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Definition: Kingdom |
KingdomNoun1. A domain in which something is dominant; "the untroubled kingdom of reason"; "a land of make-believe"; "the rise of the realm of cotton in the south". 2. A country with a king as head of state. 3. The domain ruled by a king or queen. 4. A monarchy with a king or queen as head of state. 5. One of seven biological categories: Monera or Protoctista or Plantae or Fungi or Animalia. 6. A basic group of natural objects. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "kingdom" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. (references) |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
nds:Keunigriek
- In politics, a country over which a monarch such as a king or queen reigns, is a kingdom, see: monarchy.
- In biological taxonomy (the study of the classification of organisms), the broadest category is a kingdom, see: kingdom (biology).
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Kingdom."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
In biology, a kingdom is the top-level, or nearly the top-level, grouping of organisms in scientific classification. Originally, two kingdoms were distinguished, the Animalia (animals), which typically could move about, and the Plantae (plants), which typically could not. Early authors also had a third kingdom for minerals. Each kingdom was divided into classes, later into phyla for animals and divisions for plants. This simplistic classification has been largely abandoned thanks to new developments, however.
When single-celled organisms were first discovered, they were split between the two kingdoms: motile forms were placed in the phylum Protozoa, while colored forms (algae) and bacteria were categorized in several divisions of plants. A number of forms ended up being placed in both - for instance Euglena and slime molds. As a result, a third kingdom, the Protista, was created to hold these groups. This was first suggested by Ernst Haeckel, though it was some time before the kingdom gained much currency.
Copeland introduced a fourth kingdom for bacteria, which have a prokaryotic cell organization rather than the eukaryotic organization found in his other three kingdoms. He called them the Mychota, but this was later replaced with Monera from their primitive form. The fungi, which he included among the Protoctista (an alternate name for the Protista), were given their own kingdom by Whittaker. Thus, he had three kingdoms for multicellular organisms, depending on whether they were autotrophic (Plantae), saprotrophic (Fungi), or heterotrophic (Animalia), and two for unicellular or colonial organisms (Protista and Monera). With some variation in the exact circumscription of these groups, this five-kingdom system has been standard for a long time, and is still used in many works.
However, newer findings have led to alternative systems. Most notable was the finding by Carl Woese that prokaryotes comprised two distinct groups, which he called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria but are now called Bacteria and Archaea, which are not or are not much closer related to each other than they are to the eukaryotes. This prompted the three-domain system, with each of these groups is treated as a domain. The domains were originally a replacement for kingdoms, but are more commonly used as a higher level rank, with the Eukaryota divided into several different kingdoms. Alternatively, some have simply treated the Bacteria and Archaea as two kingdoms in place of the Monera. This six-kingdom system has replaced the five-kingdom system in many works.
A comparison of the more notable systems:
Haeckel (1894)
Three kingdomsWhittaker (1959)¹
Five kingdomsWoese (1977)
Six kingdomsWoese (1990)
Three domainsProtista Monera Eubacteria Bacteria Archaebacteria Archaea Protista Protista Eukarya Plantae Fungi Fungi Plantae Plantae Animalia Animalia Animalia The Protista have long been recognized as a junk-basket category for organisms that don't fit into the other eukaryotic kingdoms, and as a result some workers have promoted various protist groups to kingdoms. The most notable of these is the kingdom Chromista, proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith, which corresponds essentially to the heterokonts and includes groups like brown algae, diatoms, and water molds. He also proposed a kingdom Archezoa for primitive eukaryotes that lack mitochondria, but this gained little support due to the group's implausible heterogeneity, and in later revisions he abandoned both it and the Archaebacteria. Other groups which have been considered kingdoms, though considerably less often, include the alveolates and euglenozoa.
See also: Binomial nomenclature, Scientific classification, Taxonomy
Footnote
¹ R. H. Whittaker's Five Kingdoms system, first propounded in 1959, has remained substantially unchanged since then, but subsequent refinements were made (see References). The terms protoctista and prokaryotae are often substituted for protista and monera respectively.
References
- Whittaker, R.H. (1959). On the broad classification of organisms. Quart. Rev. Biol. 34, 210-226.
- Whittaker, R.H. (1969). New concepts of kingdoms of organisms. Science 163, 150-160.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Kingdom (biology)."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a short-lived country established in the 12th century by the First Crusade.
Foundation and Early History
The kingdom came into being with the Crusader capture of Jerusalem in 1099. Godfrey of Bouillon refused, however, to take the title of King, saying that no man should wear a crown where Christ had worn his crown of thorns; instead, he took the title Defender of the Holy Sepulchre. But Godfrey died the next year, and his brother and successor, Baldwin I, was not so scrupulous, having himself immediately crowned King of Jerusalem.
Baldwin successfully expanded the Kingdom, capturing the port cities of Acre, Sidon, and Beirut, and also exerted his suzerainty over the other Crusader States to the north - the County of Edessa (which he had founded), the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Tripoli. He also saw an increase in the numbers of Latin inhabitants, as the minor crusade of 1101 brought reinforcements and a Latin Patriarch to the kingdom. The Italian city-states of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa also began to play a role in the kingdom. Their fleets assisted in the capture of the ports, where they were given their own autonomous trading quarters.
Baldwin died without heirs in 1118, and was succeeded by his cousin, Baldwin of Le Bourg, the Count of Edessa. Baldwin II was also an able ruler, and though he was imprisoned by the Turks several times throughout his reign, the boundaries of the Kingdom continued to expand, with the city of Tyre captured in 1124.
