ployglot, plyglot, Polygala, polyglote, polygnotan, polygolt, polygot. (additional references)
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

# of Phoneme Matches	Pronunciation	Word(s) rhyming with "polyglot" (pronounced pÄ"lēglÄt)
3	-l Ä t	subplot.
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams
	Words within the letters "g-l-l-o-o-p-t-y"
	-3 letters: golly, goopy, loopy, ology, tolyl.
	-4 letters: glop, goop, logo, logy, loop, loot, plot, ploy, pogy, poll, polo, poly, pool, toll, tool, toyo, typo.
	-5 letters: goo, got, goy, gyp, log, loo, lop, lot, oot, opt, ply, pol, pot, tog, too, top, toy.
	Words containing the letters "g-l-l-o-o-p-t-y"
	+1 letter: polyglots.
	+3 letters: planetology, polyglotism, typological.
	+4 letters: paleontology, palynologist, polyglotisms, polyglottism.
	+5 letters: cryptological, geotropically, ophthalmology, palynologists, polyglottisms, topologically, typologically.
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

50 6F 6C 79 67 6C 6F 74

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

⁼

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

.--. --- .-.. -.--. --. .-.. --- -

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01010000 01101111 01101100 01111001 01100111 01101100 01101111 01110100

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#80 &#111 &#108 &#121 &#103 &#108 &#111 &#116

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

0050 006F 006C 0079 0067 006C 006F 0074

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

5081789173788186

Non-English Dictionaries with "Polyglot"

