Charles

  

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Charles

Definition: Charles

Charles

Noun

1. The eldest son of Elizabeth II and heir to the English throne (born in 1948).

2. French physicist who anticipated Gay-Lussac's law (1746-1823).

3. A river in eastern Massachusetts that empties into Boston Harbor and that separates Cambridge from Boston.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

"Charles" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "a man".

Date "Charles" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1050. (references)

 

Specialty Definition: Charles

DomainDefinition

Literature

Charles An ill-omened name for kings:
England: Charles I. was beheaded by his subjects.
Charles II. lived long in exile.
Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, died in poverty and disgrace in France.
France: Charles I., the Bald, marching to repel the invading Saracens, was forsaken by his followers, and died of poison at Brios.
Charles II., the Fat, reigned wretchedly, and died a beggarly dependent on the stinting bounty of the Archbishop of Metz.
Charles III., the Simple, died in the dungeon of Château Thierry.
Charles IV., the Fair, reigned six years, married thrice, but buried all his children except one daughter, who was forbidden by the Salic law to succeed to the crown.
Charles VI. lived and died an idiot or madman.
Charles VII. starved himself to death.
Charles VIII. smashed his head against the lintel of a doorway in the Château Amboise, and died in agony.
Charles IX. died at the age of twentyfour, harrowed in conscience for the part he had taken in the "Massacre of St. Bartholomew."
Charles X. spent a quarter of a century in exile, and when he succeeded to the throne, fled for his life and died in exile.
Charles le Téméraire, of Burgundy, lost his life at Nancy, where he was utterly defeated by the Swiss.
Naples: Charles I. saw the French massacred in the "Sicilian Vespers," and experienced only disasters.
Charles II., the Lame, was in captivity at his father's death.
Charles III., his grandson, was assassinated. (See Jane). Source: Brewer's Dictionary.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Specialty Definition: Carlos of Portugal

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Carlos, King of Portugal (Eng Charles), (full name: Carlos Fernando Luís Maria Victor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis José Simão of Braganza) (September 28 1863 - February 1 1908) was the second to last of Portugal's kings. He was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of King Luís Filipe and Princess Maria Pia of Savoy. He became King on Oct 10 1889. An intelligent but vastly extravagent man, Carlos' policies, wastefulness and extramarital affairs effectively sealed the fate of the Poruguese monarchy. Colonial treaties with Britain (one signed in August 1890 that defined their African borders along the Zambesi and Congo rivers and another signed on October 14, 1899, that confirmed colonial treaties of the 17th Century) stabilised the situation in Africa. Domestically, Portugal was twice declared bankrupt - on June 14, 1892, and again on May 10, 1902 - causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy. Carlos responded by appointing General João Franco as military dictator, but on February 1, 1908, the king and his eldest son, Crown Prince Luis Felipe were shot dead in the streets of Lisbon.

He was married to Princess Amélie d'Orléans in 1886. Their children were

Preceded by:
Luis Felipe 		List of Portuguese monarchs Succeeded by:
Manuel II

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Carlos of Portugal."

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Charlemagne

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)


Statue of Charlemagne
in Frankfurt
Charlemagne (April 2, 742 - January 28, 814; or Charles the Great, in German: Karl der Große, in Latin: Carolus Magnus, and hence the adjective form 'Carolingian'), was king of the Franks from 771 to 814, nominally King of the Lombards, and Roman Emperor.

Arguably the founder of a Frankish Empire in Western Europe, Charlemagne was the elder son of Pippin the Short (751-768), the first Carolingian king. Pippin the Short indulged in the monopoly of the coining of money, deciding on the opening and closure of minting shops, the weight, title and the subjects represented.

European coinage began with Pippin the Short who revived the system put in place by the ancient Greeks and Romans and kept going by the Eastern Roman Empire (1 libra = 20 solidi = 240 denarii).

On the death of Pippin the kingdom was divided between Charlemagne and his brother Carloman (Carloman ruled Austrasia). Carloman died on December 5, 771, leaving Charlemagne with a reunified Frankish kingdom. In 800, at Mass on Christmas day in Rome, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, a title that had been out of use in the West since the abdication of Romulus Augustulus in 476.

Pursuing his father's reforms, Charlemagne did away with the monetary system based on the gold sou. Both he and king Offa of Mercia took up the system set in place by Pippin. He set up a new standard, the livre (pound -- both monetary and unit of weight) which was worth 20 sous (as per the solidus, and later the shilling) or 240 deniers (as per the denari, and eventually the penny). During this period, the livre and the sou were counting units, only the denier was a coin of the realm.

Charlemagne applied the system to much of the European Continent, and Offa's standard was voluntarily adopted by much of England.

When Charlemagne died in 814, he was buried in his own Cathedral at Aachen. He was succeeded by his only son to survive him, Louis the Pious, after whose reign the empire was divided between his three surviving sons according to Frankish tradition. These three kingdoms would be the foundations of later France and the Holy Roman Empire.

After Charlemagne's death, continental coinage degraded and most of Europe resorted to using the continued high quality English coin until about AD 1100.

It is difficult to understand Charlemagne's attitude toward his daughters. None of them contracted a sacramental marriage. This may have been an attempt to control the number of potential alliances. After his death the surviving daughters entered or were forced to enter monasteries. At least one of them, Bertha, had a recognized relationship, if not a marriage, with Angilbert, a member of Charlemagne's court circle.

Cultural significance


Autograph of Charlemagne

Charlemagne's reign is often referred to as the Carolingian Renaissance because of the flowering of scholarship, literature, art and architecture. Most of the surviving works of classical Latin were copied and preserved by Carolingian scholars. The pan-European nature of Charlemagne's influence is indicated by the origins of many of the men who worked for him: Alcuin, an Anglo-Saxon; Theodulf, a Visigoth; Paul the Deacon, a Lombard; and Angilbert and Einhard, Franks.

Charlemagne enjoyed an important afterlife in European culture. One of the great medieval literature cycles, the Charlemagne cycle or Matter of France, centers around the deeds of Charlemagne's historical commander of the Breton border, Roland, and the paladins who served as a counterpart to the knights of the Round Table; their tales were first told in the chansons de geste. Charlemagne himself was accorded sainthood inside the Holy Roman Empire after the 12th Century. He was a model knight as one of the Nine Worthies

It is frequently claimed by genealogists that all people with European ancestry alive today are probably descended from Charlemagne. However, only a small percentage can prove descent from him. Charlemagne's marriage and relationship politics and ethics did, however, result in a fairly large number of descendants, all of whom had far better life expectancies than is usually the case for children in that time period. They were married into houses of nobility and as a result of intermarriages many people of noble descend can indeed trace their ancestry back to Charlemagne.

Unification legacy

The greatest European unifiers: Frederick Barbarossa, Louis XIV, Napoleon, Jean Monnet, Helmut Kohl, and present leaders such as Gerhard Schröder have all mentioned Charlemagne's name in the context of unification.

Wives

  1. . ?
  2. . ?
  3. . Hildegard (died 783)
  4. . Fastrada (married 784) (died 794)
  5. . Luitgard (married 794)

Related articles

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Charles

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles is a very common personal name employed by nobility in many European countries and can refer to any of the following monarchs or nobles. This page will not include people having Charles as personal name(s), like Charles Darwin, Charles Babbage, etc..

First names that can be interpreted as Charles in English

List of nobility having Charles as first name

See also: Lists of incumbents

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles."

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Charles Bronfman

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles Rosner Bronfman is the fifth richest person in Canada, with a net worth of US$2.2 billion (according to Forbes [1]). His fortune comes from the family liquor business.

He is the son of Samuel and Saidye Bronfman; his siblings are Minda, architecture maven Phyllis, and Edgar.

In 2002 his children launched the Charles Bronfman Prize, which awards money to those doing most to advance Jewish causes.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles Bronfman."

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Charles County, Maryland

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles County is a county in the east central portion of the U.S. State of Maryland.

As of 2000, the population is 120,546. Its county seat is La Plata. The county was named for Charles Calvert (1637-1715), third Lord Baltimore. Calvert lived in Maryland from 1661 to 1684, when he returned to England.

This county is a part of the Washington-Baltimore Metropolitan Area.

History

Charles County was created in 1658 by an Order in Council. It should be noted that from 1650 to 1653 there was an earlier Charles County, sometimes referred to in historic documents as Old Charles County.

Law/Government

Charles County is still governed by county commissioners, the traditional form of county government in Maryland.

Geography

Charles County includes three municipalities, all classified as towns under Maryland law:
  1. Indian Head (incorporated 1920)
  2. La Plata (incorporated 1888)
  3. Port Tobacco Village (incorporated 1888)

Unincorporated areas are also considered as towns by many people, but they lack local government. The United States Census Bureau recognizes the following Census-Designated Places in Charles County:
  1. Bennsville
  2. Bryans Road
  3. Hughesville
  4. Potomac Heights
  5. Saint Charles
  6. Waldorf
  7. Joppatowne
Other entities, such as the United States Postal Service, use a different selection of local place names. In all these cases, since the places are unincorporated, the boundaries are determined by the classifying authority.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,666 km² (643 mi²). 1,194 km² (461 mi²) of it is land and 472 km² (182 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 28.33% water.

Demographics

As of the census2 of 2000, there are 120,546 people, 41,668 households, and 32,292 families residing in the county. The population density is 101/km² (262/mi²). There are 43,903 housing units at an average density of 37/km² (95/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 68.51% White, 26.06% Black or African American, 0.75% Native American, 1.82% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.72% from other races, and 2.08% from two or more races. 2.26% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 41,668 households out of which 41.10% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.00% are married couples living together, 14.50% have a female householder with no husband present, and 22.50% are non-families. 17.20% of all households are made up of individuals and 5.20% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.86 and the average family size is 3.21.

In the county the population is spread out with 28.70% under the age of 18, 7.60% from 18 to 24, 33.20% from 25 to 44, 22.70% from 45 to 64, and 7.80% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 95.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 92.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county is $62,199, and the median income for a family is $67,602. Males have a median income of $43,371 versus $34,231 for females. The per capita income for the county is $24,285. 5.50% of the population and 3.70% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 6.70% are under the age of 18 and 8.60% are 65 or older.

Cities and towns

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Charles Eames

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles Ormond Eames, Jr (June 17, 1907 - August 21, 1978) was an American designer, architect and filmmaker who, together with his wife Ray, is responsible for many classic, iconic designs of the 20th century. He was born in Saint Louis, Missouri, where he studied architecture at Washington University and later opened an architectural practice.

One great influence on him was the Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen (whose son Eero, also an architect, would become a partner and friend). At Saarinen's invitation, he moved in 1938 with his first wife Catherine Woermann Eames and daughter Lucia to Cranbrook, Michigan, to further study architecture and design at the Cranbrook Academy of Art, where he would become a teacher and head of the Industrial Design department. Together with Eero Saarinen he designed prize-winning furniture for New York's Museum of Modern Art "Organic Design" competition. Their work displayed the new technique of wood moulding, that Eames would further develop in many moulded plywood products, including, besides chairs and other furniture, splints and stretchers for the US Navy during World War II.

In 1941, Charles and Catherine divorced, and he married his Cranbrook colleague Ray Kaiser, moving with her to Los Angeles, California, where they would work and live for the rest of their lives. In the late Forties, as part of the Arts & Architecture magazine "Case Study" program, Ray and Charles designed and built the groundbreaking Eames House, their home. Located upon a cliff overlooking the Pacific Ocean, and constructed entirely of pre-fabricated steel parts intended for industrial construction, it remains a milestone of modern architecture.

In the Fifties, the Eameses would continue their work in architecture and furniture design, often (like in the earlier moulded plywood work) pioneering innovative technologies, such as the fiberglass and plastic resin chairs and the wire mesh chairs designed for Hermann Miller. Besides this work, Charles would soon channel his interest in photography into the production of short films. From their first one, the unfinished Traveling Boy (1950), to the extraordinary Powers of Ten (1977), their cinematic work was an outlet for ideas, a vehicle for experimentation and education.

The Eameses also conceived and designed a number of landmark exhibitions. The first of these, "Mathematica, a World of Numbers and Beyond" (1961), is still considered a model for scientific popularization exhibitions. It was followed by "A Computer Perspective - Background to the Computer Age" (1971) and "The World of Franklin and Jefferson" (1975-1977), among others.

The Office of Charles and Ray Eames, which functioned for more than four decades at 901 Washington Boulevard in Venice, California, included in its staff, at one time of another, a number of remarkable designers, like Don Albinson and Deborah Sussman. Among the many important designs originating there are the Eames Lounge Chair (1956), the Aluminum Group furniture (1958) and the Eames Chaise (1968), designed for Charles's friend, film director Billy Wilder, as well as the playful Do-Nothing Machine (1957), an early solar energy experiment, and a number of toys.