Life in the Kingdom
As new generations grew up in the kingdom, they began to think of themselves as "oriental," rather than European. They often learned to speek Greek, Arabic, and other eastern languages, and married Greeks or Armenians (and, rarely, Muslims).
The kingdom was essentially based on the feudal system of contemporary western Europe, but with many important differences. First of all, the kingdom was situated within a relatively small area, with little agricultural land. Since ancient times had been an urban economy, unlike medieval Europe; in fact, although the nobility technically owned land, they preferred to live in Jerusalem or the other cities.
As in Europe the nobles had vassals and were themselves vassals to the king. However, agricultural production was regulated by the Muslim equivalent of the feudal system (the iqta), and this system was not interfered with by the Crusaders. Although Muslims (as well as Jews and eastern Christians) were persecuted somewhat in the cities (and were not allowed in Jerusalem at all), in rural areas they continued to live as they had before. The rais, the leader of a community, was a kind of vassal to whatever noble owned his land, but as the Crusader nobles were absentee landlords the rais and their communities had a high degree of autonomy. They grew food for the Crusaders, but owed no military service as vassals would have in Europe; likewise, the Italian city-states owed nothing despite living in the port cities. As a result, Crusader armies tended to be small, and drawn from the French families of the cities.
The urban composition of the area, combined with the presence of the Italian merchants, led to the development of an economy that was much more commercial than it was agricultural. Palestine had always been a crossroads for trade; now, this trade extended to Europe as well. European goods, such as the textiles of northern Europe, made their way to the Middle East and Asia, while Asian goods were transported back to Europe. The Italian city-states made enormous profits from this trade, and it influenced their Renaissance in later centuries.
Because the nobles tended to live in Jerusalem rather than an estate in the countryside, they had a larger influence on the king than they would have in Europe. The nobles formed the haut cour (high court), one of the earliest forms of parliament that was also developing in western Europe. The court consisted of the bishops and the higher nobles, and was responsible for confirming the election of a new king, allotting money to the king, and raising armies.
The problem of lack of manpower for armies was solved to some extent by the creation of the military orders. The Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller were both formed in early years of the kingdom, and they often took the place of the nobles in the countryside. Although their headquarters were in Jerusalem, they often lived in vast castles and bought land that the other nobles could no longer afford to keep. The military orders were under the direct control of the Pope, however, not the king; they were essentially autonomous and technically owed no military service, though in reality they participated in all the major battles.
Troubled Times
When Baldwin II died in 1131, his successor was his son-in-law, Count Fulk of Anjou, who was faced with a new and more dangerous enemy than his predecessors - the Atabeg Zengi of Mosul. Although Fulk held off Zengi throughout his reign, following his death in 1144, when he was succeeded by his young son Baldwin III, under the regency of his wife Melisende, Zengi took advantage of the uncertain new leadership to capture Edessa.
This in turn led to the fiasco of the Second Crusade, when, despite the protests of the nobility of the Kingdom, the crusading Kings of France and Germany decided to attack not Zengi's son Nur ad-Din (who had succeeded him in 1146), but the friendly Emir of Damascus. The Crusade ended in defeat in 1148. Shortly thereafter, Baldwin III began his personal rule, although his mother Melisende unsuccessfully attempted to take control of the Kingdom herself. Like his predecessors, Baldwin was an able King, and conquered Ascalon from the Fatimids, the last Egyptian outpost on the Palestinian coast. At the same time, though, the overall crusader situation became worse, as Nur ad-Din succeeded in taking Damascus and unifying Muslim Syria under his rule.
Baldwin III died mysteriously in 1162, and was succeeded by his brother Amalric I. Amalric's reign was taken up with competition with Nur ad-Din and his wily some-time subordinate Saladin over control of Egypt. Although supported by Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus, Amalric ultimately failed in his bid to conquer Egypt. His and Nur ad-Din's deaths in 1174 insured the dominance of Saladin.
Amalric was succeeded by his young son, Baldwin IV, who was discovered at a very young age to be a leper. During Baldwin's reign the Kingdom started to fall apart, as factions formed behind Baldwin's cousin, Count Raymond III of Tripoli, and his incompetent brother-in-law, Guy of Lusignan. During Baldwin's reign Saladin continued to harass the Crusader states.
Disaster and Recovery
Following Baldwin's death in 1185, after the brief reign of his infant nephew Baldwin V, Guy took the throne. He proved a disastrous ruler. His close ally Raynald of Chatillon, the lord of Oultrejourdan and the fortress of Kerak, provoked Saladin into open war, and in 1187 the army of the Kingdom was utterly destroyed at the Battle of Hattin. Over the next few months Saladin easily overran the entire Kingdom, save for the port of Tyre, which was ably defended by the newcomer Conrad of Montferrat.
The fall of Jerusalem shocked Europe, resulting in the Third Crusade. Thanks to the efforts of Richard the Lion-Hearted, most of the coastal cities of Syria, especially Acre, were recovered, and a treaty was signed with Saladin in 1192 after the Battle of Arsuf. Conrad of Montferrat was married to Isabella, daughter of Amalric I, and made King of this rump state, but he was killed by the Hashshashin almost immediately thereafter. Isabella was married again to Henry II of Champagne.