Language	Coverage	Language Translations
Albanian	fjalor, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, transmetim, transferim	shqip, ‏الألبانية, ‏الألباني, албанец, албански език, албански, albánský, albanialainen, Albanais, albaner, αλβανικόσ, Αλβανός, αλβανόσ, albán, albanese, Albaneagh, albanês, arnãut, albanez, arnãuţesc, албанский, albanski, albanac, albanés, alban, Arnavut, албанський, албанка, албанець
Arabic	‏معجم, ‏قاموس, ‏الوضوحية في الشيء, ‏حد, ‏تحديد, ‏تعريف, ‏التحديد, ‏الإيضاحية, ‏ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ‏ترجمة, ‏إفتتان	arabishte, ‏العربية, ‏عربي, ‏اللغة العربية, арабски език, арабски, arabský, arabština, arabialainen, arabe, arabisch, αραβικόσ, ערבית, ערבי, arab, arabo, Arabish, arabic, арабский, arapski, árabe, arabisk, arapça, arap, araplara özgü, арабська мова, арабський, tiếng A-rập, thuộc A-rập
Bulgarian	речник, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, транслация, превеждане, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, огъване, превод	bulgr, ‏البلغارية, ‏بلغاري, български, български език, българин, bulharský, bulgarialainen, bulgare, �'ούλγαρος, bolgár, bulgaro, Bulgeyragh, Bulgeyrish, болгарский, болгарин, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgar, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський, người Bun-ga-ri tiếng Bun-ga-ri
Czech	slovník, definice, překlad	çek, ‏تشيكي, ‏اللغة التشيكوسلوفاكية, ‏التشيكي أحد أبناء تشيكوسلوفاكيا, чешки, èesky, èeské, èech, èeština, èeský, èeška, t?ekkiläinen, tchèque, Tscheche, tschechisch, Tschechin, Τσέχος, cseh, ceco, Sheckagh, Sheckish, ceh, чешский, češki jezik, čeh, češki, checo, tjeck, Çek, çekoslovakyalı kimse, çekoslovakyalı, çek dili, чех, чеська мова, чеський, чешка, người Séc tiếng Séc
Finnish	määritelmä, translaatio, taajuusmuutos	finlandez, finlandishte, finlandisht, ‏اللغة الفنلندية, ‏فنلندية, ‏فنلندي, фински език, фински, finský, suomi, suomalainen, finnois, Finlandaise, finlandais, finnisch, φινλανδικόσ, פי� י, finn, finlandese, Fynlannish, Fynlannagh, finlandês, finês, finlandezã, финский, finski jezik, finski, finlandés, finés, finsk, fince, finlandiya'ya özgü, фінська мова, фінський, tiếng Phần-lan
French	dictionnaire, définition, traduction	frëngjishte, frëng, franceze, ‏اللغة الفرنسية, ‏فرنسي, ‏الشعب الفرنسي, френски език, френски, francouzský, francouzština, ranskalainen, français, französisch, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, γάλλοσ, צרפתית, צרפתי, francia, francese, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, francês, francezii, franţuzesc, francezã, francez, franţuzeşte, французский, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, fransk, franska, fransızca, fransız, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький
German	Übersetzung, Wörterbuch, Definition	gjerman, ‏ضرب من الرقص, ‏جرماني, ‏الماني, ‏اللغة الألمانية, ‏المانية, германски, немски език, немски, немец, роден, готически, германец, nìmec, nìmecký, saksalainen, allemand, �"ερμανός, �'רמ� ית, �'רמ� י, német, tedesco, Germaanish, Germaanagh, Garmane, Carmane, alemão, neamţ, немецкий, germanski, alemán, tysk, alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister
Greek	λεξικό, ορισμός, μετάφραση	‏يوناني, ‏اللغة اليونانية, ‏الإغريقي, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, řek, řecký, řeètina, kreikkalainen, grec, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו� ית, יו� י, görög, greco, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, greacã, греческий, грек, grčki, grk, grčki jezik, griego, grek, yunanistan'a ait, yunanca, yunan, Yunanli, yunanlı, Rumca, rum, грецький, гречанка, грецька мова, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l� kỳ phùng địch thủ, kẻ lừa đảo, kẻ cắp b� gi� gặp nhau, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm
Hebrew	אוצר מילים, �"�'�"ר�", �"�'בל�", תור�'מ� ות, תר�'ום, �"עתק�", �"עתק	hebraishte, ‏اليهودية, ‏اللغة العبرية, ‏يهودي, ‏عبري, ‏العبرية, иврит, староеврейски език, древен жител на юдея, юдейски, израилтянин, евреин, староеврейски, юдей, hebrejský, hebrejec, hebrejka, hebrejština, juutalainen, hébreu, hebräisch, Hebräer, εβραϊκόσ, εβραϊκά, εβραίοσ, עברי, עברית, zsidó, héber, izraelita, ebreo, ebraico, Ewagh, Ewnish, Ew, hebreu, hebraico, limba ebraicã, izraelit, evreu, evreiesc, ebraic, еврей, древнееврейский язык, древнееврейский, еврейский, hibru, hebreo, jude, hebreiska, hebreisk, musevi, ibranice, ibrani, іудей, іврит, старо�"врейська мова, старо�"врейський, �"врейський, �"врей, người Hê-brơ
Hungarian	szótár, meghatározás, definíció, fordítás	‏مجري, ‏المجري, ‏الهنغاري, ‏هنغاري, ‏اللغة الهنغارية, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, maïarský, maïarština, maïar, unkarilainen, hongrois, Ungar, Ούγγρος, �"ו� �'רי, magyar, ungherese, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, unguresc, limba ungarã, limba maghiarã, ungureşte, ungur, maghiar, венгр, венгерский, mađarski jezik, mađarski, mađar, húngaro, ungrare, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорський, угорка, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri
Italian	dizionario, definizione, traduzione	‏الإيطالي, ‏اللغة الإيطالية, ‏إيطالي, ‏شخص إيطالي, италиански език, италиански, италианец, italský, italština, ital, italialainen, italien, italienisch, Ιταλός, איטלקית, איטלקי, olasz, italiano, Iddaalish, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, italianã, итальянский язык, итальянец, итальянский, italijan, italijanski jezik, italijanski, italiensk, italienska, italienare, italyanca, italyan, італі�"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка
Manx	fockleyr, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baght	gjuha e popullsisë së ishullit men, manština, manský, manx, mann-szigeti nyelv, Manninish, Manninagh, Gaelgagh, Yn Ghaelg, язык жителей о-ва мэн, с о-ва мэн, s ostrva mana, los habitantes de la isla de man, lengua de la isla de man, de la isla de man, från ön man, man adası, man dili, менський, менський діалект
Portuguese	dicionário, definição, tradução	portugez, portugalisht, ‏اللغة البرتغالية, ‏البرتغالية, ‏البرتغالي, португалски, португалски език, португалец, portugalský, portugalilainen, portugais, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, � ορτογάλος, portugál, portoghese, Portiugish, Portiugagh, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalac, portugalski, portugués, portugis, portekizce, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, португальський, португальська мова, португалець, người B�"-đ� o-nha tiếng B�"-đ� o-nha
Romanian	dicţionar, definiţie, determinare, definire, translaţie, traducere, tãlmãcire	rumun, румънски език, румънски, румънец, rumunský, rumunština, romanialainen, Roumain, rumäne, ρουμανόσ, Ρουμάνος, román, rumeno, Roomainagh, romeno, român, румынский, румын, rumunski jezik, rumunski, rumano, rumänsk, румунський, румунка, румунська мова, румун
Russian	словарь, определение, трансляция, сдвиг, перевод, перемещение	‏روسي, ‏اللغة الروسية, ‏الروسية, руски език, руски, руснак, ruština, ruský, venäläinen, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, russo, Rooshish, Rooshagh, русский, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, ryss, Rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga
Serbo-Croatian	leksikon, rečnik, definicija, tumačenje	serbokroatisch, servo-croata, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, srpsko-hrvatski, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk
Spanish	diccionario, definición, traducción	spanjoll, ‏اللغة الأسبانية, ‏الأسبانية, ‏أسباني, испански език, испански, španìlský, španìlština, espanjalainen, espagnol, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, ספר�"ית, ספר�"י, spanyol, spagnolo, Spaainish, Spaainagh, espanhol, spaniol, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, испанский, španski, španski jezik, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyol, ispanyolca, іспанський, іспанська мова
Swedish	ordbok, lexikon, översättning	suedez, ‏اللغة السويدية, шведски, шведски език, швед, švédský, švédština, ruotsalainen, suédois, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, svedese, Soolynish, Soolynagh, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển
Turkish	sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, tercüme	turk, ‏تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, ‏اللغة التركية, турски език, турски, turecký, tureètina, turkkilainen, turque, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, טורקי, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, turcesc, turc, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türkçe, türk, турецький, турецька мова, tiếng Thổ nhĩ kỳ
Ukrainian	словник, довідник, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщення	ukrainisht, ukrainas, ‏أوكراني أحد أبناء أوكرانيا, ‏الأوكراني, украинец, украински език, ukrajinec, ukrajinština, ukrajinský, ukrajinka, اهل اوکرانی درکشورشوروی , ukrainalainen, ukrainien, ukrainisch, ukrainerin, Ukrainer, ουκρανικόσ, Ουκρανός, ουκρανόσ, ukrán, ucraino, Ookraanagh, Ookraanish, ucraniano, ucrainean, украинский язык, украинский, украинец украинский, ukrajinski, ukrajina, ucranio, ukrainare, ukraynalı, ukrayna, ukraynaca, український, українець, người U-kren tiếng U-kren
Vietnamese	có tính chất sách vở, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, sự dịch, sự biến th� nh sự giải thích	vietnamisht, vietnamez, виетнамски език, виетнамски, vietnamec, vietnamský, vietnamka, vietnamština, vietnamilainen, vietnamien, vietnamesin, vietnamesisch, vietnamese, �'ιετναμέζος, vietnami, vietnámi, vietnamita, вьетнамский, vijetnamski jezik, vijetnamski, vijetnamac, vietnames, vietnamlı, vietnam dili, vietnam, в'�"тнамець, в'�"тнамський, người Việt nam tiếng Việt
English	Dictionary, Definition, Translation	anglezët, anglez, gjuhë zngleze, anglishte, anglisht, ‏الإنجليزية, ‏الأنكليزي, ‏إنكليزي, ‏ترجمة إنكليزية, ‏اللغة الإنكليزية, английски език, английски, англичаните, anglicky, englantia, englantilainen, anglais, englisch, εγγλέζοσ, αγγλικόσ, א� �'לית, angol, inglese, Sostynagh, Sostnagh, Baarlagh, inglês, englezesc, английский, engleski, englez, engleski jezik, inglés, engelsk, ingiltere, ingiliz, Íngílízce, ingilizce, Íngílíz, ýngilizce, англійський, англійці, англійська мова