Charles Eames died in 1978 while on a consulting trip in his native Saint Louis.

Quotes

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Charles Edison

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles Edison (August 3, 1890 - July 31, 1969), son of Thomas Edison, was a businessman, Assistant and then Acting Secretary of the Navy, and governor of New Jersey.

Born at his parents' home Glenmont, he attended the Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut.

He married his college sweetheart Carolyn Hawkins on March 27, 1918.

For a number of years Charles Edison ran Edison Records.

Charles became president of his father's company Thomas A. Edison, Inc in 1927, and ran it until it was sold in 1959.

In 1937 President Roosevelt appointed Charles Edison as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, then as Acting Secretary on January 2, 1940, Claude A. Swanson having died several months previously. Edison himself only kept the job until June 24, resigning to run his gubernatorial campaign. During his time in the Navy department, he advocated construction of the large Iowa-class battleships, and that one of them be built at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, which secured votes for Roosevelt in Pennsylvania and New Jersey in the 1940 election; in return, Roosevelt had BB-62 named the USS New Jersey.

In 1940 he won election as governor of New Jersey, running in reaction to the political machine run by Frank Hague, but broke with family tradition by declaring himself a Democrat. As governor he proposed updating the state constitution. Although it failed in a referendum and nothing was changed during his tenure, state legislators did reform the constitution later.

In 1948 he established a charitable foundation, originally called "The Brook Foundation", now the Charles Edison Fund.

Between 1951 and 1969 he lived in the Waldorf Astoria Towers, where he struck up a friendship with Herbert Hoover, who also lived there.

His personal mascot was the owl, and he collected objects depicting owls.

Charles Edison is buried in East Orange, New Jersey.

Reference

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Charles I of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles I (November 19, 1600 - January 30, 1649) was King of Scotland, England, and Ireland (March 27, 1625 - January 30, 1649), and is most notable for being the only British monarch to be overthrown and beheaded. He was the son and successor of James VI and I.


Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland

Born at Dunfermline Palace (his father at this time being King of Scotland but not yet of England), he was an underdeveloped child (he is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as Britain's shortest king) and was not regarded with the same confidence as his elder brother, Henry, Prince of Wales. However, when Henry died of typhoid in 1612, Charles suddenly found himself the heir to two thrones and was created Prince of Wales in 1616. He was greatly influenced by his father's favourite, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, who took him on an expedition to Spain in 1623 to look for a suitable bride; the quest was unsuccessful, because the Spanish demanded he convert to Roman Catholicism.

He came to the throne while much of Europe was moving towards domination by all-powerful monarchs, such as Louis XIV of France. Charles would attempt to pursue similar policies but would be limited by a robust parliamentary opposition. There was widespread opposition to many of Charles' actions. These included the use of the Court of the Star Chamber to suppress dissent; a policy of taxation without the approval of Parliament; and a religious policy that was seen by the Puritans as attempting to bring the Anglican Church closer to Roman Catholicism.

Marriage

On June 13, 1625 he married Henrietta Maria de Bourbon, daughter of King Henry IV of France. Together, they had nine children, four sons and five daughters.:

Although the marriage seems to have been a successful one, it was never popular with the British people.

Conflict with Parliament

Conflict with Parliament became intense over the issue of the Huguenots. The expedition to relieve La Rochelle under Buckingham had been disastrous. The Commons passed resolutions against arbitrary taxes, and arbitrary arrest, and passed the Petition of Right. Buckingham was assassinated by John Felton on August 23 1629. Parliament tried to pass further motions obnoxious to the king, and was dissolved on March 29 1629. The years that followed were called the Personal Rule or the eleven years' tyranny. Charles was barely able to keep government functioning without further taxes being voted, and was forced to rely on inventive methods of raising finance. One of these was ship money.

After the death of Buckingham, two new men assumed growing importance in the government: Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford and William Laud. Laud, made archbishop of Canterbury, was instrumental in a policy of imposing a strict conformity on the Church: but it was a conformity in line with his Arminianism, and was met with continued hostility by the Puritans. England, however, remained quiet and even prosperous, until Charles tried in 1637 to impose this same conformity on the Scots.

The result was the revival of the National Covenant and the first of the Bishops' Wars, which ended in a humiliating truce for Charles on June 18 1639. It was in order to raise money to subdue the Scots that he was forced to take the fateful step of recalling Parliament in April 1640. This Short Parliament proved unamenable to Charles's wishes, and was dissolved on May 5. After another defeat in Scotland, Charles was once again persuaded to recall Parliament.

This Long Parliament soon brought matters to a head, and took measures which both threatened Charles's political position and caused him deep personal grief. Wentworth was impeached, and, that having failed, executed by bill of attainder. Laud was imprisoned and was executed at a later time. Charles was forced into one concession after another - the affirmation of Presbyterianism in Scotland and the abolition of ship money and the Star Chamber. But he could not agree to the Militia Bill, which would have taken control of the army from him. The threat of this and attacks on Henrietta Maria, led him to try and seize control of events by seizing the persons of five members of Parliament identified as the key ringleaders. By violating Parliament with an armed force, he made the breach permanent. It was no longer safe for him to be in London, and he went north; the Queen went abroad.

Civil War

The English Civil War had not yet started, but both sides began to arm. After futile negotiations Charles raised the royal standard (an anachronistic medieval gesture) in Nottingham on August 22 1642. Charles set up court at Oxford, from where his government controlled roughly the north and west of England, Parliament remaining in control of London and the south and east. The war went on indecisively through 1643 and 1644, until the Battle of Naseby tipped the military balance decisively in favour of Parliament. There followed the Siege of Oxford, from which Charles escaped in April 1646. He put himself into the hands of the Scottish Presbyterian army at Newark, who delivered him to Parliament as part of a deal in January 1647. He was imprisoned at Holdenby House in Northamptonshire, until cornet George Joyce took him by force to Newmarket in the name of the army. At this time, mutual suspicion had developed between the army and Parliament, a suspicion that Charles was eager to exploit.

He was then transferred first to Oatlands and then to Hampton Court, where more involved but fruitless negotiations went on. He was persuaded that it would be in his best interests to escape - perhaps abroad, perhaps to France, or perhaps to the custody of Robert Hammond, Parliamentary governor of the Isle of Wight. He decided on the last course, believing Hammond to be sympathetic, and fled on November 11. Hammond, however, was appalled and confined him in Carisbrooke Castle.

Here he continued to try and bargain with the various parties, eventually coming to terms with the Scottish Presbyterians that he would allow the establishment of Presbyterianism in England as well as Scotland for a trial period. The Royalists rose in July 1648, and the Scots invaded. When the Scottish armies were finally defeated at the Battle of Preston, pressure grew in the army for Charles to be put on trial.

Trial and Execution

This was a novel idea; monarchs had been deposed before, but never brought to trial as monarchs. The leaders of the plan believed the king had to die, but were determined that this would be no act done in a corner. Instead Charles, as King of England, would face a show trial. On January 20, 1649, the trial began. Many of the famous names of the opposition to his name refused to have any part in it; he was tried by an illegal parliament of 135 members. His trial lasted from January 19 to January 27, 1649. He was convicted of treason against the state by 68 votes that found him guilty to 67 votes for acquittal. Some sources claim that the deciding vote belonged to Cromwell who chose to vote last.

Charles was beheaded on January 30, 1649 by Richard Brandon, a professional hangman, in front of the Banqueting House at the Palace of Whitehall. His death warrant refers to him as "Charles Stuart, King of England". The execution was not greeted with any enthusiam, but by near silence. In an unprecidented gesture, Cromwell allowed the king's head to be sewn back on his body so the family could pay its respects. King Charles I is buried in the Henry VIII vault at Windsor Castle.

Parliament asserted its legal authority even over the monarch, rather than claiming that he was no longer king. Oliver Cromwell would soon become Lord Protector of England, a position which made him a virtual dictator.

Commemoration

There are several Episcopalian churches dedicated to Charles I as "King and Martyr," in England, Canada, and the United States of America. A commemoration of Charles I was added to the Book of Common Prayer by Charles II upon the Restoration, observed on January 30. The commemoration was removed by order of Queen Victoria in her capacity as head of the Church of England.

Restoration of the Monarchy

In the Restoration, his eldest surviving son regained the thrones of Scotland, England, and Ireland as Charles II.

Quotations

Preceded by:
[[James I of England|James I of England/
James VI of Scotland]]		 List of British monarchs Succeeded by:
Oliver Cromwell

Fiction

The TV special "Blackadder: The Cavalier Years" features a surreal version of the events leading to his execution.

Charles's life has more often been treated seriously in novels and plays and on film.

See Also

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Charles I of Hungary

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles I of Hungary (Anjou France 1288 or 1291 - Visegrad, Hungary July 16, 1342), also called Charles Robert, Carobert and Charles I Robert, was the king of Hungary from August 27, 1310. He was the grandson of King Charles II of Naples, son of Charles Martel and Clemencia, daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph I.

His Life

Known as Charles Robert prior to his enthronment as King of Hungary in 1309, Charles claimed the Hungarian crown as the great-grandson of King Stephen V of Hungary and under the banner of the Pope. Travelling in August 1300 from Naples to Dalmatia, he was crowned at Esztergom after the death in 1301 of the last Arpad king Andrew III of Hungary but was forced in the same year to surrender the crown to Wenceslaus II of Bohemia.

His failure only made Pope Boniface VIII still more zealous on his behalf, and support from his Hungarian adherents was observed at the Diet of Pressburg in 1304. In the meantime Wenceslaus transferred his rights to Duke Otto III of Bavaria in 1305, who in his turn was taken prisoner by the Hungarian rebels. He was enthroned at Buda on June 15, 1309. His installation was not regarded as valid until he was crowned at Székesfehérvár on August 27, 1310 with the sacred crown, which was at last recovered from the rebellious barons. For the next three years Charles had to contend with rebellion after rebellion, and it was only after his great victory at Rozgony on June 15, 1312 that he was the real master of his own land.

Charles married three times. His first wife was Maria, daughter of Duke Casimir of Teschen, whom he married in 1306. She died in 1315, and in 1318, he married Beatrice, daughter of the Emperor Henry VI. On her demise two years later he married Elizabeth, daughter of king Wladyslaw I Lokietek of Poland. Five sons were born of his third marriage, of whom three, Louis, Andrew and Stephen, survived him. His sister Clemence d'Anjou (1293 - 1328) married Louis X of France on August 13, 1315 and became the mother of John I of France.

Charles died on July 16, 1342, and was laid beside the high altar at Székesfehérvár, the ancient burial place of the Arpads.

His Reign

Charles restored order by absolute rule. The national assembly (Orszflggyules) was still summoned occasionally at very irregular intervals, but the real business of the state was transacted in the royal council, where able men of the middle class, 70 percent of them Italians, held trusted positions. To impose limitations on the barons, the lesser gentry were protected against the tyranny of the magnates, encouraged to appear at court and taxed for military service by the royal treasury so as to draw them closer to the crown. The court was famous throughout Europe as a school of chivalry.

Charles also carried out numerous important reforms. He was a born financier, and his reform of the currency and of the whole fiscal system greatly contributed to enrich both the merchant class and the treasury. Towns grew and crime reduced owing to Charles's fiscal care. He encouraged trade and imposed taxes to support his army, which he used to expand his territory, making Hungary into a major European power. His achievements were continued by his son King Louis the Great.

Charles's foreign policy largely stemmed from dynastic alliances. His most successful achievement was the mutual defense union with Poland against the Habsburgs and Bohemians, accomplished by the convention of Trencsén in 1335, confirmed the same year at the brilliant two-month congress of Visegrad. Not only did all the princes of central Europe compose their differences and enjoy splendid entertainment during the months of October and November: the immediate result of the congress was a combined attack by the Hungarians and Poles upon the Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV and his ally the Habsburg Duke Albert II of Austria, which resulted in favour of Charles in 1337.

Charles's desire to unite the kingdoms of Hungary and Naples under his eldest son Louis was dashed by Venice and by the Pope, who both feared Hungary might become the dominant Adriatic power. Nevertheless he was more than compensated for this disappointment by his compact in 1339 with his ally and brother-in-law, Casimir III of Poland, whereby it was agreed that Louis should succeed to the Polish throne on the death of the childless Casimir.

Deterioration of the southern frontier

The Arpad kings had succeeded in encircling their whole southern frontier with six military colonies or banates, comprising, roughly speaking, Little Wallachia (southern part of present-day Romania) and the northern parts of present-day Bulgaria, Serbia and Bosnia. Charles redistributed these territories and proselytized the residents of the region to consolidate his reign.

Although he managed to expand his kingdom, the adverse effect was converting most of the old banates into semi-independent and violently anti-Hungarian principalities. The predominent religion of the area was Greek-Orthodox, and forceful proselytization to Catholicism provoked rebellion. Natural dynastic competition with the Orthodox Serbian and Bulgarian tsars and the emergence of a new Wallachian nationality also contributed to the upraising.