King/Queen Reigned Regent Godfrey of Bouillon (Protector of the Holy Sepulchre) 1099 - 1100 Baldwin I 1100 - 1118 Baldwin II 1118 - 1131 Fulk and Melisende 1131 - 1143 Baldwin III 1143 - 1162 Melisende (Regent, 1143-1152) Amalric I 1162 - 1174 Baldwin IV 1174 - 1185 Raymond III of Tripoli (Regent, 1174-1177) Baldwin V 1185 - 1186 Raymond III of Tripoli (Regent, 1185-1186) Guy of Lusignan 1186 - 1192 With Sibylla 1186 - 1190 Jerusalem lost in 1187 - remaining kings are nominal only Isabella 1192 - 1205 With Conrad of Montferrat 1192 With Henry II of Champagne 1192 - 1197 With Amalric II 1198 - 1205) Maria of Montferrat 1205 - 1212 John of Ibelin (Regent, 1205 - 1210) John of Brienne 1210 - 1212 Yolande 1212 - 1228 John of Brienne (Regent 1212-1225) Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 1225 - 1228 Conrad of Hohenstaufen 1228 - 1254 Frederick II (Regent, 1228 - 1243)
Queen Alice of Cyprus (Regent, 1243 - 1246)
King Henry I of Cyprus (Regent, 1246 - 1253)
Queen Plaisance of Cyprus (Regent, 1253 - 1254)Conradin 1254 - 1268 Queen Plaisance of Cyprus (Regent, 1254-1261
Princess Isabella of Antioch (Regent 1261-1264)
King Hugh III of Cyprus (Regent, 1264-1268)Hugh I 1268 - 1284 (Opposed by Charles of Anjou) Charles of Anjou 1277 - 1285 (Opposed by John II) John II 1284 - 1285 Henry II 1285 - 1291 Acre captured in 1291; kingdom ends. After the end of the kingdom, Henry II continued to use the title "King of Jerusalem." After his death the title was claimed by both his direct heirs, the Kings of Cyprus, and the senior branch of the dynasty, the Kings of Naples.
Currently, the title of King of Jerusalem is claimed by King Juan Carlos I of Spain as the successor to the royal family of Naples. The House of Savoy, as heirs of the royal family of Cyprus, also made claims on the title at times.
See also:
- Crusade
- Knights Templar
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Kingdom of Jerusalem."
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
A monarchy, (from the Greek "monos arkhein" -- "one ruler") is an absolutist form of government, ruled by a monarch. A distinguishing characteristic of modern monarchies is that the position of monarch often involves inheritance in some form - although this is not always the case. (The Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy are examples of elective monarchies). The term monarchy is also used to refer to the people and institutions that make up the royal establishment, or to the realm in which the monarchy functions.
In most countries with monarchies, the monarch serves as a symbol of continuity and statehood. Many states have a strong convention against the monarch becoming involved in partisan politics. In some cases, the symbolism of monarchy alongside the symbolism of a republic cause the combination to be divisive. For example, there is the case of Australia where the question of retaining a monarch as head of state touches on divisive and controversial questions of national identity.
Monarchies are one of the oldest forms of government, with echoes in the leadership of tribal chiefs. Many monarchies began as absolute monarchies, in a society with technologies that allow the concentration and organization of power but not enough for education and rapid communication to flourish. The economic structure of such monarchies is that of concentrated wealth, with the majority of the population as agricultural serfs. Other monarchies, notably among the Germanic peoples, began as ad-hoc coalitions between clans, forming the natural basis for elective monarchies, the elections often taking place at the Thing. In such a system territorial magnates (and free men) could have more influence.
Since 1800, many of the world's monarchies have become republics. Most countries which retain monarchy have limited the monarch's power, with most having become constitutional monarchies. England's monarchy was famously limited by the Magna Carta of 1215. Swaziland is the only country that retains an absolute monarchy, although the Middle Eastern monarchies certainly lean further in that direction than those in Europe; however we should also note recent (2003) developments in Liechtenstein.
In some cases, a hereditary monarchy exists, but actual power resides in the military. This has often historically been the case in Thailand and Japan. In Fascist Italy a monarchy coexisted with a fascist party for longer than such coexistences occurred in Romania, Hungary, Greece and Yugoslavia.
On several occasions throughout history, the same person has served as monarch of separate independent states. An Empire was traditionally ruled by a monarchy whose leader may have been known by different titles in his different realms. Several of former colonies of the British Empire, such as Australia, Canada, Jamaica, and New Zealand, continue to recognize the British Monarch as their own king or queen. In other cases, such as England and Scotland a personal union was the precursor to a merger of the states.
The rules for selection of monarchs varies from country to country. In constitutional monarchies the rule of succession is generally embodied in a law passed by parliament. The order of succession in most European monarchical states of the 21st century is by primogeniture. In earlier times, the succession was often unclear and this lead to a number of wars.
Monarchies can come to an end in several ways. There may be a revolution in which the monarchy is overthrown; or, as in Italy, there may be a referendum in which the electorate decides to form a republic. In some cases, as with England and Spain, the monarchy has been overthrown and then restored. Countries may regard themselves as monarchies without a named monarch, as Spain did in 1947-1975.
Sometimes, component members of federal states are monarchies, even though the federal state as a whole is not; for example each of the emirates that form the United Arab Emirates has its own monarch (an emir).
Another unique situation is Malaysia, in which the national king is elected for a five year term from and by the nine sultans who are the hereditary rulers of the states of the Malay peninsula.
