Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.
Definition: Dive |
DiveNoun1. A cheap disreputable nightclub or dance hall. 2. A headlong plunge into water. 3. A steep nose-down descent by an aircraft. Verb1. Drop steeply; "the stock market plunged". 2. Plunge into water; "I was afraid to dive from the board into the pool". 3. Swim under water; "the children enjoyed diving and looking for shells". Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. |
Date "dive" was first used: 13th century from Old English expression "dufan" meaning "to dive". (references) |
Note: Dive \Dive\, intransitive verb [imperfect & past participle. Dived, colloq. Dove, a relic of the Anglo-Saxon strong forms de['a]f, dofen; Diving.]. (references) |
| Domain | Definition |
19th Century Satire | A gambler's retreat. Source: Foolish Dictionary, 1904. |
Post & Telecom | Steep descent, with or without power in which the air speed is greater than the maximum speed in horizontal flight. Source: European Union. (references) |
Slang in 1811 | DIVE. To dive; to pick a pocket. To dive for a dinner; to go down into a cellar to dinner. A dive, is a thief who stands ready to receive goods thrown out to him by a little boy put in at a window. Cant. Source: 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. |
Sports & Leisure | Witting the ball very close to the floor while the body is in the air, in full stretch position. The ball may be struck with the back of the hand or wrist. . Source: European Union. (references) |
Transportation | A steep descent, with or without power. Source: European Union. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)
SCUBA is an acronym for Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus. In short, scuba diving is an underwater activity practiced with the help of a system or an apparatus (usually a tank and air pressure regulator) able to provide a reserve of gas (usually air) in order to allow the diver to breathe air during the immersion.
CAUTION: USE Wikipedia AT YOUR OWN RISK
History
See also Timeline of underwater technology.
The first known use of air tanks is in Italy, 15th century: Leonardo da Vinci affirmed in his Atlantic Codex (Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan) that systems were used at that time to artificially breathe under water, but he did not explain them in detail due to what he described as "bad human nature", that would have taken advantage of this technique to sink ships and even commit murders. Some drawings, however, showed different kinds of snorkels and an air tank (to be carried on the breast) that presumably should have no external connections. Other drawings showed a complete immersion kit, with a plunger suit which included a sort of mask with a box for air. The project was so detailed that it included a urine collector, too.
After Leonardo's studies, and those of Halley (yes, the astronomer), in the 19th century August Siebe invented a sort of apparatus but still not completely independent of external air. His studies were perfected by the Frenchman Joseph Cabirol and later, more incisively, by Benoit Rouquayrol and Auguste Denayrouze, who added the first modern air tank.
In 1906 the first decompression tables ("quote decompression method") were released.
In 1915 Sir Robert Davis invented the "Submarine escape apparatus", by which a compressed oxygen bottle could be opened in water in case of need, sending air to mouth. Used air could be then expelled to a filtering "false lung" from where it is finally lost.
In 1925 Yves Le Prieur invented another better developed apparatus in 1933, working with compressed air. It could permit a 20 minute stay at -7 meters and 15 minutes at -15 (these data appear however to be re-checked).
In 1941, during WWII, these experimental apparatuses were used for one of the best known and most spectacular war actions: Italian "Decima Mas" (elite navy corps at the orders of commander Junio Valerio Borghese) entered at nighttime the port of Alexandria, Egypt, in immersion. They used special underwater vehicles ("maiali" = pigs) and breathing apparatus, and were able to silently attach miness on the bottom of the ships, that later were effectively sunk.
In July of 1943 the Frenchman Georges Comheines was able to reach -53 meters (~174 feet), off the coast of Marseille, with a two-bottles apparatus he had developed from Le Prieur's one. Immersion lasted 2 minutes (apparently out of decompression tables).
In the following October, Frédéric Dumas reached -62 meters (~200 feet), with the apparatus co-invented by Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan and named Aqua-lung.
In 1958 the TV series SEA HUNT, introduced SCUBA diving to the TV audience.
Movies have also popularized the sport. SCUBA diving is featured in many James Bond films.
Nitrogen Narcosis Information
The maximum safe depth for normal scuba gear with normal air in the tank is certainly within 50 meters (~150 feet), beyond which nitrogen narcosis becomes an almost certain danger. Onset of narcosis is dependent on the workload, the physical conditions, and training of the diver but also depends on variable gas concentration in blood and lungs, that might change very suddenly with minimum changes of vertical speed (descent). Risk factors are different for each individual, and cannot therefore be reliably foreseen: the appearance of narcosis can be very rapid and faster than the capability of the diver to recognize it. Narcosis will also disappear once you ascend to shallower depth.
It is vital to remember that an accident can occur even in the very first meter of immersion, depending on personal conditions and hazards; every statistical report about accidents demonstrate that claimed "safe ranges" are nothing more than a rough recording of some data (episodically and not organically collected) with no scientific confirmation.
Diving can be an experience capable of producing unique emotions, but only with complete respect of safety rules. Any accident in water, even the "lightest" one, can bring to death to the untrained diver. The rising numbers of deaths in the early years of scuba forced training organisations of come up with minimum standards of training.
Some say that it could be possible to learn how to tolerate narcosis (allegedly, same as with alcohol), but disconcerting doubts cannot allow this statement to be released so easily without at least the mention that nothing and no one can seriously ensure that you will be able to reach again the surface if a similar accident happens, effective known rescues generally having depended on highly hazardous and quite randomized factors.
If Enriched Air Nitrox is used, additional serious risks come from oxygen toxicity. Diving on pure oxygen becomes toxic at a depth of merely 10 ft. Breathing mixes become dangerous when the partial pressure of oxygen reaches 1,4-1,6 bar. Some people consider 1,2 bar dangerous pressure (and some others suggest never passing 0,9), that is reached at a very early depth.
Relatively "safe" deep dives over 70 meters (~210 feet) can be done by well experienced divers using Heliox or Trimix gas mixes. As with Enriched Air Nitrox, special training is obligatory. These depths are however in a range that could recommend a boat-assisted immersion for a different air provision system, such as pneumatic pumps on surface.