Prior to 1320, what is now called Wallachia was regarded by the Hungarians as part of the banate of Szörény. Residents in this area of very ethnically mixed and ever-shifting population were the Vlachs (Romanians), who under their governor (Romanian language: voievod) Basarab I, ambushed King Charles. He barely escaped (Nov. 9?2, 1330). This incident marked the beginning of Wallachia as an independent state.

Unknown to Charles, the Ottoman Turks had already secured Asia Minor under the sultans Osman I and Orhan I and planned to invade the Balkans to consolidate their realm. The Balkans sovereignties were keener on securing their regimes than on co-ordinating their defences. With Charles' policy added into the equation, the Turks could annihilate them one by one. Nevertheless these events happened years after Charles' death.

Modified text from 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica but place names (with ?) to be confirmed.

Preceded by:
Otto III 		List of Hungarian rulers Succeeded by:
Louis I

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles I of Hungary."

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Charles I of Sicily

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The posthumous son of king Louis VIII of France, Charles I (March 1227 - January 7, 1285) was created count of Anjou by his elder brother king Louis IX in 1246, founding the second Angevin dynasty.

In 1266 Charles was invested by Pope Clement IV with the kingship of Naples and Sicily, in return for expelling Manfred, son of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. In 1261, Sicily alone had been entrusted to his rule.

Manfred's defeat and death in battle were followed (1268) by the defeat and execution of his nephew Conradin, but in 1282 Sicily rose against French officialdom and taxes intended to finance Charles's struggle to restore the Latin Empire at Constantinople.

The island was taken by king Peter III of Aragón, who became also Peter I of Sicily, but Charles remained in possession of mainland Naples until his death, acquiring in addition the now empty title of king of Jerusalem in 1277.

Charles's dynasty went on to rule Hungary and Poland for a time in the following century, but lost Naples in 1442. The main line in Anjou ended in 1481.

See also: Monarchs of Naples and Sicily

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles I of Sicily."

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Charles II of England

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles II (May 29, 1630 - February 6, 1685) was King of England, Scotland and Ireland (proclaimed by monarchists January 30, 1649; assumed throne at the restoration May 29, 1660 - February 6, 1685).

Childhood

Charles was the eldest son of King Charles I of England and Queen Henrietta Maria, born at St James's Palace. Although he took the title of Prince of Wales, he was never formally invested with it, partly because of the English Civil War that was brewing during his childhood and broke out violently in 1642. By the time his father, the King, was executed on January 30, 1649, Charles had only just reached maturity (though he already had considerable military experience). He had been forced to flee to France in 1646.


Charles II
King of England, Ireland and Scotland

King of the Scots

Charles lived for some time in The Hague with his remaining family. Shortly after his father's death, on February 5, 1649 with his declaration as King of Scotland in Edinburgh he had been given the opportunity to acquire the throne of Scotland, on the understanding that he would sign the Scottish Covenant. He did this upon his arrival in Scotland on the June 23, 1650. As a result, on January 1, 1651, he was crowned King of Scots at Scone. It was in Scotland that he found the support he needed to mount a serious challenge to Oliver Cromwell. This ended after his own defeat at the Battle of Worcester in 1651, following which Charles is said to have hidden in an oak tree at Boscobel House, subsequently escaping to the continent in disguise.

He remained abroad, living a rather licentious life and fathering numerous illegitimate children (350 or so by rumour), who included James, Duke of Monmouth, born in 1649 to a Welsh noblewoman, Lucy Walter, whom Charles was alleged to have secretly married.

Restoration of the Monarchy

After Richard Cromwell's resignation in 1659 and the civil and military unrest that followed, General George Monck sent a delegation to Charles in Holland, headed by Thomas Fairfax to negotiate terms under which Monck would support Charles' return as King, resulting in the 1660 Declaration of Breda. As a result, the Convention Parliament declared Charles to be King on May 8, 1660.

Charles set out of England, arriving on May 23, 1660, reaching London on May 29, 1660 which is considered the day of his restoration to the throne. Charles was crowned king at Westminster Abbey on 23 April, 1661.

Although Charles granted an amesty to Cromwell's supporters in the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, this was not extended to those judges and officials involved in his father's trial and execution. Nine (ten?) of these regicides were hanged, drawn and quartered in 1660, nineteen were given life imprisonment, and others fled overseas. Three of these were extradited and hanged in 1662. In addition, the bodies of Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton and John Bradshaw were exhumed and hung in chains at Tyburn, while the body of Admiral Robert Blake was exhumed from Westminster Abbey and dumped in a common grave.

The period following the "Restoration" of the monarchy became a recognisable period of English history, characterised by the rebuilding of London following the great plague of 1665 and Great Fire of London in 1666. Theatres reopened with women eventually allowed to perform on stage and the Church of England became more liberal after the severe restrictions of Cromwell's administration. Charles himself became known as "The Merry Monarch".

Finance, France and Catholicism

Parliament granted Charles a lifetime revenue. In return Charles gave up the remaining mediaeval rights including knight service and feudal dues from wardships.

To raise cash, in 1662 Charles sold Dunkirk to France for 40 000 pounds. In 1667 he was responsible for appointing George Downing, (the builder of Downing Street,) to radically reform the Treasury and the collection of taxes. And, in a secret protocol to the 1670 Treaty of Dover he received French financial assistance in exchange for his agreement to "declare himself a Catholic as soon as the welfare of his realm will permit". When the protocol later became known, it seriously compromised Charles, losing him the nation's trust, though it did recover in the 1680s.

Politics

During the early years of his reign, Charles's chief advisor was Edward Hyde, whom he created Earl of Clarendon in 1661. Clarendon was also the father-in-law of Charles's younger brother, the Duke of York. However, by 1667, after the disastrous Second Anglo-Dutch War, Clarendon had fallen out of favour and was sent into exile. Clarendon was replaced by a quintet of advisors: Clifford, Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, Ashley and Lauderdale, whose initials are believed by some to be the origin of the term cabal. There was considerable religious controversy, even within this small group, and the groundswell of opinion in the country reached an anti-Catholic climax with the discovery of the so-called "Popish Plot", the invention of a charlatan, Titus Oates.

Charles II dissolved the Cavalier Parliament on January 24, 1679.

Charles continued to keep mistresses, the most famous of whom was the actress, Nell Gwyn. Others included Louise de Keroualle (Duchess of Portsmouth), and Barbara Villiers (Duchess of Cleveland and Countess of Castlemaine). In 1662, he had married Catherine of Braganza, a Portuguese princess, which gave him posession of Bombay and Tangier. However their marriage was childless, resulting in some uncertainty about the succession when he died of a stroke at the Palace of Whitehall. He converted to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed. He was succeeded by his younger brother as James II of England and James VII of Scotland. In 1692 Catherine moved to Spain.

The illegitimate children of Charles II

Charles left no legitimate heirs but fathered an unknown number of illegitimate children. He acknowledged 14 children to be his own, including Barbara Fitzroy who almost certainly wasn't his child.

By Lucy Walter (1630-1658):

James Crofts "Scott" (1649-1685), created James, Duke of Monmouth (1663)
Mary Crofts. (c. 1693) Not acknowledged. She married a William Sarsfield and later a William Fanshaw and became a faith healer operating in Covent Garden.

By Elizabeth Killigrew (1622-1680):
Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria Boyle, "Fitzcharles" 1650-1684

By Catherine Pegge, Lady Green:
Charles Fitzcharles (1657-80), known as "Don Carlos", created Earl of Plymouth (1675)
Catherine Fitzcharles (born 1658, died young)

By Barbara Palmer (1640-1709) (nee Villiers), Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of Cleveland:
Anne Palmer (Fitzroy) (1661-1722)
Charles Fitzroy(1662-1730) created Duke of Southampton (1675), Duke of Cleveland (1709)
Henry Fitzroy (1663-90), created Earl of Euston (1672), Duke of Grafton (1709)
Charlotte Fitzroy (1664-1718), Countess of Lichfield
George Fitzroy (1665-1716), created Earl of Northumberland (1674), Duke of Northumberland (1683)
Barbara (Benedicta) Fitzroy (1672-1737) - She was acknowledged as Charles' daughter, but was probably the child of John Churchill, later Duke of Marlborough

By Eleanor "Nell" Gwynne (c.1642-1687)
Charles Beauclerk (1670-1726), created Duke of St Albans
James Beauclerk (1671-1681)

By Louise Renée de Penancoet da Kéroualle (1648-1734), Duchess of Portsmouth (1673)
Charles Lennox (1672-1723), created Duke of Richmond (1675)

By Mary 'Moll' Davis:
Mary Tudor (1673-1726)

Other mistresses
Hortense Mancini, Duchess of Mazarin
Winifred Wells - one of the Queen's Maids of Honour
Mrs Jane Roberts - the daughter of a clergyman
Mary Killigrew - the widowed Countess of Falmouth
Elizabeth Fitzgerald, Countess of Kildare
Frances Stuart, later Countess of Lichfield

Preceded by:
Richard Cromwell 		List of British monarchs Succeeded by:
James II of England/
James VII of Scotland

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles II of England."

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Charles IX of Sweden

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Karl IX
Reign1604-October 30, 1611
Regency from July 24, 1599.
CoronationMarch 15, 1607
Royal motto "Jehovah solatium meum"
("God my comfort")
ConsortsMaria of Palatinate-Kleeburg
Christina of Holstein-Gottorp
Royal HouseVasa
PredecessorSigismund I of Sweden
SuccessorGustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Date of BirthOctober 4, 1550
Place of BirthRoyal Palace in Stockholm
Date of DeathOctober 30, 1611
Place of DeathNyköpin Castle, Sudermannia
Place of BurialSträngnäs Cathedral

Charles IX, or Karl IX (1550-1611), king of Sweden, was the youngest son of Gustav I of Sweden and Margareta Lejonhufvud. By his father’s will he got, by way of appanage, the Duchy of Sudermannia, which included the provinces of Nericia and Wermelandia; but he did not come into actual possession of them till after the fall of Eric XIV of Sweden, 1569.

Duke Charles

In 1568 he was the real leader of the rebellion against Eric, but took no part in the designs of his brother John III of Sweden against the unhappy king after his deposition. Indeed, Charles’s relations with John were always more or less strained. He had no sympathy with John’s High-Church tendencies on the one hand, and he sturdily resisted all the king’s endeavours to restrict his authority as Duke of Sudermania on the other. The nobility and the majority of the Riksdag of the Estates supported John, however, in his endeavours to unify the realm, and Charles had consequently (1587) to resign his pretensions to autonomy within his duchy; but, fanatical Calvinist as he was, on the religious question he was immovable. The matter came to a crisis on the death of John III in 1592). The heir to the throne was John’s eldest son, Sigismund of Sweden, already king of Poland and a devoted Catholic. The fear lest Sigismund might re-catholicize the land alarmed the Protestant majority in Sweden, and Charles came forward as their champion, and also as the defender of the Vasa dynasty against foreign interference.

It was due entirely to him that Sigismund was forced to confirm the resolutions of the council of Uppsala, thereby recognizing the fact that Sweden was essentially a Protestant state. In the ensuing years Charles’s task was extraordinarily difficult. He had steadily to oppose Sigismund’s reactionary tendencies; he had also to curb the nobility, which he did with cruel rigour. Necessity compelled him to work rather with the people than the gentry; hence it was that the Riksdag assumed under his government a power and an importance which it had never possessed before. In 1595 the Riksdag of Söderköping elected Charles regent, and his attempt to force Klas Flemming, governor of Finland, to submit to his authority, rather than to that of the king, provoked a civil war. Technically Charles was, without doubt, guilty of high treason, and the considerable minority of all dasses which adhered to Sigismund on his landing in Sweden in 1598 indisputably behaved like loyal subjects. But Sigismund was both an alien and a heretic to the majority of the Swedish nation, and his formal deposition by the Riksdag of the Estates in 1599 was, in effect, a natural vindication and legitimation of Charles’s position.