Note that monarchy also has echoes of autocratic executives in commercial enterprises, especially private or family-controlled companies.
Some autocratic states can appear to have introduced inheritance for the head of state without declaing themselves to be monarchies, such as Syria and North Korea.
Monarchical states today (2003) include :
Compare: theocracy, democracy, oligarchy, feudalism, empire
- Andorra (official title is "co-prince")
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Australia, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Coral Sea Islands Territory, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island and the Northern Territory.
- The Bahamas
- Bahrain
- Barbados
- Belgium
- Belize
- Bhutan (traditional title is "druk gyalpo")
- Brunei Darussalam (official title is "sultan")
- Cambodia
- Canada, Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon Territory
- Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands
- Grenada
- Jamaica
- Japan (official title is "emperor")
- Jordan
- Kuwait (official title is "emir")
- Lesotho
- Liechtenstein (official title is "prince")
- Luxemburg (official title is "grand duke")
- Malaysia (official title is "paramount ruler")
- Monaco (official title is "prince")
- Morocco
- Nepal
- The Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba
- New Zealand, Cook Islands and Niue
- Norway, Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen and Svalbard
- Oman (official title is "sultan")
- Papua New Guinea
- Qatar (official title is "emir")
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Samoa (official title is "chief," traditional title is "o le Ao o le Malo")
- Saudi Arabia
- Solomon Islands
- Spain
- Swaziland
- Sweden
- Thailand
- Tibet (in exile; the Dalai Lama enjoys monarch-like status)
- Tonga
- Tuvalu
- United Arab Emirates (ruler is a monarch, yet is "president" of the Union)
- United Kingdom, Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, British Indian Ocean Territory, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena and Her Dependencies, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and the Turks and Caicos Islands
- Vatican City (official title is "pope")
See also: British monarchy, Dutch monarchy, Canadian monarchy, Emperor of Japan, Abolished monarchies
External link
Res Publica : an international anti-monarchy Web directory
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Monarchy."
Synonyms: KingdomSynonyms: land (n), realm (n). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Animal | Noun: animal, animal kingdom; fauna; brute creation. |
Class | Kind, sort, genus, species, variety, family, order, kingdom, race, tribe, caste, sept, clan, breed, type, subtype, kit, sect, set, subset; assortment; feather, kidney; suit; range; gender, sex, kin. |
Government | National government, nation, state, country, nation-state, dominion, republic, empire, union, democratic republic; kingdom, principality. |
Heaven | Noun: heaven; kingdom of heaven, kingdom of God; heavenly kingdom; throne of God; presence of God; inheritance of the saints in light. |
Inorganization | Noun: mineral world,mineral kingdom; unorganized matter, inorganic matter, brute matter, inanimate matter. |
Intellect | Phrase: ens rationis; frons est animi janua; locos y ninos dicen la verdad; mens sola loco non exulat; " my mind is my kingdom "; " stern men with empires in their brains "; " the mind, the music breathing from her face "; " thou living ray of intellectual Fire ". |
Piety | The children of God, the children of the Kingdom, the children of the light. |
Property | Territory, state, kingdom, principality, realm, empire, protectorate, sphere of influence. |
Vegetable | Noun: vegetable, vegetable kingdom; flora, verdure. |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Kingdom |
| English words defined with "kingdom": animal kingdom ♦ fungus kingdom ♦ Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ♦ kingdom Animalia, kingdom Fungi, Kingdom of Lesotho, Kingdom of Morocco, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Swaziland, Kingdom of Sweden, Kingdom of Tonga, kingdom Plantae ♦ plant kingdom. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "kingdom": Judah, Kingdom of ♦ Kingdom Come ♦ United Kingdom Unix Users Group. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "kingdom": Saxony. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | I don't care! All I know is we didn't build it, and that's reason enough to assume the worst and blow it to kingdom come (The Iron Giant; writing credit: Brad Bird) The Kingdom of Heaven is at hand (Clue; writing credit: Jonathan Lynn.) Our Peter knows how far he can go before I knock him to Kingdom Come (East Is East; writing credit: Ayub Khan-Din) This is their kingdom! (Troll 2; writing credit: Claudio Fragasso) Through dangers untold and hardships unnumbered, I have fought my way here to the castle beyond the Goblin City to take back the child that you have stolen, for my will is as strong as yours, and my kingdom is as great (Labyrinth; writing credit: Dennis Lee; Jim Henson) | |
Lyrics | And our love will rule, in this kingdom we have made ("Change the World"; performing artist: Eric Clapton) I believe in the kingdom come (I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For; performing artist: U2) | |
Movie/TV Titles | The Peaceable Kingdom (1971) Santa's Magic Kingdom (1966) Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom (1963) Campbell's Kingdom (1957) Youth for the Kingdom (1945) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | Loading at Brooklyn, New York, in February 1942, prior to sailing with a North Atlantic convoy to carry personnel to the United Kingdom. Credit: NAVY. |  | Photographed from a Royal Air Force aircraft from Thorney Island, United Kingdom, 2 March 1939. Plane's altitude was 150 feet. Distance from ship was 800 yards. Ship's speed was 12 knots. Credit: NAVY. |