Scuba diving requires training, and nobody should consider attempting to dive without professional instruction. Even experienced divers should never dive alone, but instead have a companion (or more) in sight.
Major deadly risk factors include:
Major diving diseases include:
- Vertical speed (descent and ascent)
- Lung problems i.e. (holding one's breath upon ascent which will cause your lungs to explode just as an overfilled balloon)
- Running out of air (often due to secondary factors such as getting trapped by nets, rocks inside caves, etc).
"Decompression sickness" ("the bends") is caused by ascending from deep depths too quickly. Nitrogen from the air breathed dissolves in the blood at depth, and as the diver ascends, the nitrogen is released from the blood and forms bubbles throughout the diver's bloodstream, with painful and often fatal results. The prevention is to surface slowly from all dives, so that nitrogen can "de-gass" from the diver's blood without forming bubbles. Divers also ensure adequate de-gassing by performing one or more "safety stops" after long or deep dives, in which the diver hovers at a prescribed depth for a prescribed amount of time before actually surfacing. Dive Tables (and dive computers which use the tables) are used to calculate maximum bottom time, and recommend additional safety stops.
- Subcutaneous emphysema (gas under the skin tissue)
- Nitrogen narcosis ('Rapture of the Deep')
- Tympanum damage (damage to the eardrum caused by failing to equalize pressure in the inner ear).
- Decompression sickness
Things to do underwater
- Relax and watch the marine life
- fish watching
- coral reef watching
- feeding the fish (this has become controversial in recent years)
- look for sunken treasure
- hunt for food (spearfishing) (spear gun)
- Drift diving
- Allowing the water current to move the diver down current, this is one of the most relaxing methods to dive.
- Typically done in rivers or the ocean
- Example - in Cozumel the boat takes the divers toward the south end on the island, the current runs from south to north, the divers exit the boat and drift north, the boat follows the trail of bubbles from the divers, when the divers surface the boat is waiting for them.
- Wreck diving
- Viewing shipwreck or aircraft underwater
- Requires special training to enter & exit a shipwreck Penetration diving
- Search & Recovery diving
- Searching for an object using a pattern.
- The size of the object and the visibility of the water help determine what pattern will be use.
- After finding the object, returning it to the surface. Small objects can be carried up to the surface by the diver, larger objects may require the use of a lift bag.
- Salvaging item from historical ship wrecks will land you in legal problems or jail
- Mel Fisher is one of the best know treasure hunters
- Underwater photography
- Capturing the underwater beauty can be one of the most challenging and rewarding efforts of scuba diving.
- The current trend is a housed digital camera
- Nikon - Nikonos V underwater camera (http://www.nikonusa.com/usa_group/group.jsp?cat=1&grp=7 )
- SEA&SEA (http://www.seaandsea.com/ )
- Nextus housings for camera's (http://www.nexusamerica.com/products.html )
- Underwater videography
- Using a film / video camera underwater
- Marine life identification
- Identifying & recording marine life seen in a given area
- done as part of a survey or study
- done for personal pleasure like bird watching
- Ice diving
- Requires special training to dive under the ice on a body of water
- Instruction by a certified instructor - typically one day
- Requires additional scuba equipment
- A regulator modified for cold water use that will not freeze.
- A harness
- A safety rope attached to the harness
- Typically a dry suit is worn to keep the diver warm
- A hood to keep the divers head warm.
- Optional full face mask to prevent cold water from contacting the divers face.
- Requires additional personal
- Line Tenders to manage the ropes
- Safety diver
- Divemaster
- Requires additional equipment
- A weatherproof area for the divers to suit up
- Requires additional equipment to access the water below the ice
- A chain saw to cut the ice
- Snow shovel to clear the snow and ice from the area
- Cave diving
- Requires special training to enter and safely exit a cave - prevent your own death - do not enter a cave unless you and your buddy are trained cave divers.
- Sheck Exley is a well known cave diver.
- Boat diving
- Diving from a boat
- Boats can range in size from a one man kayak to an ocean liner.
- Many of the best diving sites are off shore and the boat provides access to these sites.
- Six pack is a slang term for a small boat that can carry up to six divers.
- Typically very fast boat with twin outboard engines
- "Cattle boat" a slang term for a large boat that take a large group of divers
- Night diving
- Diving after sunset & before dawn reveals new animals that come out at night and corals that open at night to feed. Many divers enjoy this more than diving during the daylight.
- Requires a primary and back-up light source. Typically water proof flashlights designed for scuba diving. Additionally scuba diver wear marker lights to help locate and identify them. Cylume Sticks were popular but environmental concerns as phasing them out in favor of battery powered glow sticks.
- While night diving divers tend to move slower and more deliberately than during the day light. This leads to a more relaxing dive.
- Altitude diving.
- Diving in a body of water located above 1000 feet above sea level. Requires additional training and modified dive tables. Diver must limit the ascent rate to 30 feet pr minute or less.
- Lake Tahoe would be an example of a location where altitude diving is done.
- Dive propulsion vehicle - DPV
- Driving an underwater propulsion vehicle
- Care must be taken not to assend to fast while driving the vehicle
- Vechiles range in size from small unit to mulit passanger units
- Dry suit diving
- A dry suit is a suit worn by scuba divers to keep water away from the diver's body. It is typically worn in water too cold for a wetsuit. Unlike a wetsuit, which traps a thin layer of water between the body and the suit, a dry suit has a neck and wrist seal to prevent water from entering, and the feet are usually enclosed. Divers add air to the suit to keep it from squeezing too tight on the body. In order to keep warm, dry suit wearers use either special underclothes or an electrical heating system.
- Vulcanized rubber suit
- Compressed neoprene suit
- Shell suit
- Trilaminate - Nylon/Butyl Rubber/Nylon
- this type of suit offers no thermal protection, they divers wears undergarments for thermal protection.
- offered in many colors
- offered with self donning zipper than goes across the front of the suit, allows the wearer of the suit to close the zipper himself.
- Zipper
- the waterproof zipper is a product of the space age
- some suits have a zipper across the back of the shoulders
- Seals
- Latex neck & wrist seals
- can be trimmed to fit the owner of the suit, Latex seals are more delicate than neoprene and require more care.