King Charles IX

Finally, the Riksdag at Linköping, February 24, 1600 declared that Sigismund and his posterity had forfeited the Swedish throne, and, passing over duke John, the second son of John III, a youth of ten, recognized duke Charles as their sovereign under the title of Charles IX. Charles’s short reign was an uninterrupted warfare. The hostility of Poland and the break up of Russia involved him in two overseas contests for the possession of Livonia and Ingria, while his pretensions to Lapponia brought upon him a war with Denmark in the last year of his reign. In all these struggles he was more or less unsuccessful, owing partly to the fact that he had to do with superior generals (e.g. Chodkiewicz and Christian IV of Denmark) and partly to sheer ill-luck. Compared with his foreign policy, the domestic policy of Charles IX was comparatively unimportant. It aimed at confirming and supplementing what had already been done during his regency. Not till March 6, 1604, after Duke John had formally renounced his rights to the throne, did Charles IX begin to style himself king. The first deed in which the title appears is dated March 20 1604; but he was not crowned until March 15, 1607. Four and a half years later Charles IX died at Nyköping, October 30, 1611. As a ruler he is the link between his great father and his still greater son. He consolidated the work of Gustav I, the creation of a great Protestant state; he prepared the way for the erection of the Protestant empire of Gustavus Adolphus. Swedish historians have been excusably indulgent to the father of their greatest ruler. Indisputably Charles was cruel, ungenerous and vindictive; yet he seems, at all hazards, strenuously to have endeavoured to do his duty during a period of political and religious transition, and, despite his violence and brutality, possessed many or the qualities of a wise and courageous statesman.

Children

He married, firstly, Maria of Palatinate-Kleeburg (1561-1589), daughter of Louis VI of Palatinate (1539-1583) and Elisabeth of Hesse (1539-1584). Their children were:

  1. Margareta Elisabeth (1580-1585)
  2. Elisabeth Sabina (1582-1585)
  3. Louis (1583-1583)
  4. Catherine (1584-1638)
  5. Gustav (1587-1587)
  6. Maria (1588-1589)

In 1592 he married his second wife Christina of Holstein-Gottorp (1573-1625) and their children were:

  1. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (Gustav II Adolf) (1594-1632)
  2. Charles Philip, Duke of Finland (1601-1622)
  3. Maria Elisabeth (1596-1618)
  4. Christina (1593-1594)

He also had a son with his mistress, Karin Nilsdotter:
  1. Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm, Field Marshal

See also: History of Sweden - Rise of Sweden as a Great Power

References

Preceded by:
Sigismund I 		List of Swedish monarchs Succeeded by:
Gustavus Adolphus

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles IX of Sweden."

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Charles Lamb

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles Lamb (1775- 27 July, 1834) was an English essayist, best known for his Essays of Elia and for the children's book Tales from Shakespeare, which he produced along with his sister, Mary Lamb.

Charles Lamb was the youngest child of John Lamb, a lawyer's clerk. He was born in the Inner Temple and spent his youth there, later going away to school at Christ's Hospital. There he formed a friendship with Samuel Taylor Coleridge which would last for many years. After leaving school in 1789, he went to work for the South Sea House, whose subsequent downfall in a pyramid scheme after Lamb left would be contrasted to the company's prosperity in the first Elia essay. In 1792 he went to work for British East India Company, the death of his father's employer having brought about a downward trend in the family's fortunes. Both Charles and his sister Mary endured periods of mental illness, and Charles spent six weeks in an asylum during 1795. He was, however, already making his name as a poet.

In 1799, John Lamb died and Charles became guardian to Mary, whose mental instability prevented her from looking after herself. Lamb continued to work as a clerk for the East India Company and doubled as a writer in various genres, his tragedy, John Woodvil, being published in 1802. His farce, Mr H, was performed at Drury Lane in 1807. In the same year, Tales from Shakespeare (Charles handled the tragedies and Mary the comedies) was published, and became a best-seller for William Godwin's "Children's Library".

Charles, who had never married because of his family commitments, fell in love with an actress, Fanny Kelly, of Covent Garden, but she refused him and he remained single until his death. His collected essays, under the title, Essays of Elia, were published in 1823 ("Elia" being the pen-name Lamb used as a contributor to The London Magazine). A further collection was published ten years later, shortly before Lamb's death. He died of an infection, erysipelas, contracted from a cut on his face. His sister, who was ten years his senior, survived him.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles Lamb."

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Charles Maitland, 3rd Earl of Lauderdale

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles Maitland, 3rd earl of Lauderdale (d. 1691), became an ordinary lord of session as Lord Halton in 1669, afterwards assisting his brother, the duke, in the management of public business in Scotland. His eldest son, Richard (1653-1695), became the 4th earl.

As Lord Maitland he was lord-justice-general from 1681 to 1684; he was an adherent of James II and after fighting at the battle of the Boyne he was an exile in France until his death. This earl made a verse translation of Virgil (published 1737). He left no sons, and his brother John (c. 1655-1710) became the 5th earl. John, a supporter of William III and of the union of England and Scotland, was succeeded by his son Charles (c. 1688-1744), who was the grandfather of James, the 8th earl.

This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles Maitland, 3rd Earl of Lauderdale."

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Charles Saatchi

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles Saatchi is the co-founder of advertising agencies Saatchi and Saatchi and M&C Saatchi. He is the brother of Lord Saatchi (Maurice Saatchi). He is also famous for sponsoring the Young British Artists and the foundation of the Saatchi Gallery now located at County Hall in London.

He is the second husband of celebrity cook Nigella Lawson.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles Saatchi."

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Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland (c. 1674-1722), English statesman, was the second son of the 2nd Earl, but on the death of his elder brother Henry in Paris in September 1688 he became heir to the peerage. Called by John Evelyn "a youth of extraordinary hopes," he completed his education at Utrecht, and in 1695 entered the House of Commons as member for Tiverton. In the same year he married Arabella, daughter of Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle; she died in 1698 and in 1700 he married Anne Churchill, daughter of the famous Duke of Marlborough. This was an important alliance for Sunderland and for his descendants; through it he was introduced to political life and later the dukedom of Marlborough came to the Spencers. Having succeeded to the peerage in 1702, the earl was one of the commissioners for the union between England and Scotland, and in 1705 he was sent to Vienna as envoy extraordinary. Although he was tinged with republican ideas and had rendered himself obnoxious to Queen Anne by opposing the grant to her husband, Prince George, through the influence of Marlborough he was foisted into the ministry as Secretary of State for the Southern Department, taking office in December 1706. From 1708 to 1710 he was one of the five Whigs, called the Junta, who dominated the government, but he had many enemies, the queen still disliked him, and in June 1710 he was dismissed. Anne offered him a pension of £3000 a year, but this he refused, saying "if he could not have the honour to serve his country he would not plunder it."

Sunderland continued to take part in public life, and was active in communicating with the court of Hanover about the steps to be taken in view of the approaching death of the queen. He made the acquaintance of George I in 1706, but when the elector became king the office which he secured was the comparatively unimportant one of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. In August 1715 he joined the cabinet as Lord Privy Seal, and after a visit to George I in Hanover he secured in April 1717 the position of Secretary of State for the Northern Department. This he retained until March 1718, when he became First Lord of the Treasury, holding also the post of Lord President of the Council. He was now effectively prime minister. Sunderland was especially interested in the proposed peerage bill, a measure designed to limit the number of members of the House of Lords, but this was defeated owing partly to the opposition of Sir Robert Walpole. He was still at the head of affairs when the South Sea Bubble burst and this led to his political ruin. He had taken some part in launching the scheme of 1720, but he had not profited financially by it; however, public opinion was roused against him and it was only through the efforts of Sir Robert Walpole that he was acquitted by the House of Commons, when the matter was investigated. In April 1721 he resigned his offices, but he retained his influence with George I until his death on 19 April 1722.

Sunderland inherited his father's passion for intrigue, while his manners were repelling, but he stands high among his associates for disinterestedness and had an alert and discerning mind. From his early years he had a great love of books, and he spent his leisure and his wealth in forming the library at Althorp, which in 1703 was described as " the finest in Europe." In 1749 part of it was removed to Blenheim Palace.

The earl's second wife having died in April 1716, after a career of considerable influence on the political life of her time, in 1717 he married an Irish lady of fortune, Judith Tichborne (d. 1749). By Lady Anne Churchill he had three sons and two daughters, from whom descended the later Dukes of Marlborough and Earls Spencer.

Text originally from 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland."

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Charles the Bald

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles the Bald (Charles I of France and Holy Roman Emperor Charles II) (823-877), Roman emperor and king of the West Franks, was the son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his second wife Judith. He was born when his elder brothers were already adults who had been assigned their own regna, or subkingdoms, by their father. The attempts made by Louis the Pious to assign Charles a kingdom, first Alemannia (829), then the country between the Meuse and the Pyrenees (839), at the expense of his half-brothers Lothair and Louis led to a rising on the part of these two against the emperor.

The death of the emperor in 840 was the signal for the outbreak of war between his sons. Charles allied himself with his brother Louis the German to resist the pretensions of the emperor Lothar, and the two allies conquered him at Fontenoy-en-Puisaye on 25 June 841. In the following year, the two brothers confirmed their alliance by the celebrated oaths of Strassburg. The war was brought to an end by the treaty of Verdun in August 843. The settlement gave Charles the Bald the kingdom of the western Franks, which practically corresponded with what is now France, as far as the Meuse, the Saône and the Rhone, with the addition of the Spanish March as far as the Ebro.

The first years of Charles' reign, up to the death of Lothar I in 855, were comparatively peaceful, and during them was continued the system of "confraternal government" of the sons of Louis the Pious, who had various meetings with one another, at Coblenz (848), at Meersen (851), and at Attigny (854). In 858, Louis the German, summoned by disaffected nobles to oust Charles, invaded the western Frankish kingdom. Charles fled to Burgundy, and was only saved by the help of the bishops and by the fidelity of the Welfs, who were related to his mother, Judith. In 860 he in his turn tried to seize the kingdom of his nephew, Charles of Provence, but met with a repulse. On the death of his nephew Lothar II in 869, Charles tried to seize Lothar's dominions, but by the treaty of Mersen (870) was compelled to share them with Louis the German.

Besides these family disputes, Charles had to struggle against the incessant rebellions in Aquitaine and against the Bretons. Led by their chiefs Nomenoë and Erispoë, who inflicted on the king the defeats of Ballon (845) and Juvardeil (851), the Bretons were somewhat successful. Charles also fought against the Normans, who devastated the country in the north of Gaul, the valleys of the Seine and Loire, and even up to the borders of Aquitaine. Charles was several times compelled to purchase their retreat at a heavy price. Charles led various expeditions against the invaders, and tried to put a barrier in their way by having fortified bridges built over all the rivers.

In 875, after the death of the emperor Louis II, Charles the Bald, supported by Pope John VIII, descended into Italy, receiving the royal crown at Pavia and the imperial crown at Rome (29th December). Louis the German, who was also a candidate for the succession of Louis II, revenged himself for Charles's success by invading and devastating his dominions. Charles was recalled to Francia, and after the death of Louis the German (28th August 876), in his turn made an attempt to seize his kingdom, but at Andernach met with a shameful defeat (8th October 876). In the meantime, John VIII, who was menaced by the Saracens, continued to urge Charles to come to Italy. After having taken at Quierzy the necessary measures for safeguarding the government of his dominions in his absence, Charles again crossed the Alps, but this expedition had been received with small enthusiasm by the nobles, and even by Boso, Charles's brother-in-law, who had been entrusted by him with the government of Lombardy, and they refused to come with their men to join the imperial army. At the same time Carloman, son of Louis the German, entered northern Italy. Charles, ill and in great distress, started on his way back to Gaul, and died while crossing the pass of the Mont Cenis on the 5th or 6th of October 877.

Charles was succeeded by his son, Louis, the child of Ermentrude, daughter of a count of Orleans, whom he had married in 842, and who had died in 869. In 870 Charles had married Richilde, who was descended from a noble family of Lorraine, but none of the children whom he had by her played a part of any importance. Charles seems to have been a prince of education and letters, a friend of the church, and conscious of the support he could find in the episcopate against his unruly nobles, for he chose his councillors for preference from among the higher clergy, as in the case of Guenelon of Sens, who betrayed him, or of Hincmar of Reims.

liberally adapted and edited from a 1911 Encyclopedia

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles the Bald."

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Charles the Bold

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles, called the Bold (1433-1477), duke of Burgundy, son of Philip the Good of Burgundy and Isabella of Portugal, was born at Dijon on November 10 1433. In his father’s lifetime he bore the title of count of Charolais.

He was brought up under the direction of the seigneur d'Auxy, and early showed great application to study and also to warlike exercises. Although he was on familiar terms with the dauphin (afterwards Louis XI), when the latter was a refugee at the court of Burgundy, he could not but view with chagrin the repurchase by the king of France of the towns on the Somme, which had been temporarily ceded to Philip the Good by the treaty of Arras; and when his father's failing health enabled him to take into his hands the reins of government (which Philip abandoned to him completely by an act of April 12, 1465), he entered upon his lifelong struggle against Louis XI, and became one of the principal leaders of the League of the Public Weal.

His brilliant bravery at the battle of Montlhéry (July 16, 1465), where he was wounded and was left master of the field, neither prevented the king frem re-entering Paris nor assured Charles a decisive victory. He succeeded, however, in forcing upon Louis the treaty of Conflans (1466), by which the king restored to him the towns on the Somme, and promised him the hand of his infant daughter Catherine, with Champagne as dowry.