Expression	Frequency per Day
polyglot	23
bozs polyglot	2
bible polyglot	2
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Polyglot

Definition: Polyglot

Polyglot

Adjective

Noun

Specialty Definitions: Polyglot

Specialty Definition: Polyglot (computing)

External links

Abbreviations & Acronyms: Polyglot

POLYGLOT

Synonym: Polyglot

Synonyms within Context: Polyglot

Difference

Interpretation

Language

Crosswords: Polyglot

Commercial Usage: Polyglot

Books

Music

Usage Frequency: Polyglot

Frequency of Internet Keywords: Polyglot

Modern Translation: Polyglot

Albanian

Arabic

Bulgarian

Czech

Farsi

Finnish

French

German

Greek

Hebrew

Hungarian

Italian

Manx

Pig Latin

Portuguese

Romanian

Russian

Serbo-Croatian

Spanish

Swedish

Turkish

Ukrainian

Vietnamese

Ancestral Language Translations: Polyglot

Derivations & Misspellings: Polyglot

Derivations

Misspellings

Rhyming with "Polyglot"

Anagrams: Polyglot

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Alternative Orthography: Polyglot

50 6F 6C 79 67 6C 6F 74

.--. --- .-.. -.--. --. .-.. --- -

01010000 01101111 01101100 01111001 01100111 01101100 01101111 01110100

&#80 &#111 &#108 &#121 &#103 &#108 &#111 &#116

0050 006F 006C 0079 0067 006C 006F 0074

5081789173788186

Non-English Dictionaries with "Polyglot"

INDEX