- Neoprene neck & wrist seals
- can be trimmed if needed, neoprene seals will leak a little.
- Inflator valve on chest to add air to the suit
- Dump valve on left arm
- automatically dumps air to prevent overinflation, this setting can be adjusted by the diver by rotating the top of the valve.
- Manufacturers' web sites:
- Underwater navigation
- using a compass and other item to find your way around underwater
- GPS will not work underwater, the wavelenght will not penetrate the water.
- Communicating
- Sign language: In most situations cummunications is facilitated with the use of simple hand signals. The most basic ones: Thumbs up = lets go up, thumbs down = lets go down, circle with thumb and index finger = I'm OK. Are you OK?, "cutting" throat with a flat hand = I'm out of air, wobbling a flat hand = something is wrong.
- Using a torch/flashlight: The focused beam of a torch can be used for basic signalling as well. Drawing a circle on the ground in front of buddy = the OK signal, waving the torch = attention please!
- Voice: When using special equipment, voice can be used for communication. Equipment usually consists of a full face mask with a submergible microphone and speaker and either a hard wired telepone-like setup or a through-water supersonic radio-like system.
- NITROX diving
- Diving with a mixture of air with the nitrogen/oxygen ratio different than ambient air during a dive.
- Using nitrox is typically not the purpose of the dive but nitrox is used during the dive
- Deep diving
- diving below 100 feet / 30 meters.
- 130 feet is the max depth for recreational scuba
- Rebreather
- a device which reuses part of each breath. See linked article for more information.
Scuba Glossary
; Skin: a lycra suit worn by a diver in warm water or under a wet suit. ; Surface interval: the time between dives. divers need to track this time interval for planning the next dive. ; Time to fly: Divers must wait approx. 24 hours after the last dive before flying. ; Wall diving : Scuba diving along the face of a vertical wall ; Shore diving: Scuba diving that starts from the shore line ; Buddy System: Two divers that dive together as a team for safety ; Trash dive: a dive dedicated to removing trash from the underwater environment ; Divemaster: A professional level diver who is in charge of the dive. ; Beach master: A person on the beach who records when divers enter and exit the water. Typically used during scuba classes to keep track of the students, watch the gear, provide assistance when required. ; C-card: Certification card (proof of training or experience) ; Log Book: List of the dives a diver has recorded for proof of experience. ; Dive Tables: Give the maximum times that can be spent at depth, and pauses needed during ascent, before Decompression sickness becomes a danger. ; Navy Tables : A set of dive tables developed by the US Navy. Used by early divers as a method to determine maximum time and depth. ; Dive Shop : supplier of dive equipment or training, or organizer of dive expeditions. ; Dive Flag : Flag used by a boat to indicate that it has 'divers down'. Comes in two versions: the international (international code letter flag 'A',) and the American (red flag with white diagonal,
), introduced by Ted Nixon in 1956. Boats must maintain a minimum distance away from the flag. Personal water craft pose a hazard to divers, and sadly few operators do know what a dive flag is. Some believe it is turn marker. If you observe a personal water craft operating to close to a dive flag contact the lake patrol. ; Hard Hat diving: A term for commercial divers. Refers to the old style brass helmet tethered divers used to wear. ; Dive club: a group of people with an interest in SCUBA diving ; Navy SEAL: A highly trained military diver (http://www.sealchallenge.navy.mil/ ) ; Frogman: A slag term for scuba divers ; Fire Diving: An urban legend about a diver who is scooped up by a plane/chopper and dropped on a forest fire led someone to build a web site for the fictitious sport of Firediving
Training and Certification
Becoming a scuba diver requires training. Dive training organisations can be found throughout the world, and in very large numbers in popular dive spots. A good dive training organisation will always offer courses to the standard of a recognised certification organisation, such as those listed below. Many dive shops in popular holiday locations offer courses that can teach you to dive in a few days, and can be combined with your vacation.
Initial training can be broken down into three phases.
Upon completing the course the student is issued a certification card.
- Classroom - where material is presented and reviewed
- Pool - where skills are taught and practiced in confined water
- Open Water - where the student demonstrates the skills he has learned. Typically done in a local body of water (lake, quarry, ocean)
Many of the activities mentioned above require additional training to be done safely.
Certifying dive organizations include:
- ACUC - American and Canadian Underwater Certifications (http://www.acuc.ca/ )
- BSAC - British Sub Aqua Club (http://www.bsac.com/ )
- CMAS - Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (http://www.cmas2000.org )
- GUE - Global Underwater Explorers (http://www.gue.com/ )
- IANTD - International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (http://www.iantd.com/ )
- IDEA - International Diving Educators Association
- NACD - National Association for Cave Diving (http://www.safecavediving.com/ )
- NAUI - National Association of Underwater Instructors (http://www.naui.org/ )
- PADI - Professional Association of Diving Instructors (http://www.padi.com/ )
- SSI - Scuba Schools International (http://www.ssiusa.com/ )
- YMCA - YMCA SCUBA (http://www.ymcascuba.org/ )
Other organizations:
Other: ACUC, ANIS, CEDIP, DIWA, ESA, FIAS, FIPS, IADS, IAHD, IDD, NASE, PDA, PSA, SUSV, TDI, TSA, VDST, VDTL, VIT, YMCA, ÖSPV
- AAUS - American Academy of Underwater Sciences
- Active Divers Association
- ARSBC - Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia
- BFDC and North Carolina SCUBA/Wreck Diving
- Chicago Aquanauts Scuba Association
- DAN - Divers Alert Network
- GLACD - Greater Los Angeles Council of Divers
- HSA International
- Israeli Diving Federation
- Malta Professional Diving Schools Association
- National Association of Black Scuba Divers
- New York State Diver's Association
- MOAV - Mystic Order of Aquatic Vigilance
- NSS-CDS - National Speleological Society Cave Diving Section (http://www.nsscds.com/ )
- Odyssey Expeditions
- Recreational Divers Association
- Sub-Aqua Association
- USDDA - United States Dental Diving Association, Inc
External links
- Scuba News,
- Divers Alert Network, founded in 1980
- SCBA Self Contained Breathing Apparatus
Popular locations for SCUBA diving
- Australia
- Great Barrier Reef
- Ningaloo Reef
- Cozumel, Mexico 20.5° N 86.9° W
- Red Sea, Egypt
- Caribbean Sea
Equipment Manufacturers
- Aqua Lung (http://www.aqualung.com/ )
- Body Glove Wetsuits (http://www.bodyglove.com/ )
- Dacor (http://www.divedacor.com/intro.html )
- Dite Rite (http://www.dive-rite.com/ )
- Dive Goddess Skins (http://www.divegoddess.com/ )
- Halcyon (http://www.halcyon.net/index.shtml )
- Henderson (http://hendersonusa.com/hendersonusa.html )
- Ikelite (http://www.ikelite.com/web_pages/1cat_index.html )
- Luxfer (http://www.luxfercylinders.com/products/scuba/ )
- Nikonos (http://www.nikonusa.com/usa_group/group.jsp?cat=1&grp=7 )
- OMS (http://www.omsdive.com/index.html )
- O'Neill Wetsuits (http://www.oneill.com/ )
- Poseidon (http://www.poseidon.se/ )
- Riffe International speargun (http://www.speargun.com/history.htm )
- Sea&Sea (http://www.seaandsea.com/ )
- Sherwood (http://www.sherwoodscuba.com/ )
- Torpedo DPV (http://www.torpedodpv.com/ )
Equipment used in scuba diving
- Mask
- non purge
- purge valve
- single lens
- split lens
- full face - the diver in the first photo is wearing an AGA full face mask
- other category
- hard hat
- Fins
- modern fins come in many shapes and colors
- open heel type
- Snorkel
- used by divers when swimming at the surface, worn on the left side of the mask.