In the meanwhile the count of Charolais obtained the surrender of Ponthieu. The revolt of Liège and Dinant intervened to divert his attention from the affairs of France. On August 25, 1466 Charles took possession of Dinant, which he pillaged and sacked, and succeeded in treating at the same time with the Liègeois. After the death of Philip the Good (June 15, 1467), the Liègeois renewed hostilities, but Charles defeated them at St Trond, and made a victorious entry into Liège, which he dismantled and deprived of some of its privileges.

Alarmed by these early successes of the duke of Burgundy, and anxious to settle various questions relating to the execution of the treaty of Conflans, Louis requested a meeting with Charles and placed himself in his hands at Péronne. In the course of the negotiations the duke was informed of a fresh revolt of the Liègeois secretly fomented by Louis. After deliberating for four days how to deal with his adversary, who had thus maladroitly placed himself at his mercy, Charles decided to respect the parole he had given and to treat with Louis (October 1468), at the same time forcing him to assist in quelling the revolt. The town was carried by assault and the inhabitants were massacred, Louis not having the courage to intervene on behalf of his ancient allies.

At the expiry of the one year's truce which followed the treaty of Péronne, the king accused Charles of treason, cited him to appear before the parlement, and seized some of the towns on the Somme (1471). The duke retaliated by invading France with a large army, taking possession of Nesle and massacring its inhabitants. He failed, however, in an attack on Beauvais, and had to content himself with ravaging the country as far as Rouen, eventually retiring without having attained any useful result.

Other matters, moreover, engaged his attention. Relinquishing, if not the stately magnificence, at least the gay and wasteful profusion which had characterized the court of Burgundy under the preceding duke, he had bent all his efforts towards the development of his military and political power. Since the beginning of his reign he had employed himself in reorganizing his army and the administration of his territories. While retaining the principles of feudal recruiting, he had endeavoured to establish a system of rigid discipline among his troops, which he had strengthened by taking into his pay foreign mercenaries, particularly Englishmen and Italians, and by developing his artillery. Furthermore, he had lost no opportunity of extending his power. In 1469 the archduke of Austria, Sigismund, had sold him the county of Ferrette, and the landgraviate of Alsace and some other towns, reserving to himself the right to repurchase.

In 1472-1473 Charles bought the reversion of the duchy of Gelderland from its old duke, Arnold, whom he had supported against the rebellion of his son. Not content with being "the grand duke of the West," he conceived the project of forming a kingdom of Burgundy or Aries with himself as independent sovereign, and even persuaded the emperor Frederick to assent to crown him king at Trier. The ceremony, however, did not take place owing to the emperor’s precipitate flight by night (September 1473), occasioned by his displeasure at the duke’s attitude. In the following year Charles involved himself in a series of difficulties and struggles which ultimately brought about his downfall. He embroiled himself successively with Sigismund of Austria, to whom he refused to restore his possessions in Alsace for the stipulated sum; with the Swiss, who supported the free towns of Alsace in their revolt against the tyranny of the ducal governor, Peter von Hagenbach (who was condemned and executed by the rebels in May 1474); and finally, with René of Lorraine, with whom he disputed the succession of Lorraine, the possession of which had united the two principal portions of Charles's territories--Flanders and the duchy and county of Burgundy.

All these enemies, incited and supported as they were by Louis, were not long in joining forces against their common adversary. Charles suffered a first rebuff in endeavouring to protect his kinsman, the archbishop of Cologne, against his rebel subjects. He spent ten months (July 1474-June 1475) in besieging the little town of Neuss on the Rhine, but was compelled by the approach of a powerful imperial army to raise the siege. Moreover, the expedition he had persuaded his brother-in-law, Edward IV of England, to undertake against Louis was stopped by the treaty of Picquigny (August 29, 1475). He was more successful in Lorraine, where he seized Nancy (November 30, 1475). From Nancy he marched against the Swiss, hanging and drowning the garrison of Granson in spite of the capitulation.

Some days later, however, he was attacked before Granson by the confederate army and suffered a shamful defeat, being compelled to fly with a handful of attendants, and leaving his artillery and an immense booty in the hands of the allies (February 1476). He succeeded in raising a fresh army of 30,000 men, with which he attacked Morat, but he was again defeated by the Swiss army, assisted by the cavalry of René of Lorraine (June 22, 1476). On October 6 Charles lost Nancy, which was re-entered by René. Making a last effort, Charles formed a new army and arrived in. the depth of winter before the walls of Nancy. Having lost many of his troops through the severe cold, it was with only a few thousand men that he met the joint forces of the Lorrainers and the Swiss, who had come to the relief of the town (January 6, 1477). He himself perished in the fight, his mutilated body being discovered some days afterwards.

Charles the Bold has often been regarded as the last representative of the feudal spirit--a man who possessed no other quality than a blind bravery--and accordingly has often been contrasted with his rival Louis XI as representing modern politics. In reality, he was a prince of wide knowledge and culture, knowing several languages and austere in morals; and although he cannot be acquitted of occasional harshness, he had the secret of winning the hearts of his subjects, who never refused him their support in times of difficulty. He was thrice married--to Catherine (d, 1446), daughter of Charles VII of France, by whom he had one daughter, Mary, afterwards the wife of the Emperor Maximilian I; to Isabella (d. 1465), daughter of Charles I, duke of Bourbon; and to Margaret of York, sister of Edward IV of England, whom he married in 1468.

Initial text from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. Please update as needed.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles the Bold."

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles (February 24, 1500 - September 21 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles V) from 1519-1558; he was also King of Spain from 1516-1556, officially as Charles I of Spain, although often referred to as Charles V ("Carlos Quinto" or "Carlos V") in Spain and Latin America. He was the son of Philip I and Joanna of Castile and grandson of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile and of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.

It is difficult to say what nationality Charles was. He was a Hapsburg on his father's side, but he was not German: he famously said "I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse." His first language was French, but he was a lifelong enemy of France. His mother was Spanish, and Spain was the core of his kingdom, but he was not Spanish: however he probably felt more at home in Spain than anywhere else in his vast multilingual empire.

Charles was born in Ghent and brought up in the Netherlands until 1517, where he was tutored by Adrian of Utrecht, later Pope Adrian VI. In 1506, on the death of his father, Charles inherited the Netherlands and Franche-Comté. After the death of his grandfather Ferdinand in 1516, Charles became joint-king of Castile with his mother (who was insane), and also inherited Aragon, Navarre, Granada, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and Spanish America. After the death of his other grandfather, Maximillian, in 1519, he inherited Hapsburg lands in Austria and was elected Holy Roman Emperor.

He married infanta Isabella, sister of John III of Portugal, who had shortly before married Catherine, Charles's sister.

Charles V initiated many wars with France during his reign, first fighting against them in Northern Italy in 1521. Later, in 1527, his troops sacked Rome, causing Charles some embarrassment but enabling him to keep the Pope from annulling the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon, who was his aunt.

As Holy Roman Emperor, he called Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms in 1521, promising him safe conduct if he would appear. He outlawed Luther and his followers in that same year but was tied up with other concerns and unable to try to stamp out Protestantism.

In a war supported by Henry VIII of England, in 1525 Charles captured François I of France and made him sign the Treaty of Madrid (1526), in which France renounced her claims on Northern Italy. When he was released, however, François reneged on the treaty. The 1529 Treaty of Cambrai (signed with France) and the Peace of Barcelona (with the Pope) confirmed Charles as Holy Roman Emperor and also allowed him to keep the lands he had acquired in Italy.

1524 to 6 saw the Peasants' Revolt in Germany and the formation of the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League, and Charles delegated increasing responsibility for Germany to his brother Ferdinand while he concentrated on problems abroad.

He had been fighting with the Ottoman Empire and its sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, for a number of years. The expeditions of the Ottoman force along the Mediterranean coast posed a threat to Hapsburg lands and the peace of Western Europe. In 1535 Charles won an important victory at Tunis, but in 1536 Francis I of France allied himself with Suleiman against Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in 1538, he again allied himself with the Ottomans in 1542. In 1543 Charles allied himself with Henry VIII and forced Francis to sign the Truce of Crepy. Charles later signed a humiliating treaty with the Ottomans, to gain him some respite from the huge expenses of their war.

In 1545 the opening of the Council of Trent began the Counter-Reformation, and Charles won to the Catholic cause some of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. He also attacked the Schmalkaldic League in 1546 and defeated John Frederick I of Saxony and imprisoned Philip of Hesse in 1547. At the Diet of Augsburg in 1547 he created a doctrinal compromise that he felt Catholics and Protestants alike might share. In 1548 he made the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands an entity separate from both the Empire and from France (the "Pragmatic Sanction of 1548").

In 1556 Charles abdicated his various positions, giving his personal empire to his son, Philip II of Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother, Ferdinand. Charles retired to the monastery of Yuste and is thought to have had a nervous breakdown. He died in 1558. In the last two decades of his life he suffered from gout.

Preceded by:
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 		List of German Kings and Emperors Succeeded by:
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

Preceded by Joanna of Castile
(regencies of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Philip I) 		List of Spanish monarchs Succeeded by:
Philip II of Spain
Preceded by:
Ferdinand II of Aragon

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor."

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Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles VI. (October 1, 1685 - October 20, 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1711-1740 and the second son of Leopold I with his third wife Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg.

His educator was Anton Florian of Liechtenstein.

On terms of a contract he was the heir of the Spanish Habsburgs. When Charles II of Spain made Philip V his heir, Louis XIV violated the contract. The dispute for the crown of Spain led to the War of the Spanish Succession.

After a short time as Charles III of Spain during the war, his older brother Joseph I died suddenly. Thus, he had to return to take over the Emperor's throne. In 1711 he was made Holy Roman Emperor in Frankfurt.

Although Charles seems to have been clumsy in political affairs, the Austrian monarchy reached its widest expansion during his reign.

His children were Maria Theresia and Maria Anna, but he had no male heirs. So he prepared the Pragmatic Sanction which stated that his realm could not be divided and allowed that daughters also could inherit the throne from their fathers.

Probably as a consequence of his years in Spain, he introduced the Spanish court ceremonial (Spanisches Hofzeremoniell) in Vienna and built the Spanish Riding School. Furthermore, the Reichskanzlei ("chancellory of the state"), the National Library were constructed during his reign and the Michaeler tract added to the Hofburg. Much was designed in baroque style in Vienna during Charles' reign.

He also had musical ambitions: Taught as a boy by Johann Joseph Fux, he composed, played the piano and now and then conducted the court's band.

Preceded by:
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor 		List of German Kings and Emperors Succeeded by:
Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor."

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Charles VII of France

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles VII (February 22, 1403 - July 22, 1461) was king of France from 1422 to 1461, a member of the Valois Dynasty.

Born in Paris, Charles was the eldest surviving son of Charles VI of France and Isabeau de Bavière. On the death of his father in 1422, the French throne did not pass to Charles but to his infant nephew, King Henry VI of England in accordance with his father's Treaty of Troyes signed in 1420. The English right to the throne of France was part of the Treaty in an effort to put an end to the war that had been raging for decades. Under the Treaty, King Henry of England ruled Northern France through a regent in Normandy and southern France by the Dauphin Charles from his fortified castle at Chinon.

Without any organized French army, the English strengthened their grip over France until March 8, 1429 when Joan of Arc, claiming divine inspiration, urged Charles to declare himself king and raise an army to liberate France from the English.

One of the important factors that aided in the ultimate success of Charles VII was the support from the powerful and wealthy family of his wife Marie d'Anjou (1404-1463). Despite whatever affection he had for his wife, the great love of Charles VII's life, was his mistress, Agnès Sorel.

After the French won the Battle of Patay, Charles was crowned king Charles VII of France on July 17, 1429, in Reims Cathedral. Following this, king Charles VII recaptured Paris from the English and eventually all of France with the exception of the northern port of Calais.

While Charles VII's legacy is far overshadowed by the deeds and eventual martyrdom of Joan of Arc, he did something his predecessors had failed to do by creating a strong army and uniting most of the country under one French king. He established the University of Poitiers in 1432 and his policies brought some economic prosperity to the citizens. Although his leadership was sometimes marked by indecisiveness, hardly any other leader left a nation so much better improved than when he came on the scene.

King Charles VII died on July 22, 1461 at Mehun-sur-Yèvre, but his latter years were marked by an open revolt by his son who succeeded him as Louis XI.

Preceded by:
Charles VI 		List of French monarchs Succeeded by:
Louis XI

Charles VII has been represented in the movies by Raymond Hatton (1917), Jean Debucourt (1929), Gustaf Gründgens (1935), Emlyn Williams (1935), Max Adrian (1944), José Ferrer (1948), Paul Colline (1955), Richard Widmark (1957), Daniel Gélin (1978), Keith Drinkel (1979), Michael Maloney (1989), Oleg Kulko (1993), John Malkovich (1999)

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles VII of France."