 | Tied up in port, circa 1917. Acquired by the Navy on 12 November 1917 for transfer to the British Navy, she sailed from Boston, Massachusetts, on 16 November as USS Old Colony (SP-1254). She was turned over to the Royal Navy upon arrival in the United Kingdom and was commissioned as HMS Old Colony in June 1918. She was sold in March 1920. Credit: NAVY. |  | Under the cherry blossoms in the flowery kingdom, Japan. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Bronze relief plaque dating from the 16th century A.D., depicting a nobleman with his high "choker" of coral beads and two attendants, from the Kingdom of Benin, S. Nigeria. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | The kingdom of the winds. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Ranger battalions train with commando troops. Troops of the ranger battalions, America's special service soldiers, are now in training somewhere in the United Kingdom. They have been attached to combined operations, commanded by Vice Admiral Lord Louis Mo. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Section no. 1, The International Religious Congress of Triumph, The Church and Kingdom of God in Christ, lasting fifty days beginning July 20, 1919, Elder E. D. Smith, Apostle. Credit: Library of Congress. |
 | Save Sukhothai, capital of the ancient Thai kingdom. Credit: Library of Congress. |  | Royaume Arabe Uni = United Arab Kingdom. Credit: Library of Congress. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
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| "Magic Kingdom 2" by David Sinofksy Commentary: "Magic Kingdom." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. |
| Author | Quotation |
David Livingstone | I will place no value on anything I have or may possess except in relation to the kingdom of Christ. |
Desiderius Erasmus | In the kingdom of the blind the one-eyed man is king. |
Henry IV | I want there to be no peasant in my kingdom so poor that he cannot have a chicken in his pot every Sunday. |
Leonardo Da Vinci | As every divided kingdom falls, so every mind divided between many studies confounds and saps itself. |
Lucius Annaeus Seneca | A good mind possesses a kingdom. |
Mencius | To give the throne to another man would be easy; to find a man who shall benefit the kingdom is difficult. |
Michel Eyquem De Montaigne | There is little less trouble in governing a private family than a whole kingdom. |
Robert Greene | A mind content both crown and kingdom is. |
Thomas Carlyle | Not what I have, but what I do is my kingdom. |
Thomas Szasz | In the animal kingdom, the rule is, eat or be eaten; in the human kingdom, define or be defined. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | |
| Author | Date | Quotation |
Magna Carta | 1215 | We have also granted to all freemen of our kingdom, for us and our heirs forever, all the underwritten liberties, to be had and held by them and their heirs, of us and our heirs forever. (reference) |
John Locke | 1690 | And therefore a king governing in a settled kingdom, leaves to be a king, and degenerates into a tyrant, as soon as he leaves off to rule according to his laws. (Second Treatise of Government) |
Treaty of Versailles | 1919 | If the vote results in favour of the reincorporation of this territory in the Kingdom of Denmark, the Danish Government in agreement with the Commission will be entitled to effect its occupation with their military and administrative authorities immediately after the proclamation. (reference) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Title | Author | Quote |
Emma | Austen, Jane | We know, on the contrary, that he has so much of both, that he is glad to get rid of them at the idlest haunts in the kingdom. |
After Three Days | Carroll, Lewis | Surely within his mind Strange thoughts are born, until he doubts the lore Of those old men, blind leaders of the blind, Whose kingdom is no more |
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man | Joyce, James | He calls the just to His side, bidding them enter into the kingdom, the eternity of bliss, prepared for them |
King Richard III | Shakespeare, William | my kingdom for a horse |
Gulliver's Travels | Swift, Jonathan | In the pursuit of which by thrift and management, I might reasonably expect, in about two hundred years to be the wealthiest man in the kingdom. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Health | Similarly, human infections with E. phagocytophila have been confirmed in Belgium, Denmark, Hungary, Slovenia, and Sweden, and persons with antibodies reactive to granulocytic ehrlichiae have been identified in Germany, Israel, Italy, Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. (references) | |
Business | Dual voltage can be imported into the Kingdom. (references) | |
Exclusive distributors for the Kingdom are not required. (references) | ||
Other strong competitors are Switzerland and the United Kingdom. (references) | ||
Civil Liberties | Czech Republic | Since 1997 when over 1,200 Roma submitted applications for refugee status in Canada and the United Kingdom, Romani families have continued to emigrate. (references) |
Czech Republic | They also alleged that more than 50 Roma travelers have been denied permission to fly to the United Kingdom based on their ethnicity since the checks began in July. (references) | |
Tunisia | One group, composed of foreign Christians mostly from Sweden and the United Kingdom, is active in providing medical and social services in the town of Kasserine in the west. (references) | |
Economic History | North Korea | In 668 AD, the Shilla kingdom unified the peninsula. (references) |
Armenia | One Exchange Square, London EC2A 2EH, United Kingdom. (references) | |
Norway | By 1586, Norway had become part of the Danish Kingdom. (references) | |
Human Rights | Saudi Arabia | Prison and jail conditions vary throughout the Kingdom. (references) |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Final appeal may be made to the Privy Council in the United Kingdom. (references) | |
Dominica | Appeals can be made to the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court and to the Privy Council in the United Kingdom. (references) | |