- some modern snorkels have drain valves to aid in the removal of water from the snorkel tube
- Weight Belt
- A nylon web 2" wide that holds the weights and features a quick release buckle. Belts come in many color with yellow or black being the most popular.
- Weights - used to offset positive buoyancy.
- Lead is the most common material used
- 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 pound blocks with holes to thread the weight belt through
- Many modern BCD's have weight pockets with quick release buckles
A diver in a pool wearing a full face mask from AGA and a twin 6 liter 300 bar tank rig.All modern regulators consists of two stages. The first stage attaches to the tank and reduces the tank pressure to aprox. 1 MPa obove ambient pressure. This intermediate pressure gas is lead through a hose to the second stage witch in turn reduces the gas pressure to ambient pressure.
- SCUBA tank
- A hollow cylinder that holds compressed air with an on/off valve at the top.
- Typically filled to somewere the range of 18.6 to 30.0 MPa (2700 to 4300 psi)
- Some countrie require a burst disk installed in the valve that prevents pressures exeeding approx. 15% above working pressure.
- Tanks should only be filled with air from a reliable source (dive shop)
- Never fill a tank with oxygen unless it has been certified for pure oxygen use.
- Contaminated air at depth could be fatal
- Common sizes - materials for scuba tanks
- 80 cubic feet - Aluminum - most common size used
- 63 cubic feet - Aluminum
- 72 cubic feet - Steel
- 50 cubic feet - Aluminum
- 30 cubic feet - Aluminum "pony bottle"
- 13 cubic feet - Aluminum "bailout bottle"
- 100 cubic feet - Aluminum
- 120 cubic feet - Steel
- Twin 80's - Two 80's with a manifold that connects them. Twin tanks are typically used in technical diving.
- Most counties requires tanks to be checked on a regular basis. This usually consists of an internal visual inspection and a hydrostatic test. In the United States, an visual inspection is required every year, and a hydrostatic every five years.
- Buoyancy Control Device BCD or BC
- Modern BCDs are the jacket model that is worn like a vest. Looking a little like a lifejacket, they allow the diver to change his buoyancy while under water by adding or releasing air.
- Low pressure inflator
- a hose on the left side of the jacket that allows air to be added or released from the jacket. The inflator should be held higher than the jacket to release air.
- Over pressurization valve
- A spring loaded valve that prevents the jacket from holding too much air, can also be used to rapidly dump air from the jacket
- Backpack
- Holds the tank in place
- Modern Buoyancy Control Devices have the backpack built into the unit.
- Regulator
- Attaches to the SCUBA tank, reduces the tank pressure to ambient pressure.
Earlier models of regulators had the two stages combined into one. Air was supplied to the diver via a large corrugated hose to the divers mouth piece. Exhaled gas returned via a second hose back to the regulator where it was released into the water.
- Double hose style
Works just as the "dry" versions. Often worn on the forearm, just as a clock.
- Underwater Compass
- Under Water Time Piece
- Waterproof Watch to keep track of time
- Air pressure gauge
- Used to monitor the tank pressure
- Connects to the first stage of the regulator.
- Depth Gauge
- Used to monitor depth
- Console
- a plastic or rubber box that holds the air pressure gauge and the depth gauge, typically worn on the left hand side of the diver
- Dive Computer
- Watertight computer with LCD display showing the amount of time the diver can remain underwater while staying inside decompression sickness safety limits
- Most fit into the console or into a wrist mount
Movies that feature Scuba Diving
- The Abyss
- Thunderball James Bond
- Fantastic Voyage
Scuba Magazines
- Dive Training (http://www.dtmag.com/ )
- Aqualog Magazine - dedicated to the promotion of scuba diving and underwater worlds through articles from authors around the globe.
- California Diving News - articles, boat schedules, and dive buddy directory.
- Cyber Diver - offers daily news updates, objective scuba gear reviews, and unbiased dive travel reports.
- CyberSea Scuba Journal
- Deeper Blue - international independent online magazine for divers. Offers editorials, feature articles, tips, discussion forums, and more.
- Dive Girl - by women scuba divers, covering recreational and technical diving.
- Dive New Zealand - online magazine containing articles, photos, dive sites, news, and more.
- Dive-online.com - site of "Dive", the official magazine of BSAC.