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Charles Wesley

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles Wesley (1707 - 1788) was a leader of the Methodist movement, the younger brother of John Wesley. Charles Wesley is chiefly remembered for the many hymns he wrote.

Like his brother, he was born in Epworth, Lincolnshire, England, where their father was rector. He was educated at Christ Church College, Oxford, where his brother had also studied, and formed the "Oxford Methodist" group among his fellow students in 1729. John Wesley later joined this group, as did George Whitefield. Charles followed his father and brother into the church in 1735, and travelled with John to Georgia in America in the entourage of the governor, James Oglethorpe, returning a year later. In 1749, he married the much younger Sarah Gwynne, daughter of a Welsh gentleman who had been converted to Methodism by Howell Harris. She accompanied the brothers on their evangelical journeys throughout Britain, until Charles ceased to travel in 1765.

Despite their closeness, Charles and his brother did not always agree on questions relating to their beliefs. In particular, Charles was strongly opposed to the idea of a breach with the Church of England into which they had been ordained.

In the course of his career, Charles Wesley wrote the words of several thousand hymns, many of which are still popular. These include:

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Charles XIII of Sweden

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Karl XIII
Carl II
ReignFrom June 6, 1809 in Sweden
From November 4, 1814 in Norway
Until February 5, 1818
Coronation 
Royal motto "Folkets väl min högsta lag"
("The welfare of the people
my highest law" ¹ )
QueenHedwig Elizabeth Charlotte
Royal HouseHolstein-Gottorp
Predecessors Gustav IV Adolf in Sweden
Frederick VI in Norway
SuccessorCharles XIV, as the Swedish title and
Carl III Johan, as the Norwegian title.
Date of BirthOctober 7, 1748
Place of BirthStockholm
Date of DeathFebruary 5, 1818
Place of DeathStockholm
Place of BurialRiddarholmskyrkan, Stockholm
¹ Compare with the U.S. state of Missouri (1821):
"Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law".

Charles XIII, Karl XIII, or Carl II, (1748-1818), king of Sweden and Norway, the second son of king Adolf Frederick of Sweden, and Louisa Ulrica of Prussia, sister of Frederick the Great, was born at Stockholm on October 7, 1748.

Life and politics

In 1772 he co-operated in the revolutionary plans of his brother Gustav III of Sweden. On the outbreak of the Russo-Swedish War of 1788 he served with distinction as admiral of the fleet, especially at the battles of Hogland (June 7, 1788) and Öland (July 26, 1789). On the latter occasion he would have won a signal victory but for the unaccountable remissness of his second-in-command, Admiral Liljehorn. On the death of Gustavus III, Charles, now duke of Sudermannia, acted as regent of Sweden till 1796; but the real ruler of the country was the narrow-minded and vindictive Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm, whose mischievous influence over him was supreme. These four years were perhaps the most miserable and degrading in Swedish history (an age of lead succeeding an age of gold, as it has well been called) and may be briefly described as alternations of fantastic jacobinism and ruthless despotism. On the accession of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden (November 1796), the duke became a mere cipher in politics till the March 13, 1809, when those who had dethroned Gustav IV Adolf appointed him regent, and finally elected king by Riksdag of the Estates. But by this time he was prematurely decrepit, and Jean-Baptist Bernadotte took over the government as soon as he landed in Sweden, 1810. By the union of Sweden and Norway 1814 Charles became king of Norway under the name Carl II of Norway. After eight years as king only by title, Charles died on February 5, 1818.

Children

He had married his cousin Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp (1759-1818), on July 7, 1774 but both of their children would die in infancy.

  1. Louisa Hedvig (1797)
  2. Carl Adolf, Duke of Wermelandia (1798)

References

Preceded by:
Gustav IV Adolf 		List of Swedish monarchs Succeeded by:
Charles XIV of Sweden/
Carl III Johan of Norway
Preceded by:
Frederick VI 		List of Norwegian monarchs

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles XIII of Sweden."

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Charles XIV of Sweden

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Karl XIV Johan
'Carl III Johan
ReignFebruary 5, 1818-March 8, 1844
CoronationOn May 11, 1818 in Sweden.
On September 7, 1818 in Norway.
Royal motto "Folkets kärlek min belöning"
("The love of the people my reward ")
QueenDesirée Clary
Royal HouseBernadotte
PredecessorCharles XIII, as the Swedish title and
Carl II, as the Norwegian title.
SuccessorOscar I of Sweden and Norway
Date of BirthJanuary 26, 1763
Place of BirthPau, France
Date of DeathMarch 8, 1844
Place of DeathRoyal Palace in Stockholm
Place of BurialRiddarholmskyrkan, Stockholm

Charles XIV, Karl XIV Johan, or Carl III Johan, (1763-1844), king of Sweden and Norway, born at Pau, France on January 26, 1763. Original name Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, created Prince of Ponte Corvo by Napoleon in 1806. He was the son of Henri Bernadotte (1711 - 1780), procurator at Pau, and Jeanne St. Jean (1725 - 1809). The family name was originally Deu Pouey, but was changed into Bernadotte at the beginning of the 17th century. Bernadotte’s christian names were Jean Baptiste; he added the name Jules subsequently.

Military career

Bernadotte entered the French Army on September 3, 1780, and first saw service in Corsica. On the outbreak of the French Revolution his eminent military qualities brought him speedy promotion. In 1794 we find him as brigadier attached to the army of the Sambre Ct. Meuse, and after Jourdan’s victory at Fleurus (26 June 1794) he became a general of division. At the battle of Theiningen (1796), Bernadotte contributed, more than any one else, to the successful retreat of the French army over the Rhine after its defeat by the Archduke Charles of Austria. In 1797 he brought reinforcements from the Rhine to Bonaparte’s army in Italy, distinguishing himself greatly at the passage of the Tagliamento, and in 1798 served as ambassador to Vienna, but had to quit his post owing to the disturbances caused by his hoisting the tricolour over the embassy.

On 16 August 1798 he married Desirée Clary (1777 - 1860), the daughter of a Marseilles banker, and sister of Joseph Bonaparte’s wife Julie Clary. From July 2 to September 14 he was minister of war, in which capacity he displayed great ability. About this time he held aloof from Bonaparte, but though he declined to help Napoleon in the preparations for the coup d’état of November 1799, he accepted employment from the Consulate, and from April 1800 to August 18, 1801 commanded the army in the Vendée.

On the introduction of the Empire Bernadotte became one of the eighteen Marshals of France, and, from June 1804 to September 1805, he acted as governor of the recently-occupied Hanover. During the campaign of 1805, Bernadotte with an army corps from Hanover co-operated in the great movement which resulted in the shutting up of Mack in Ulm. As a reward for his services at Austerlitz (December 2, 1805) he became Prince of Ponte Corvo (June 5, 1806), but during the campaign against Prussia, in the same year, was severely reproached by Napoleon for not participating with his army corps in the battles of Jena and Auerstädt, though close at hand. In 1808, as governor of the Hanseatic towns, he was to have directed the expedition against Sweden, via the Danish islands, but the plan came to nought because of the want of transports and the defection of the Spanish contingent. In the war against Austria, Bernadotte led the Saxon contingent at the Battle of Wagram (6 July 1809), on which occasion, on his own initiative, he issued an order of the day attributing the victory principally to the valour of his Saxons, which order Napoleon at once disavowed.

Offer of the Swedish throne

Bernadotte, considerably piqued, thereupon returned to Paris, where the council of ministers entrusted him with the defence of the Netherlands against the English. In 1810 he was about to enter upon his new post of governor of Rome when he was, unexpectedly, elected heir to King Charles XIII of Sweden, partly because a large part of the Swedish Army, in view of future complications with Russia, were in favour of electing a soldier, and partly because Bernadotte was very popular in Sweden, owing to the kindness he had shown to the Swedish prisoners during the late war with Denmark. The matter was decided by one of the Swedish couriers, Baron Karl Otto Mörner, who, entirely on his own initiative, offered the succession to the Swedish crown to Bernadotte. Bernadotte communicated Mörner's offer to Napoleon, who treated the whole affair as an absurdity. Bernadotte thereupon informed Mörner that he would not refuse the honour if he were duly elected. Although the Swedish government, amazed at Mörner's effrontery, at once placed him under arrest on his return to Sweden, the candidature of Bernadotte gradually gained favour there, and, on August 21, 1810, he was elected Crown Prince.


Charles XIV

Crown Prince and Regent

On the November 2 Bernadotte made his solemn entry into Stockholm, and on the November 5 he received the homage of the estates and was adopted by Charles XIII under the name of "Charles John". The new crown prince was very soon the most popular and the most powerful man in Sweden. The infirmity of the old king and the dissensions in the Privy Council placed the government, and especially the control of foreign affairs, entirely in his hands. The keynote of his whole policy was the acquisition of Norway and Bernadotte proved anything but a puppet of France. In 1813 he allied Sweden with Napoleon's enemies Great Britain and Prussia of the Sixth Coalition, in order to secure this. After the defeats of Lützen (2 May 1813) and Bautzen (21 May 1813), it was the Swedish crown prince who put fresh heart into the allies; and at the conference of Trachenberg he drew up the general plan for the campaign which began after the expiration of the truce of Plaswitz. Charles John, as commander-in-chief of the northern army, successfully defended the approaches to Berlin against Oudinot in August and against Ney in September; but after Leipzig he went his own way, determined at all hazards to cripple Denmark and secure Norway.

King of Sweden and Norway

As unional king, Charles XIV John, who succeeded to that title in 1818 following the death of Charles XIII, was popular in both countries. Though his ultra-conservative views were detested, and as far as possible opposed, especially after 1823, his dynasty was never in serious danger, and Swedes and Norwegians alike were proud of a monarch with a European reputation. It is true that the Riksdag of the Estates of 1840 meditated compelling him to abdicate, but the storm blew over and his jubilee was celebrated with great enthusiasm in 1843. His reign saw the completion of the southern Göta kanal begun 22 years earlier to link Lake Vänern to the sea at Söderköping 180 miles to the east. Though he converted from Catholicism to the Lutheranism of the Swedish court on his adoption, he never learned to speak Swedish or Norwegian.

He died at Stockholm on March 8, 1844. His reign was one of uninterrupted peace, and the great material development of the two kingdoms during the first half of the 19th century was largely due to his energy and foresight. He was succeeded by his son, Oscar I of Sweden and Norway.

See also

External links

References

Preceded by:
Charles XIII of Sweden
Carl II of Norway 		List of Swedish monarchs
List of Norwegian monarchs 		Succeeded by:
Oscar I

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Charles XIV of Sweden."

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Charles, Prince of Wales

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This page refers to the present Prince of Wales, son and heir-apparent to Queen Elizabeth II. The reference "Charles, Prince of Wales" could be taken also to refer to:

His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales, Charles Philip Arthur George Mountbatten-Windsor also Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Chester, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland (born November 14, 1948), of the Royal House of Windsor, is the son of Queen Elizabeth II and heir-apparent to the British, Australian, Canadian, New Zealand, and a number of other Commonwealth thrones. He is correctly referred to as His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales (or in Scotland, HRH The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay). Though the term is commonly used, he ceased to be properly styled Prince Charles (and technically should not be described as such) following the accession of his mother to the throne in 1952, becoming Duke of Cornwall instead.


HRH the Prince of Wales

Birth and Titles

He was born in 1948 at Buckingham Palace to Princess Elizabeth, the elder daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. From birth, he was known as HRH Prince Charles of Edinburgh. In 1952, his mother inherited the throne, becoming Queen Elizabeth II, and Charles immediately became Duke of Cornwall under a charter of King Edward III, which gave that title to the Sovereign's eldest son, and was then referred to as HRH The Duke of Cornwall. He also became, in the Scottish Peerage, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick and Baron Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland.

Created Prince of Wales

Charles was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in 1958, though his actual investiture did not take place until July 1, 1969. This was a major ceremony, held at Caernarfon Castle in north Wales, a place traditionally associated with the creation of the title in the thirteenth century. Previous investitures had taken place at various locations, including the Palace of Westminster, the seat of parliament.

Prior to the ceremony, Charles had studied at Gordonstoun School in Scotland, at Trinity College, Cambridge, and also at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, where he went specifically in order to learn the Welsh language -- the first English-born prince ever to make a serious attempt to do so. This won him some popularity in the principality, but the investiture also aroused considerable hostility among some Welsh nationalists, and there were threats of violence. In the late 1970s, Charles established another first when he became the first member of the Royal Family since King George I to attend a British cabinet meeting, he being invited to attend by Labour Prime Minister James Callaghan so as to see the workings of cabinet government at first hand.