Minorities | United Kingdom | During parts of the year, UK immigration officials prescreened Czech airline travelers in Prague, including ethnic Roma, who sought to come to the United Kingdom. (references) |
Ghana | After a member of the Kingdom of God ministries allegedly burned down a local shrine, the tendaabas banned religious activities of all churches except the Roman Catholic Church, until May 2000 when the Regional Coordinating Council brokered a resolution. (references) | |
Czech Republic | A number of cases from previous years were ongoing, including the cases of a man charged with defamation of a nation or race and with rioting for attacking two Roma men at a disco while shouting racial slurs; three 17-year-old members of a previously unknown group, Czech Lion (Cesky Lev) charged with a racially motivated attack for a series of attacks on Roma and Romani homes in Rokycany in July 2000; and the leader of a large, well-organized skinhead movement with ties to the United Kingdom, Sweden, Hungary, and Slovenia charged with dissemination of fascist propaganda. (references) | |
Political Economy | Belize | Belize is a parliamentary democracy with a constitution enacted in 1981 upon independence from the United Kingdom. (references) |
Saudi Arabia | For many years, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers had a long-term role in military and civilian construction activities in the Kingdom. (references) | |
Morocco | More recently Morocco's early activism in the search for peace in the Middle East has made the Kingdom a valuable partner on the international stage. (references) | |
Political Rights | Denmark | Greenlanders and Faroese are Danish citizens with the same rights as those in the rest of the Kingdom. (references) |
Namibia | In 1999 Ben Ulenga, former High Commissioner to the United Kingdom and a high-level ruling official, formed the COD opposition party, in part as a response to the amending of the Constitution to allow a third term, and in the general election the COD won approximately 10 percent of the vote and seven seats in the National Assembly. (references) | |
Saudi Arabia | The Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights (CDLR), an opposition group, was established in 1993. The Government acted almost immediately to repress it. In 1994 one of its founding members, Mohammed Al-Masari, fled to the United Kingdom, where he sought political asylum and established an overseas branch of the CDLR. In 1996 internal divisions within the CDLR led to the creation of the rival Islamic Reform Movement (IRM), headed by Sa'ad Al-Faqih. (references) | |
Trade | Kenya | Japan tops the list of bilateral donors followed by Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. (references) |
Jordan | The Customs Department, part of the Ministry of Finance, controls goods that enter and exit the Kingdom. (references) | |
Trinidad | Bilateral investment agreements exist between Trinidad and Tobago and the United Kingdom, Ireland and France. (references) | |
Travel | Uk | Every U.S. citizen entering the United Kingdom must have a valid American passport. (references) |
Saudi Arabia | The deposit will be reimbursed after Saudi Customs attests that the goods have left the Kingdom. (references) | |
Uk | If you plan to drive while in the UK, you may wish to obtain a copy of The Highway Code, available in the United Kingdom. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Sri Lanka | Citizens are trafficked to the United Kingdom for labor exploitation. (references) |
Vietnam | Some Vietnamese women also have been trafficked to Singapore, Hong Kong, Macau, Thailand, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. (references) | |
United Kingdom | The FCO has posted immigration officials at overseas points of transit for traffickers to identify trafficking cases before they reach the United Kingdom. (references) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| Speaker | Phrase(s) |
Geoffrey Hoon | On the contrary, we work very closely together. The level of cooperation that exists, both between our military and, indeed, between the Pentagon and the Ministry of Defence in the United Kingdom, is absolutely tremendous. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| Speaker | Term | Phrase(s) |
James Monroe | 1817-1825 | That country, heretofore a colonial possession of Portugal, had some years since been proclaimed by the Sovereign of Portugal himself an independent Kingdom. |
John Quincy Adams | 1825-1829 | A new treaty of amity, navigation, and commerce has been concluded with the Kingdom of Sweden, which will be submitted to the Senate for their advice with regard to its ratification. |
Harry S. Truman | 1945-1953 | The proposed loan to the United Kingdom, which I shall recommend to the Congress in a separate message, will contribute to easing the transition problem of one of our major partners in the war. |
John F. Kennedy | 1961-1963 | Assuming the accession of the United Kingdom, there will arise across the Atlantic a trading partner behind a single external tariff similar to ours with an economy which nearly equals our own. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| "Kingdom" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 52.93% of the time. "Kingdom" is used about 6,560 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 52.93% | 3,472 | 2,798 |
| Noun (proper) | 47.07% | 3,088 | 3,035 |
| Total | 100.00% | 6,560 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| The following table summarizes the usage of "kingdom" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified. |
| Name | Usage/Gender | Usage per 100 million Persons | Rank in USA |
| Kingdom | Last name | 170 | 43,274 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits. | |||
| The following table summarizes names derived from the word "kingdom". | |||
| Name | Gender | Language | Meaning |
| Malchus | N/A | Biblical | Kingdom |
| Mellicu | N/A | Biblical | His kingdom |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references.