- Diver Magazine - Canada diving magazine. Articles on dive travel, wreck diving, marine life, u/w photography, equipment reviews, and more.
- DiverNET - diving community site with news, scuba equipment reviews, holiday offers, listings and forums, weekend weather for divers, competitions, e-cards, and wreck tours.
- Florida Scuba News - listing of dive shops and dive boats as well as up-to-date information on diving in the Sunshine state
- Immersed - containing interesting ideas and dive sites for technical divers around the world.
- Northwest Dive News - offers a variety of information about diving in the Pacific Northwest.
- On-the-Edge - offers advertising and public relations services to the ocean sports industry.
- Philippine Diver - covers scuba diving and other watersports in the Philippines.
- Rodale's Scuba Diving Magazine - The Magazine Divers Trust is online with a worldwide dive travel index, equipment reviews, scuba training, dive medicine, marine biology and u/w photography.
- Skin Diver Magazine - over 1000 articles, new features every month, scuba search engine, buddies, clubs, events and more.
- South Florida Dive Journal
- Sport Diver Magazine - covers diving destinations, equipment, training, and more.
- Sportdiving Magazine - covers Australia and the Indo-Pacific regions. Includes online subscription form.
- Undercurrent - online scuba diving magazine providing reviews of dive resorts and scuba equipment.
Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Scuba diving."
| The following table is compiled from various sources, across various languages. When English abbreviations or acronyms come from a non-English source, this is noted. | |||
| Entry | Source | Expression | Field |
DIVE | English | Direct Interface Video Extensions | Computer - (IBM, MMPM/2) |
Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |||
Synonyms: DiveSynonyms: diving (n), honkytonk (n), nose dive (n), plunge (v), plunk (v). (additional references) |
| Context | Synonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus). |
Abode | Assembly room, meetinghouse, pump room, spa, watering place; inn; hostel, hostelry; hotel, tavern, caravansary, dak bungalow, khan, hospice; public house, pub, pot house, mug house; gin mill, gin palace; bar, bar room; barrel house, cabaret, chophouse; club, clubhouse; cookshop, dive, exchange; grill room, saloon, shebeen; coffee house, eating house; canteen, restaurant, buffet, cafe, estaminet, posada; almshouse, poorhouse, townhouse. |
Inquiry | Examine, study, consider, calculate; dip into, dive into, delve into, go deep into; make sure of, probe, sound, fathom; probe to the bottom, probe to the quick; scrutinize, analyze, anatomize, dissect, parse, resolve, sift, winnow; view in all its phases, try in all its phases; thresh out. |
Navigation | Swim, float; buffet the waves, ride the storm, skim, effleurer, dive, wade. |
Plunge | Verb: plunge, dip, souse, duck; dive, plump; take a plunge, take a header; make a plunge; bathe;(water). |
Noun: plunge, dip, dive, header; ducking; Verb: diver. | |
| Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus. | |
Crosswords: Dive |
| English words defined with "dive": belly flop, belly flopper, belly whop, belly whopper ♦ dive bomber, Dived, diving board, diving duck ♦ flip, full gainer ♦ gainer ♦ half gainer, headfirst, headlong ♦ jackknife ♦ power dive, power-dive ♦ snorkel, swallow dive, swan dive. (references) |
| Specialty definitions using "dive": bounce dive ♦ dive bombing, Dog and Duck ♦ forward dive, front dive ♦ High Pressure Neurological Syndrome ♦ intervention dive ♦ jack-knife, jack-knife dive ♦ negative acceleration, negative G, negative load factor ♦ pickle-roller ♦ trud count. (references) |
| Etymologies containing "dive": urinator. (references) |
| Domain | Usage | |
Screenplays | Picture a girl who took a nose dive from the ugly tree and hit every branch on the way down (Saving Private Ryan; writing credit: Robert Rodat) We can always dive for the Andrea Doria (Hysterical; writing credit: Chris Bearde; Bill Hudson) Go for it man, jump off the high dive, stare down the barrel of the gun, pee into the wind (Friends; writing credit: Jörn O. Jensen; Birger Larsen) You've got to dive into the ocean and fight with the sharks (Tenacious D; writing credit: Masato Ochi) | |
Lyrics | I want dive into your ocean (Here Comes the Rain Again; performing artist: Eurythmics) They dive like dolphins (Danger (Been So Long); performing artist: Mystikal) We do the dive every time we dance (Buffalo Stance; performing artist: Neneh Cherry) Running down underground to a dive bar (WEST END GIRLS; performing artist: Pet Shop Boys) So baby's gonna take a dive and (To the Moon and Back; performing artist: Savage Garden) | |
Movie/TV Titles | High Dive Kids (1956) We Dive at Dawn (1943) Dive Bombing (1943) Crash Dive (1943) Dive Bomber (1941) | |
Song Titles | Dive (performing artist: Mighty Force) | |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | ||
| Domain | Title | ||
References | |||
Books | |||
Periodicals |
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Theater & Movies | |||
Music |
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High Tech |
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Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Thumbnail | Description & Credit | Thumbnail | Description & Credit |
 | A colorful dive shop. Credit: America's Coastlines. |  | Skin divers getting ready for a dive off the SHACKLETON. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth. |
 | A charter dive boat moored at a marina. Credit: Fisheries. |  | Small vessel used as a dive boat for sea urchin harvesting. Credit: Fisheries. |
 | In the foreground, John Iliff, the NOAA project manager for the restoration at Mona Island prepares to dive. Credit: NOAA Restoration Center. |  | 1975 cover of the NOAA Dive Manual. Credit: National Undersea Research Program (NURP). |
 | Dr. Sylvia Earle prepares to dive in a JIM suit. Credit: National Undersea Research Program (NURP). |  | Scorpion fish, Dendrochirus brachypterus, on inside of concrete pipe. Observed during night dive. Credit: The Coral Kingdom. |
 | Cushion starfish, Culcita novaeguineae, and the goatfish Parapeneus multifasciatus (Moano) on a night dive on the reef. Credit: The Coral Kingdom. |  | Dive Support Team preparing to assist with tide gauge installation. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now. |
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits. | |||
 |  |
| "Dive tower 1" by Bjarte Kvinge Tvedt Commentary: "Morning dive-tower. ." | "Puddle diving" by Max Gaugush Commentary: "A kid lands a perfect dive with a half twist into a puddle." |
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers. | |
| Title | Author | Quote |
King Richard III | Shakespeare, William | Dive, thoughts, down to my soul |
Walden | Thoreau, Henry David | Indeed, they sometimes dive below this line, as it were by mistake, and are undeceived |
Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
| Subject | Topic | Quote |
Business | There are dive shops that specialize in selling diving equipment such as masks, fins, regulators, buoyancy compensating devices (BCDs), tanks, compressors, booties, and supplies such as bags, hooks, and mouthpieces. (references) | |
Economic History | Maldives | Likewise, many resorts offer dive centers with equipment available for rental. (references) |
Maldives | Some also offer deep-sea fishing expeditions and require fishing gear and specialized sport fishing craft as well as dive boats. (references) | |
Maldives | Boats, marine equipment, dive/fishing equipment and accessories: Many resorts retain a small number of motor-powered boats to ferry visitors to/from the airport, Male', and dive sites. (references) | |
Worker Rights | Honduras | Boys between the ages of 13 and 18 work on lobster boats, where they dive illegally with little safety or health protection. (references) |
Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits. | ||
| "Dive" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 57.75% of the time. "Dive" is used about 567 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted) |
| Parts of Speech | Percent | Usage per 100 Million Words | Rank in English |
| Noun (singular) | 57.75% | 328 | 15,879 |
| Lexical Verb (infinitive) | 30.11% | 171 | 23,814 |
| Lexical Verb (base form) | 11.62% | 66 | 41,290 |
| Noun (proper) | 0.53% | 3 | 202,518 |
| Total | 100.00% | 567 | N/A |
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.