Marriage

In 1981, the Prince of Wales married 19-year-old Lady Diana Spencer, daughter of the 8th Earl Spencer. It was to be perhaps the biggest royal marriage ever held. All of Europe's crowned heads (with the exception of King Juan Carlos of Spain, who was advised not to attend because the new couple's honeymoon would involve a stop-over in the disputed territory of Gibraltar) attended. So, too, did most of Europe's presidents, with two notable exceptions: President Karamanlis of Greece declined to go, because Greece's exiled King, Constantine II, who was a personal friend of the prince, had been described in his invitation as 'King of Greece', the technically correct description of an exiled monarch who hadn't abdicated, but which infuriated Greek republicans. Similarly, Ireland's President Hillery was formally advised by the Irish government of Charles J. Haughey not to attend because of the continued dispute over Britain's role in Northern Ireland.

By marriage to the heir-apparent to the throne, Diana received both a title, "Princess of Wales", and the style, "Her Royal Highness". (Though commonly called Princess Diana, such a form of address was incorrect.) They made their homes at Highgrove in Gloucestershire and Kensington Palace. Almost immediately, Diana became a star attraction, chased by the paparazzi and the news media, her every move (including changes in hair-style) followed by millions. However, the marriage soon hit the rocks. Critics of Diana alleged that she was unstable and tempermental; one by one she sacked each of Charles's longstanding staff members and fell out with numerous friends (her father, mother, brother, Duchess of York, Elton John, her own staff -- who quit after rows). Charles, too, was blamed for the marital troubles. He and Camilla Shand had ended their relationship in the 1970s and now found themselves in unhappy marriages. The restart of their affair in the late 1980s was to destroy what remained of the fairytale Charles and Diana marriage, which within five years of the wedding was already on the brink of collapse. Ironically, Charles and Diana were similar in some respects: Both had troubled childhoods. Both took their public roles seriously and devoted much of their time to charity work, becoming highly regarded for it. (Diana notably devoted much time to helping AIDS sufferers, while Charles devoted much effort to marginalised groups in urban centres through his Prince's Trust charity).

Both partners subsequently admitted to extra-marital affairs, he with Mrs. Parker Bowles, she with a number of people, including a young army officer. Though they remained publicly a couple, they effectively had separated by the late 1980s, he living in Highgrove, she in Kensington Palace. The media noted their increasing periods apart and their obvious discomfort at being in each other's presence. By 1992, it was obvious that the marriage was over in all but name. The couple formally separated, with media sources taking different sides in what became known as the "War of the Waleses". Charles received much of the blame when details of his relationship with Mrs. Parker Bowles were revealed. She and her husband divorced, and he married a woman with whom he had had a long-term relationship during his marriage.

Divorce

The marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales formally ended in divorce in 1996. It had produced two sons, Prince William and Prince Henry, who is known by the name 'Harry'. Tragically, Diana was killed in a car accident in 1997. Charles earned considerable praise for his handling of the events and their aftermath, in particular his over-ruling of palace protocol experts (and indeed the Queen) who argued that as Diana (by then known as Diana, Princess of Wales) was no longer a member of the Royal Family, the responsibility for her funeral arrangements belonged to her blood relatives, the Spencers. Charles, against advice, flew to Paris to accompany his ex-wife's body home and insisted that she be given a formal royal funeral; a new category of formal funeral was specially created for her. His role as a single father earned much sympathy, in particular in how he handled a crisis when it was revealed that his younger son, Prince Harry, had dabbled in soft drugs. From extreme unpopularity in the early 1990s, Charles became one of the more popular members of the Royal Family.

His Relationship with Camilla Parker Bowles

His relationship with Camilla Parker Bowles is now openly acknowledged, with her becoming his unofficial consort. However two issues remain over the relationship. As future Supreme Governor of the Church of England, the prospect of him marrying a divorcée, with whom he had a relationship while both were married, is controversial. (Since Diana, Princess of Wales has died, he himself is technically a widower, not a divorcé, and so there is no problem with him marrying a second time. But as Mrs. Parker Bowles has a former husband still alive, she is technically a divorcée, hence the problem.) However public opinion and opinion within the Church has shifted somewhat to a point where a majority would accept a second marriage. However he is unlikely to marry until public opinion expects as opposed to merely accepts a remarriage.

Secondly and more sensitively, there remains the issue of Mrs. Parker Bowles' title after marriage. In strict constitutional law, she would automatically assume the title 'Princess of Wales' and the style 'Royal Highness'. Such a development is almost universally unacceptable, even to those supporting a marriage between the couple. Legislation may have to be enacted allowing for a morganatic marriage, whereby she could neither become a princess or queen, and would not be styled HRH, but would use a courtesy title, perhaps 'Duchess of Cornwall'. (He is Duke of Cornwall.) Though her age suggests it is highly improbable, such legislation would also need to state that any children of the union would be excluded from the succession to the throne. Practical issues would also potentially arise over the status of her children by her first marriage, who in the event of a second marriage would become step-children of the future king and step-brothers and step-sisters to Princes William and Harry. (And so the focus of media attention, hence the need for some clarifications, such as inheritance rights to property of the Prince of Wales, police protection, etc.)

Personal Interests

The Prince of Wales is an avid horseman and huntsman. He served in the Royal Navy, commanding the HMS Bronington, a minehunter, from February 1976 until December 1976. He is also a talented artist and a published writer. The Prince's Trust, which he founded, is a charity that works mainly with young people, offering loans to groups, businesses and people (often in deprived areas) who had difficulty receiving support from mainstream lending institutions. The Prince's Trust is believed to have helped thousands of people in poor inner-city areas get jobs and training. In this role, the Prince has become surprisingly popular with many left-wing politicians, who see his charity as helping those who were receiving aid from nowhere else. Fundraising concerts are regularly held for the Prince's Trust, with leading pop, rock and classical musicians taking part.

Charles is a complex character. An openly-admitted depressive, a passionate man who cares deeply about issues such as the environment, architecture, inner-city renewal and the quality of life. To put his ideas on architecture and town planning into practice, Charles is developing the village of Poundbury in Dorset.

Charles is also highly regarded on the international stage as an effective performer for the United Kingdom. On a visit to the Republic of Ireland, for example, instead of simply using a standard foreign office speech, he delivered a personally-researched, personally-written speech on Anglo-Irish affairs which was warmly received by Irish politicians and the Irish media.

While his popularity has fluctuated, he remans the most active Prince of Wales in centuries, who, while he could have opted for a low-key life, has devoted his time and effort to charity work and working with local communities. Only the issue of his relationship with Camilla (and allegations by one former staff member, as of yet not publicly substantiated, of a sexual relationship with a male aide) remain as complicating factors in his public image and persona.

Official Residence

The Prince of Wales's current official London residence is an apartment in St. James's Palace. He is scheduled to move into Clarence House, former London residence of the late Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in the near future. (The eighteenth century building is currently undergoing major restoration and renovation to equip it for use by the Prince of Wales, his partner and their extensive personal and office staffs.) Some previous Princes of Wales resided in Marlborough House. It however is no longer used as a royal residence. Following the death in 1953 of Queen Mary, widow of King George V, its last royal resident, it was given by Queen Elizabeth II for use by the Commonwealth of Nations.

Principal Title in use

See also: British Royal Family

Additional Information

External link

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Ezzard Charles

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Ezzard Charles (July 7, 1921 - May 27, 1975) was a professional boxer and former Heavyweight champion of the world. Charles began his career as a Light-Heavyweight, and he was chosen by Ring Magazine as the best Light-Heavyweight of all time. He was a native of Cincinnati, Ohio, and his nickname was The Cincinnati Cobra.

Charles' career spanned from 1941 until his retirement in 1959. During the course of his career he beat such notables as Joe Louis, Jersey Joe Walcott, Archie Moore, and Joey Maxim, posting a career record of 96-25-1 (58 KO's).

Ezzard Charles died in Chicago, Illinois from multiple sclerosis in 1975. He was elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Ezzard Charles."

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Governor Charles Pinckney

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Charles Pinckney, the second cousin of fellow-signer Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, was born at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1757. His father, Colonel Charles Pinckney, was a rich lawyer and planter, who on his death in 1782 was to bequeath Snee Farm, a country estate outside the city, to his son Charles. The latter apparently received all his education in the city of his birth, and he started to practice law there in 1779.

About that time, well after the War for Independence had begun, young Pinckney enlisted in the militia, though his father demonstrated ambivalence about the Revolution. He became a lieutenant, and served at the siege of Savannah (September-October 1779). When Charleston fell to the British the next year, the youth was captured and remained a prisoner until June 1781.

Pinckney had also begun a political career, serving in the Continental Congress (1777-78 and 1784-87) and in the state legislature (1779-80, 1786-89, and 1792-96). A nationalist, he worked hard in Congress to ensure that the United States would receive navigation rights to the Mississippi and to strengthen congressional power.

Pinckney's role in the Constitutional Convention is controversial. Although one of the youngest delegates, he later claimed to have been the most influential one and contended he had submitted a draft that was the basis of the final Constitution. Most historians have rejected this assertion. They do, however, recognize that he ranked among the leaders. He attended full time, spoke often and effectively, and contributed immensely to the final draft and to the resolution of problems that arose during the debates. He also worked for ratification in South Carolina (1788). That same year, he married Mary Eleanor Laurens, daughter of a wealthy and politically powerful South Carolina merchant; she was to bear at least three children.

Subsequently, Pinckney's career blossomed. From 1789 to 1792 he held the governorship of South Carolina, and in 1790 chaired the state constitutional convention. During this period, he became associated with the Federalist Party, in which he and his cousin Charles Cotesworth Pinckney were leaders. But, with the passage of time, the former's views began to change. In 1795 he attacked the Federalist backed Jay's Treaty and increasingly began to cast his lot with Carolina back-country Democratic-Republicans against his own eastern aristocracy. In 1796 he became governor once again, and in 1798 his Democratic-Republican supporters helped him win a seat in the U.S. Senate. There, he bitterly opposed his former party, and in the presidential election of 1800 served as Thomas Jefferson's campaign manager in South Carolina.

The victorious Jefferson appointed Pinckney as Minister to Spain (1801-5), in which capacity he struggled valiantly but unsuccessfully to win cession of the Floridas to the United States and facilitated Spanish acquiescence in the transfer of Louisiana from France to the United States in 1803.

Upon completion of his diplomatic mission, his ideas moving ever closer to democracy, Pinckney headed back to Charleston and to leadership of the state Democratic-Republican Party. He sat in the legislature in 1805-6 and then was again elected as governor (1806-8). In this position, he favored legislative reapportionment, giving better representation to back-country districts, and advocated universal white manhood suffrage. He served again in the legislature from 1810 to 1814 and then temporarily withdrew from politics. In 1818 he won election to the United States House of Representatives, where he fought against the Missouri Compromise.

In 1821, Pinckney's health beginning to fail, he retired for the last time from politics. He died in 1824, just 3 days after his 67th birthday. He was laid to rest in Charleston at St. Philip's Episcopal Churchyard.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Governor Charles Pinckney."

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Synonyms: Charles

Synonyms: Charles River (n), Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles (n), Jacques Charles (n), Prince Charles (n). (additional references)

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Crosswords: Charles

English words defined with "Charles": Charles Dodgson, Charles I, Charles II, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, Charles the Bald ♦ King Charles spaniel. (references)
Specialty definitions using "Charles": Babbage, Charles, Baby Charles ♦ Charles Messier, Charles Simonyi ♦ Simonyi, Charles. (references)
Etymologies containing "Charles": Trainband. (references)
Non-English Usage: "Charles" is also a word in the following languages with English translations in parentheses.

French (Charles), German (Charles), Spanish (Charles), Tagalog (Charles).