| |||
Expressions using "kingdom": Animal kingdom ♦ capital of the United Kingdom ♦ fungus kingdom ♦ hashemite kingdom ♦ hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ♦ heavenly kingdom ♦ hereditary kingdom ♦ kingdom Animalia ♦ Kingdom City ♦ kingdom Fungi ♦ kingdom Monera ♦ kingdom of Belgium ♦ kingdom of Bhutan ♦ kingdom of Cambodia ♦ kingdom of Denmark ♦ kingdom of God ♦ kingdom of Lesotho ♦ kingdom of Morocco ♦ kingdom of Nepal ♦ kingdom of Norway ♦ kingdom of Saudi Arabia ♦ kingdom of Spain ♦ kingdom of Swaziland ♦ kingdom of Sweden ♦ kingdom of Thailand ♦ kingdom of The Netherlands ♦ kingdom of Tonga ♦ kingdom Plantae ♦ kingdom Protoctista ♦ middle Kingdom ♦ mineral kingdom ♦ plant kingdom ♦ the children of the Kingdom ♦ The flowery kingdom ♦ the mineral kingdom ♦ the united kingdom ♦ till kingdom come ♦ united kingdom ♦ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ♦ United Kingdom Unix Users Group ♦ vegetable kingdom. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "kingdom": kingdom-based, kingdom-brabant, kingdom-come, kingdom-dioceses, kingdom-led, kingdom-linked, kingdom-nepalese, kingdom-owned, kingdom-states, kingdom-trained. | |
Ending with "kingdom": sub-kingdom. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Language | Translations for "kingdom"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Afrikaans | koninkryk. (various references) | |
Albanian | mbretëri (monarchy, realm). (various references) | |
Arabic | مملكة (country), مملكة (realm, regality), ملكوة, عالم (expert, hemisphere, learned, lettered, province, scholar, universe, walk, world). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | царство (domain, realm, reign), царска власт (crown, throne), кралство, кралска власт (crown, diadem, purple, throne). (various references) | |
Chinese | 王國 (realm), 王国. (various references) | |
Czech | království (realm). (various references) | |
Danish | rige. (various references) | |
Dutch | koninkrijk, koninkrijk, koninkrýk, rijk (abundant, empire, realm, rich, wealthy, well-off). (various references) | |
Esperanto | reĝlando. (various references) | |
Farsi | پادشاهی (Imperial, Regal, Sovereignty), کشور (Commonwealth, Country, Nation, Soil, State, Territory), قلمروپادشاهی . (various references) | |
Finnish | kuningaskunta, valtakunta (realm, state). (various references) | |
French | royaume. (various references) | |
Frisian | keninkryk. (various references) | |
German | Königreich (realm), reich (abundant, affluent, affluently, bounteous, bountiful, copious, costly, domain, empire, expensive, fertile, heavy, large, lavish, lavishly, luxuriant, opulent, ornate, prolific, prosperous, reach, realm, rich, richly, state, substantial, sumptuous, wealthily, wealthy, well-off, wide). (various references) | |
Greek | βασίλειο (realm). (various references) | |
Hebrew | ממלכה (realm, sovereignty, state), מלוכה (dominion, kingship, monarchy, reign, varnished). (various references) | |
Hungarian | királyság (kingship, monarchy, realm, royalty). (various references) | |
Icelandic | ríki. (various references) | |
Indonesian | kerajaan (empire, monarchy, realm), dunia (realm, world). (various references) | |
Italian | regno (realm, reign). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 王国 (monarchy). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | おうこく (monarchy). (various references) | |
Korean | 왕국 (realm). (various references) | |
Manx | riaght, reeriaght (monarchy), reeaght, ream (dominion, realm, ream, regime, register). (various references) | |
Norwegian | kongerike. (various references) | |
Papiamen | reino. (various references) | |
Pig Latin | ingdomkay.(various references) | |
Portuguese | reino (realm, regality, region, reign, state). (various references) | |
Romanian | sferã (bowl, branch, circle, direction, domain, extension, field, globe, line, orb, parish, pill, province, purview, range, sphere), regn (life), regat (realm), domeniu (area, branch, damper, demesne, department, direction, domain, estate, field, line, parish, realm, scope, space, sphere), împãrãţie (empire). (various references) | |
Russian | королевство (realm). (various references) | |
Scottish | rìoghachd. (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | kraljevstvo (kingship, regality, royalty). (various references) | |
Spanish | reino (empire, realm). (various references) | |
Swahili | ufalme. (various references) | |
Swedish | kungarike, konungarike, rike (country, empire, land, realm). (various references) | |
Thai | ตลอดกาล (everlasting, till hell freezes over, till kingdom come). (various references) | |
Turkish | krallık (kingship, realm, regal, royalty, the crown), kraliyet (royal, royalty), kralíyet, alem (bat, bender, binge, blast, blind, blow out, booze, booze-up, burst up, bust, Buster, carousal, class of beings, condition, creation, entertainment, jollification, junket, nature, orgy, party, potation, potations, razzle-dazzle, realm, revel, revelry, riot, rollicking time, spree, state, universe, whoopee, world). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | світ (nature, society, world), королівство (realm, regality). (various references) | |
Vietnamese | nơi cực lạc (eden, kingdom-come, promise). (various references) | |
Welsh | teyrnas (realm), brenhiniaeth. (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Latin | 500 BCE-Modern | regnum. (various references) |
| German | 100 BCE-Modern | Reich. (various references) |
| Avestan | 200-600 | xshathra. (various references) |
| Old English | 450-1100 | cyneric, rice. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Language | Date | Source | Matthew Chapter 21, Verse 43 |