| Country | Name |
| USA | Cal Dive International Inc |
| (more examples...) |
Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.
Expressions using "dive": angle of dive ♦ back dive ♦ back dive layout ♦ backward dive ♦ bounce dive ♦ crash dive ♦ dive bomber ♦ dive bombing ♦ dive brake ♦ dive braking flap ♦ dive down on the enemy ♦ dive flap ♦ dive for the ball ♦ dive headfirst ♦ dive in ♦ dive in! ♦ dive into ♦ dive under ♦ do a forward dive ♦ do a racing dive ♦ forward dive ♦ front dive ♦ intervention dive ♦ make a dive for ♦ make a headlong dive ♦ nose dive ♦ power dive ♦ reverse dive ♦ sky dive ♦ spiral dive ♦ stall dive ♦ swallow dive ♦ swan dive ♦ take a dive ♦ vertical dive. Additional references. | |
| Hyphenated Usage | |
Beginning with "dive": dive-bomb, dive-bombed, dive-bomber, dive-bombers, dive-bombing, dive-bombs, dive-in. | |
Ending with "dive": angle-of-dive, back-dive, crash-dive, death-dive, mid-dive, nose-dive, post-dive, power-dive, pre-dive, scuba-dive, skin-dive, stage-dive, swallow-dive, swan-dive. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |
| The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com. |
| Expression | Frequency per Day | Expression | Frequency per Day |
dive | 602 | dive table | 43 |
scuba dive | 550 | dive flag | 41 |
dive watch | 458 | dive knife | 40 |
dive equipment | 433 | dive trip | 38 |
dive gear | 277 | seiko dive watch | 35 |
pro dive | 206 | dive log | 34 |
dive computer | 160 | dive mask | 33 |
dive shop | 132 | fiesta americana cozumel dive resort | 33 |
citizen dive watch | 132 | deep dive | 32 |
dive light | 129 | dive site | 32 |
dive travel | 81 | suunto dive computer | 31 |
dive vacation | 80 | dive resort | 31 |
darwin dive | 73 | compressor dive | 31 |
skin dive | 71 | dive bob | 31 |
dive rite | 58 | maui dive shop | 29 |
muff dive | 52 | dive mask prescription | 27 |
deep dive hearts kingdom | 52 | dive magazine | 27 |
sky dive | 51 | scuba dive gear | 27 |
dive boat | 50 | scuba dive equipment | 26 |
galapagos dive trip | 47 | scuba dive hawaii | 26 |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. | |||
| Language | Translations for "dive"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses. | |
Albanian | rrëmoj (delve, dig, ferret about, ferret out, forage, Mold, mole, mould, rout, rummage, scavenge, search), fus dorën, fut dorën, futem (affiliate, be propagated, break in, drive into, enter, get into, go in, interfere, join, join in, launch, lend oneself to, penetrate, plough into, plunge, sink in, slide, start, stuff, worm), kredhje (dip, diving, duck out, immersion, plunge), kridhem (dip, plough, plow, sink), bie në pikiatë (nosedive), pikiatë (nosedive), zhytje (absorption, dip, dipping, diving, duck out, immersion, infusion, plunging, sinking, submergence), vend bixhozi, zbres (alight, bring down, climb down, debus, deduct, descend, dip, discount, dismount, drop off, go down, knock off, let off, light, lower, reckon off, recoup, step down, subduct, subtract, take away), zhys (dip, immerse, plunge, submerge), zhyt (dip, immerse, plunge, steepen, submerge), zhytem (dip, go under, merge, pore, sink, soak, wallow), zhytet (draw, welter), mejhane (greasy spoon, joint, pothouse, tavern). (various references) | |
Arabic | هبوط مفاجئ (anticlimax, flop, slump), هبط (come down, decline, descend, fall, set down, slump, subside), قحم في, قحم (dip, plunge, push through), حمل الطائرة على الهبوط, غوص (bog, diving, draught, pearl fishery, pitch, plunge, sink, submerge, submergence), غطس (dip, douse, duck, immerse, immersion, plunge, plunk, sink, submerge), غاص (sink), حانة سيئة السمعة, تعمق (deepen, dig, go deeply into), سقط (bring down, cave, come off, dip, down, drop, drop out, failed, fall, go by the board, settle, skip, spill, sprawl, squirt, topple, trip, tumble), إنقضاض (assault, onrush, onslaught, run, rush, stoop, storm, swoop), إنغمس (dip, plunge, welter), إندفاع (break, burst, dash, drift, fling, impulse, impulsion, impulsiveness, lunge, onrush, prod, raciness, rush, scramble, surge, tear). (various references) | |
Blackfoot | isttayi (to dive). (various references) | |
Bulgarian | скок във вода (diving, plunge), хвърлям се (flounce about, rush, toss), гмуркане (diving, duck, plunge), гмуркам се (plunge, sound), мушване (jab, poke, prod), задълбочавам се (delve, immerse, pore), пъхване, пъхвам (pop in, shoot, stuff), потапям се, пикиране (nose dive, swoop), пикирам (nose dive, souse, swoop), изба (cellar, vault), долнопробна кръчма (honky tonk, jerry shop, pothouse). (various references) | |
Chinese | 潛水 , 下潜 (Dives). (various references) | |
Cornish | dyvya (to dive). (various references) | |
Czech | zahloubat se do (become thoughtful), stok do vody, skok (bound, dash, Dido, hop, jump, leap, look in, prance, spring, vault), skoèit do vody, robinzonáda, putyka, prudce klesnout (slump), ponořit se (delve, dip, duck, immerse, plunge, submerge), ponoření se (dip), krèma (boozer, pub, tavern), špeluòka. (various references) | |
Danish | synke (sink), dykke (plunge, sink). (various references) | |
Dutch | duiken (plunge, sink). (various references) | |
Esperanto | subakviĝi (sink), plonĝi (plunge). (various references) | |
Faeroese | kava (sink, snow), fara undir í vatni (sink). (various references) | |
Farsi | فرورفتن(مج.), غواصی کردن , تفحص کردن (Hunt), شیرجه رفتن (Jackknife, Plunge), شیرجه (Plunge). (various references) | |
Finnish | syöksy (rush). (various references) | |
French | plonger (dip), plongeon, piqué. (various references) | |
Frisian | dûke (plunge). (various references) | |
German | tauchen (appear, dip, disappear, diving, duck, duck under, emerge, immerse, plunge, sink, skin diving, skin-dive, soak, stay under water, submerge, to dip (in, to dive), untertauchen (disappear, dive under, duck, go underground, immerse, immersion, lie up, plunge, sink, submerge, submergence), sturzflug (nose dive, swoop), kopfsprung (header, plunge). (various references) | |
Greek | καταγώγιο (den, joint), καταδύομαι (merge, plunge, submerge, submerse), βουτώ (dip, douse, duck, immerse, pick pockets, pinch, plunge, sop, steal, steep, submerge, submerse, take a dive). (various references) | |
Hebrew | לצלול (plunge, sink), צלילה (diving, plunge, plunging). (various references) | |
Hungarian | zuhanás (crash, crump, diving, falling, plump, slump, thud, thump), lemerülés (diving, dousing, duck), fejesugrás (header, plunge, straight header). (various references) | |
Indonesian | penyelaman, menyelam (diving, duck, immerse, submerge), menukik (make a notch), menghunjam. (various references) | |
Italian | tuffarsi (dip, duck, plunge), picchiata (beating, blow, diving, knocking, nosedive, swoop). (various references) | |
Japanese Kanji | 飛込み (jump, plunge), 飛び込み (jump, plunge). (various references) | |
Japanese Katakana | とびこみ (jump, plunge). (various references) | |
Korean | 급강 (Dives). (various references) | |
Manx | thummey (dip, douse, duck; diving, ducking, immerse, immersion, lunge, pitch, plunge, soak, sop, steep, steeping, submerge, submersion), shebeen (shebeen). (various references) | |
Maori | ruku-hia (to dive). (various references) | |
Norwegian | dykke, dykk, stupe, stup. (various references) | |
Papago | wachum (to dive). (various references) | |
Papiamen | sambuyá (plunge). (various references) | |
Pig Latin | iveday.(various references) | |
Portuguese | mergulho (dash, dip, dipping, diving, ducking, plash, plunge, scuba, scuba diving, sinking, souse), mergulhar (dip, drown, immerse, lade, let up fall, plunge, sink, submerge). (various references) | |
Romanian | dispariţie bruscã, sãri în apã, afundare (dip, ducking, immersion, plunge, sinking), bombã (bomb, bombshell, crib, egg, jerry shop, pot house, shell), coborî în picaj, local la subsol, picaj (diving, nose dive, swooping), afunda (deepen, depress, dip, disappear, dissolve, drench, duck, immerse, sink, soak, submerge), plonjare (plunge), se scufunda (duck, founder, go down, go to the bottom, go under, ground, sink), sãriturã în apã, salt (bounce, bound, caper, Frisk, gambol, header, hop, jump, leap, resilience, saltation, skip, spring, start, vault, vaulting), scufunda (dip, drown, engulf, founder, run down, send to the bottom, sink, soak, submerge, subside, swamp, whelm), scufundare în apã (diving), se arunca în apã, se arunca cu capul în jos (precipitate), se cufunda (mouse over, sink), plonja (plunge, plunge in). (various references) | |
Romansch | sfunsar (to dive). (various references) | |
Russian | внезапное исчезновение, винный погребок (bodega, wine vault, wineshop), нырять прыжок, нырять (duck), ныряние (diving, duck, ducky, lunge, plunge), нырнуть (take a header), лазить по карманам, подземный туннель, пикировать (dart down, dart downwards, fall into a nosedive, nosedive, pique, swoop down), пикирование (diving, nose dive, nosedive), пивнушка (gin mill, jerry shop, jerry-shop), дешевый ресторан (chop-house, eating house, eating-house, hash house). (various references) | |
Serbo-Croatian | zaroniti (immerse, sink, submerge, submerse), uroniti (immerse, merge, plunge, submerse), skok u vodu (highboard-diving), skočiti (go up, jump, leap, plunge, rally, spring, vault), skakati u vodu, ronjenje (diving), roniti, pikirati (pique). (various references) | |
Spanish | bucear (diving, plunge, sink), zambullirse (duck, plunge), picado (choppy, dived, ground, nosedive, vexed). (various references) | |
Swazi | kú-cwila (to dive). (various references) | |
Swedish | dyka (plunge, submerge). (various references) | |
Thai | พุ่งหลาวลงน้ำ, การพุ่งลงน้ำ, การปักหัวเครื่องบินลง, การดำน้ำ, ดำน้ำ (duck). (various references) | |