| Greek (transliterated) | 250 BC | Septuagint | Dia touto legw umin oti arqhsetai af umwn h basileia tou qeou kai doqhsetai eqnei poiounti touV karpouV authV |
| Latin | 405 | Vulgate | Ideo dico vobis quia auferetur a vobis regnum Dei et dabitur genti facienti fructus eius |
| Old English | 990 | West Saxon | Forþan ic segge eow. þæt eow beoð æt-broiden godes rice. & beoð ge-seald þareþeode þe hyo earnieð. |
| Middle English | 1395 | Wyclif | Therfor Y seie to you, that the kyngdom of God schal be takun fro you, and shal be youun to a folc doynge fruytis of it. |
| Renaissance English | 1526 | Tyndale | Therfore saye I vnto you the kyngdome of God shalbe take from you and shalbe geve to the getyls which shall brynge forth the frutes of it. |
| Jacobean English | 1611 | King James | Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof. |
| Victorian English | 1833 | Webster | Therefore I say to you, The kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits of it. |
| Basic English | 1964 | Ogden | For this reason I say to you, The kingdom of God will be taken away from you, and will be given to a nation producing the fruits of it. |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Matthew Chapter 21, Verse 43 |
| Cebuano | Busa, sultihan ko kamo, nga ang gingharian sa Dios pagakuhaon gikan kaninyo ug igahatag ngadto sa usa ka nasud nga nagapamunga sa mga bunga niini. |
| Danish | Derfor siger jeg eder, at Guds Rige skal tages fra eder og gives til et Folk, som bærer dets Frugter. |
| Dutch | Daarom zeg Ik ulieden, dat het Koninkrijk Gods van u zal weggenomen worden, en een volk gegeven, dat zijn vruchten voortbrengt. |
| Finnish | Sentähden minä sanon teille: Jumalan valtakunta otetaan teiltä pois ja annetaan kansalle, joka tekee sen hedelmiä. |
| French | C`est pourquoi, je vous le dis, le royaume de Dieu vous sera enlevé, et sera donné à une nation qui en rendra les fruits. |
| German | Darum sage ich euch: Das Reich Gottes wird von euch genommen und einem Volke gegeben werden, das seine Früchte bringt. |
| Hungarian | Annakokáért mondom néktek, hogy elvétetik tõletek az Istennek országa, és oly népnek adatik, a mely megtermi annak gyümölcsét. |
| Indonesian-Bahasa Sehari-hari | "Jadi ingatlah," kata Yesus, "semua hak sebagai umat Allah akan dicabut daripadamu dan diberikan kepada suatu bangsa yang akan menjalankan perintah-perintah Allah. |
| Indonesian-Terjemahan Lama | Sebab itu Aku berkata kepadamu, bahwa kerajaan Allah akan diambil daripadamu, dan diberikan kepada suatu bangsa yang menerbitkan buahnya. |
| Manx Gaelic | Shen-y-fa ta mish gra riu, Dy bee reeriaght Yee er ny ghoaill veue-ish, as er ny choyrt da ashoon ymmyrkys magh yn mess echey. |
| Maori | Koia ahau ka mea nei ki a koutou, Ka tangohia te rangatiratanga o te Atua i a koutou, a ka hoatu ki tetahi iwi, e puta ai nga hua o taua rangatiratanga. |
| Norwegian | Derfor sier jeg eder: Guds rike skal tas fra eder og gis til et folk som bærer dets frukter. |
| Portuguese | Portanto eu vos digo que vos será tirado o reino de Deus, e será dado a um povo que dê os seus frutos. |
| Rumanian | Deaceea, vq spun cq Kmpqrqyia lui Dumnezeu va fi luatq dela voi, wi va fi datq unui neam, care va aduce roadele cuvenite. |
| Shuar | Tuma asamtai Tájarme, Yusna írunna nu Wáinkiatárum tusa suramsamuitiat Atumíya junas Chíkich aents Súnastatui. Niisha awantukiartatui. |
| Swahili | "Kwa hiyo nawaambieni, Ufalme wa Mungu utaondolewa kwenu na kupewa watu wa mataifa mengine wenye kutoa matunda yake."*fi* likimwangukia mtu yeyote, litamponda." |
| Swedish | Därför säger jag eder att Guds rike skall tagas ifrån eder, och givas åt ett folk som bär dess frukt." |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "kingdom": kingdoms. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "kingdom": subkingdom. (additional references) | |
Words containing "kingdom": subkingdoms. (additional references) | |
| |
"Kingdom" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Kigoma, Kinadon, Kindgom, Kindon, Kindron, kingdm, kingo, kngdom, Qingdao. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "kingdom" (pronounced ki"ngdum) |
| 6 | k i" ng d u m | subkingdom. |
| 3 | -d u m | addendum, boredom, memorandum, modem, officialdom, random, chiefdom, condom, corundum, dukedom, earldom, fiefdom, freedom, macadam, madam, Madame, martyrdom, referendum, Sedum, seldom, sheikdom, Sodom, stardom, tandem, wisdom. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
| Words within the letters "d-g-i-k-m-n-o" | |
-1 letter: doming. | |
-2 letters: dingo, doing. | |
-3 letters: ding, dink, dong, gink, ikon, kind, king, kino, mind, mink, modi, monk, nodi, oink. | |
-4 letters: dig, dim, din, dog, dom, don, gid, gin, god, ink, ion, kid, kin, koi, mid, mig, mod, mog, mon, nim, nod, nog, nom. | |
-5 letters: do, go, id, in, mi, mo, no, od, om, on. | |
| Words containing the letters "d-g-i-k-m-n-o" | |
+1 letter: kingdoms. | |
+3 letters: subkingdom. | |
+4 letters: mockingbird, subkingdoms. | |
+5 letters: misknowledge, mockingbirds. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Familiar 10. Quotations: Historic 11. Quotations: Fiction 12. Quotations: Non-fiction | 13. Quotations: Spoken 14. Quotations: Speeches 15. Usage Frequency 16. Names: Frequency | 17. Names: Derived from 18. Expressions 19. Expressions: Internet 20. Translations: Modern | 21. Translations: Ancient 22. Bible Trace 23. Derivations 24. Rhymes | 25. Anagrams 26. Bibliography |
Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