Turkish | dalmak (barge, bathe, be absorbed in, be lost in thought, be wraped up in, bounce, break, break into, conk, contemplate, cut into, dip, drop, drowse off, duck, engross, groove, jut into, lose oneself in, meditate, muse, nip in, pitch into, plummet, plunge, pore, pore over, rush in, rush into, sail in, sink, sink into), dalma (absorption, contemplation, dip, dipping, diving, engrossment, immersion, plunge, scuba diving, submersion), dalış (diving, plunge), düşmek (behoove, behove, collapse, come down, come down in the world, crash, crumble, crumple, crumple up, decline, decrease, deduct, degrade, droop, drop, drop down, drop off, ebb, end up, fall, fall among, fall down, fall from, fall in a heap, fall off, fall on, fall on evil days, fall over, go down, land, lapse, pitch, plonk, plunge, plunk, recede, rest with, sag, scale down, sink, sink into, step down, subside into, take a toss, tumble, tumble down), yaylanarak atlama, pike yapmak (nosedive), pike (diving, nosedive, pique), gömülmek (be buried, be swamped with, sink, sink into), elini daldırmak, batakhane (barrel house, den, den of vice, disorderly house, gambling den, honky tonk, joint), azalmak (abate, be on the wane, be reduced, decay, decline, decrease, de-escalate, diminish, drop off, dwindle, ease off, fall away, fall off, lessen, run short of, run short of smth., sag, scale down, shorten, shrink, sink, tail, wane, wear away), atlamak (arc, arc over, elide, grasp at, hop, hop on, jump, leap, leave out, miss out, omit, skip, snatch at, vault), atlama (crossover, hop, jump, jumping, leap, omission, skip, skipping, spring, take off, vault, vaulting). (various references) | |
Ukrainian | стрибок (bounce, bound, caper, curvet, gambade, gambado, gambol, hop, jump, leap, leaping, pounce, prance, saltation, skip, souse, spirt, spring, spurt), нирок (canvas-back), занурюватися (dip, douse, dowse, merge, plunge, swamp), занурення (dip, dipping, diving, immersion, plunge, plunging, sinking, steep), пірнати (dap, duck, plunge), пікірувати (nosedive, pique), пікірування (diving), пивничка (gin mill). (various references) | |
Welsh | suddo (invest, sink), plannu (plant). (various references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references. | ||
| Language | Period | Translations |
| Old English | 450-1100 | dufan. (various references) |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references. | ||
Derivations | |
Words beginning with "dive": divebomb, divebombed, divebombing, divebombs, dived, diver, diverge, diverged, divergence, divergences, divergencies, divergency, divergent, divergently, diverges, diverging, divers, diverse, diversely, diverseness, diversenesses, diversification, diversifications, diversified, diversifier, diversifiers, diversifies, diversify, diversifying, diversion, diversionary, diversionist, diversionists, diversions, diversities, diversity, divert, diverted, diverter, diverters, diverticula, diverticular, diverticulitis, diverticulitises, diverticuloses, diverticulosis, diverticulum, divertimenti, divertimento, divertimentos, diverting. (additional references) | |
Words ending with "dive": endive, gerundive, khedive, nosedive, postdive, predive, skydive, updive. (additional references) | |
Words containing "dive": biodiversities, biodiversity, endives, gerundives, khedives, nondiversified, nosedives, overdiversified, overdiversities, overdiversity, postdivestiture, skydived, skydiver, skydivers, skydives, updived, updives. (additional references) | |
| |
"Dive" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Adiuva, aive, bive, daiv, daiva, darve, dav, dava, dave, Davex, davi, deve, Deven, devet, devey, Devoe, Dhivehi, diae, dibe, dide, difa, dige, dival, divam, divee, divey, divi, divia, divie, Divo, Divoky, divox, divs, divv, divy, dize, djize, doif, dova, dovel, doven, dovew, dovey, dovie, dovy, duva, duve, duvey, Duvy, dv, dva, Dvu, Dyf, dyv, Dyve, Edgiva, eive, tiva, tive, tyve. (additional references) | |
| Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references). | |
| # of Phoneme Matches | Pronunciation | Word(s) rhyming with "dive" (pronounced dī"v) |
| 2 | -ī" v | alive, arrive, connive, contrive, deprive, derive, drive, five, hive, jive, live, revive, shive, strive, survive, thrive. |
Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits. | ||
Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams | |
Direct Anagrams: vide, vied. | |
| Words within the letters "d-e-i-v" | |
-1 letter: dev, die, vie. | |
-2 letters: de, ed, id. | |
| Words containing the letters "d-e-i-v" | |
+1 letter: devil, dived, diver, dives, drive, hived, ivied, jived, lived, rived, viced, video, vined, vised, wived. | |
+2 letters: advice, advise, cervid, dative, davies, derive, devein, device, devils, devise, devoid, devoir, divers, divert, divest, divide, divine, drivel, driven, driver, drives, endive, envied, evited, fervid, invade, levied, nevoid, reived, sieved, skived, swived, updive, vailed, varied, veiled, veined, verbid, verdin, vespid, vialed, videos, viewed, visaed, viseed, voiced, voided, voider, waived. | |
| Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits. SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro. | |
| 1. Definition 2. Synonyms 3. Crosswords 4. Usage: Modern | 5. Usage: Commercial 6. Images: Slideshow 7. Images: Photo Album 8. Images: Digital Art | 9. Quotations: Fiction 10. Quotations: Non-fiction 11. Usage Frequency 12. Names: Company Usage | 13. Expressions 14. Expressions: Internet 15. Translations: Modern 16. Translations: Ancient | 17. Abbreviations 18. Acronyms 19. Derivations 20. Rhymes | 21. Anagrams 22. Bibliography |
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