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Modern Usage: Charles

DomainUsage

Screenplays

If you get a customer or an employee who thinks he's Charles Bronson, take the butt of your gun and smash their nose in. (Reservoir Dogs; writing credit: Quentin Tarantino)

Remember when you were stalking Charles Karault because you thought he dug up your garden (The Simpsons; writing credit: Artur Brauner; Paul Hengge)

Even Ray Charles can see he's got money (Paid in Full; writing credit: Azie Faison Jr.; Austin Phillips)

Well, who is Charles Colson (All the President's Men; writing credit: Carl Bernstein; Bob Woodward)

Get over it, Charles -- I just need you to navigate (The Edge; writing credit: David Mamet)

Lyrics

'58 Lebanon, Charles de Gaulle, California baseball (We Didn't Start The Fire; performing artist: Billy Joel)

Clever

Without speculation there is no good and original observation. (references; author: Charles)

The expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the Survival of the Fittest is more accurate. . . . (references; author: Charles)

I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term of Natural Selection. (references; author: Charles)

At last gleams of light have come, and I am almost convinced that species are not (it is like confessing a murder) immutable. (references; author: Charles)

The idea of a universal and beneficent Creator does not seem to arise in the mind of man, until he has been elevated by long-continued culture. (references; author: Charles)

Tongue Twisters

Cheerful Charles chose cherry chocolates for Cheri. (references; author: unknown)

Movie/TV Titles

Julie Charles (1974)

The Eyes of Charles Sand (1972)

Un film de Charles Baudelaire (1970)

Charles Lloyd: Journey Within (1969)

Charlie Brown and Charles Schulz (1969)

Song Titles

A Million To One (performing artist: Jimmy Charles)

Hit The Road Jack (performing artist: Ray Charles)

You Don't Know Me (performing artist: Ray Charles)

I Can't Stop Loving You (performing artist: Ray Charles)

LOVE ME WITH ALL YOUR HEART  (performing artist: Ray Charles Singers )

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Charles

DomainTitle

References

  • Charles & Colvard Ltd: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

  • Charles Baynes PLC: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

  • Charles de Cazanove SA: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

  • Charles River Associates Incorporated: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

  • Charles Stanley Group Plc: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (reference)

    (more reference examples)

  

Books

  • The Windsor Knot: Charles, Camilla and the Legacy of Diana (reference)

  • The Sun Shines for All: Journalism and Ideology in the Life of Charles A. Dana (reference)

  • The Charles Press Handbook of Current Medical Abbreviations (reference)

  • Absolutely Nothing to Get Alarmed About: The Complete Novels of Charles Wright (reference)

  • The Architecture of Charles A. Platt (Acanthus Press Reprint Series. 20th Century, Landmarks in Design, V. 8.) (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Periodicals

  

Theater & Movies

  • Janácek - The Cunning Little Vixen / Nicholas Hytner · Sir Charles Mackerras · Thomas Allen · Eva Jenis · Tháâtre du Chatelet (reference)

  • The Films of Charles & Ray Eames - The Powers of 10 (Vol. 1) (reference)

  • Scrooge: An Adaptation of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol (reference)

  • Biography - Charles Dickens: A Tale of Ambition and Genius (reference)

  • Genius: Charles Darwin (reference)

    (more DVD examples; more video examples)

  

Music

  • Vespers for the Imperial Chapel Charles VI Vienna (reference)

  • Celestiall Witchcraft - The Private Music of Henry and Charles, Princes of Wales (reference)

  • Dvorák - Rusalka / Fleming · Heppner · Zajick · Hawlata · Urbanová · Czech Phil · Sir Charles Mackerras (reference)

  • Mélodies sur des poèmes de Charles Baudelaire (reference)

  • Carolus Maximus: Music in the Life of Charles V (reference)

    (more classical music examples; more popular music examples)

  

High Tech

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Image Slideshow: Charles

Photos:
Charles

More pictures...

Illustrations:
Charles

More pictures...

Computer Images:
Charles

More pictures...

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Photo Album: Charles

ThumbnailDescription & CreditThumbnailDescription & Credit

Samuel Pierpont Langley and Charles M. Manly. Credit: NASA.

Astronaut Charles Duke with Lunar Rover on Moon. Credit: NASA.

Lt. Charles A. Schoene observing magnetics at Little America IV Schoene accompanied Operation High Jump. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.

Attempting to ford a wash after a heavy rain Reconnaissance party of Charles Schanck. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.

A large break-bulk merchant vessel docking at sunset at Lake Charles. Credit: America's Coastlines.

Lieutenant Mark Boland taking air samples for Dr. Charles Keeling of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.

Looking southeast towards the Gulf of Exmouth and the Learmonth Observatory from the Charles Knife Road. Credit: Paths Less Taken - NOAA at the Ends of the Earth.

A salmon (rod and reel) catch, Del Monte, California. In: "Sport Fishing in California and Florida," by Charles F. Holder. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XXVIII 1908, Part I, p. 207, Plate V. Credit: Fisheries.

Swordfish (Tetrapturus), yellowfin tuna, and yellowtail, caught with rod and reel at Santa Catalina Island. In: "Sport Fishing in California and Florida," by Charles F. Holder. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XXVIII 1908, Part I, p. 207, Plate VI. Credit: Fisheries.

Figure 11. Lightning sounder, designed in 1866 by Lieutenant Charles C. P. Fitz gerald, RN. This model was used on the LIGHTNING during the Faroe Islands expedition of 1868. It was used for systematic sounding operations in depths up to 1189 meters and according to Charles Wyville Thomson, a mission participant, it never failed despite its primitive and unlikely appearance. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.

Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Charles
 

"Dawn at Charles Bridge, Prague" by Barry McCabe
Commentary: "Just after dawn, camera balanced on my wifes head :)."		"Man on an escalator" by Jan Tautenhahn
Commentary: "Man standing on an escalator at the charles de gaulle airport in paris, france."

Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Familiar Quotations: Charles

AuthorQuotation

Charles Bradlaugh

Liberty's chief foe is theology.

Charles Caleb Colton

Mystery is not profoundness.

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney

No; no; not a sixpence.

Charles Dickens

Lord, keep my memory green.
He would make a lovely corpse.

Charles Haddon Spurgeon

Giving is true having.
Of two evils, choose neither.

Charles Ii

Let not poor Nelly Starve.

Charles V

Iron hand in a velvet glove.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Historic Usage: Charles

AuthorDateQuotation

The Emancipation Proclamation

1862

Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-In-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for supressing said rebellion, do, on this 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from the first day above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States the following, to wit: Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard, Palquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terrebone, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomac, Northhampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are for the present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued. (Abraham Lincoln)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Use in Literature: Charles

TitleAuthorQuote

Les Miserables

Hugo, Victor

Charles Myriel, notwithstanding this marriage, had, it was said, been an object of much attention

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

Joyce, James

Uncle Charles was a hale old man with a welltanned skin, rugged features and white side whiskers

Gulliver's Travels

Swift, Jonathan

The Emperor Charles made almost the same observation, when he said that if he were to speak to his horse it should be in High Dutch

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Non-Fiction Usage: Charles

SubjectTopicQuote

Health

The first effective antiepileptic drugs were bromides, introduced by an English physician named Sir Charles Locock in 1857. He noticed that bromides had a sedative effect and seemed to reduce seizures in some patients. (references)

There are three different types of US. Although it was first described by Albrecht Von Graefe in 1858, US was named for Charles Usher, a British eye doctor, who believed that this condition was inherited or passed from parents to their children. (references)

Business

Four Seasons will open a 157-room hotel in February 2001 near the Charles Bridge (the main tourist site in Prague). (references)

The new agreement gives Delta Air Lines immediate access to hundreds of European destinations through the Air France hub at Charles de Gaulle airport in Paris. (references)

Several well known brands are present in Poland, mostly from Italian, German and French manufacturers (e.g. bata, Salamander, Sergio Rossi, Armando Pollini, Charles Jourdan, Romano Mazzante, Fratelli Rossetti, Colette, Galizio, Toressi, Gianrico Meri, Paul Tissi, Marino Fabiani, Guliano Venzani, Scholl, Hogl, Gabor, Lloyd, Rieker, Helix, Remonte, Dorndorf and others). (references)

Civil Liberties

Czech Republic

In April a controversy arose at Charles University after far-right extremists participated in a lecture series on political extremism. (references)

Liberia

The Government contends that the insurgents largely are Mandingo Muslims of the ULIMO-K faction that fought against President Charles Taylor's forces during the civil war. (references)

Russia

Other instances involve Charles Landreth of the Church of Christ in Volgograd who the local press accused of being a spy and Monty Race of the Evangelical Free Church of America. (references)

Economic History

Central African Republic

Charles de Gaulle to fight for Free France. (references)

Colombia

Charles Crystal, Du Pont, Cyanamid, Burlington Chemicals, Gaf Corp., Pennwalt, etc. (references)

Dominica

Douglas died after only a few months in office and was replaced by Pierre Charles, also of the DLP. (references)

Human Rights

Chile

In December 2000, the family of Charles Horman, whom security forces killed in Santiago in 1973, filed a criminal complaint in Santiago. (references)

Cote d'Ivoire

Diarrassouba was accused of attempted murder by a friend of Charles Ble Goude, the president of FESCI, a student organization associated with the FPI at the time. (references)

South Africa

On September 23, in Pretoria, officers from the Pretoria SAPS dog unit reportedly used their dogs to attack two Mozambican immigrants, Charles Ndlovu and Stanley Dluwayo. (references)

Minorities

Czech Republic

There is a Romani journalism course at the College of Publicity, here has been a Department of Romani Language Studies at Charles University in Prague since 1991, and additional university-level Romani language study program exist in Usti nad Labem and Brno. (references)

Political Economy

Liberia

Charles G. Taylor, who is of both indigenous and Americo-Liberian ancestry, has led the Government since 1996, when forces under his command emerged dominant after a 7-year civil war. (references)

Dominica

The Prime Minister is Pierre Charles of the Dominica Labour Party (DLP), which prevailed in generally free and fair elections in January 2000, and has a majority coalition in Parliament. (references)

Political Rights

Liberia

The Constitution provides for the right to vote in free and fair elections, and citizens exercised this right in 1997 in elections that international observers deemed administratively free and transparent; however, the elections were conducted in an atmosphere of intimidation, as most voters believed that military forces loyal to Charles Taylor would have resumed the civil war if Taylor lost the election. (references)

Travel

Chad

Shopping: Shopping is concentrated in the area near the Grand Mosquee and on Avenue Charles de Gaulle. (references)

Albania

To set an appointment, please contact Charles Levesque (355-38-202-9813, levesquecw2@state.gov) or Omer Dashi (355-38-202-9946, dashiox@state.gov). (references)

Lexicography

Devil's Dictionary

STORY, n. A narrative, commonly untrue. The truth of the stories here following has, however, not been successfully impeached. One evening Mr. Rudolph Block, of New York, found himself seated at dinner alongside Mr. Percival Pollard, the distinguished critic. "Mr. Pollard," said he, "my book, The Biography of a Dead Cow, is published anonymously, but you can hardly be ignorant of its authorship. Yet in reviewing it you speak of it as the work of the Idiot of the Century. Do you think that fair criticism?" "I am very sorry, sir," replied the critic, amiably, "but it did not occur to me that you really might not wish the public to know who wrote it." Mr. W.C. Morrow, who used to live in San Jose, California, was addicted to writing ghost stories which made the reader feel as if a stream of lizards, fresh from the ice, were streaking it up his back and hiding in his hair. San Jose was at that time believed to be haunted by the visible spirit of a noted bandit named Vasquez, who had been hanged there. The town was not very well lighted, and it is putting it mildly to say that San Jose was reluctant to be out o' nights. One particularly dark night two gentlemen were abroad in the loneliest spot within the city limits, talking loudly to keep up their courage, when they came upon Mr. J.J. Owen, a well-known journalist. "Why, Owen," said one, "what brings you here on such a night as this? You told me that this is one of Vasquez' favorite haunts! And you are a believer. Aren't you afraid to be out?" "My dear fellow," the journalist replied with a drear autumnal cadence in his speech, like the moan of a leaf-laden wind, "I am afraid to be in. I have one of Will Morrow's stories in my pocket and I don't dare to go where there is light enough to read it." Rear-Admiral Schley and Representative Charles F. Joy were standing near the Peace Monument, in Washington, discussing the question, Is success a failure? Mr. Joy suddenly broke off in the middle of an eloquent sentence, exclaiming: "Hello! I've heard that band before. Santlemann's, I think." "I don't hear any band," said Schley. "Come to think, I don't either," said Joy; "but I see General Miles coming down the avenue, and that pageant always affects me in the same way as a brass band. One has to scrutinize one's impressions pretty closely, or one will mistake their origin." While the Admiral was digesting this hasty meal of philosophy General Miles passed in review, a spectacle of impressive dignity. When the tail of the seeming procession had passed and the two observers had recovered from the transient blindness caused by its effulgence -- "He seems to be enjoying himself," said the Admiral. "There is nothing," assented Joy, thoughtfully, "that he enjoys one-half so well." The illustrious statesman, Champ Clark, once lived about a mile from the village of Jebigue, in Missouri. One day he rode into town on a favorite mule, and, hitching the beast on the sunny side of a street, in front of a saloon, he went inside in his character of teetotaler, to apprise the barkeeper that wine is a mocker. It was a dreadfully hot day. Pretty soon a neighbor came in and seeing Clark, said: "Champ, it is not right to leave that mule out there in the sun. He'll roast, sure! -- he was smoking as I passed him." "O, he's all right," said Clark, lightly; "he's an inveterate smoker." The neighbor took a lemonade, but shook his head and repeated that it was not right. He was a conspirator. There had been a fire the night before: a stable just around the corner had burned and a number of horses had put on their immortality, among them a young colt, which was roasted to a rich nut-brown. Some of the boys had turned Mr. Clark's mule loose and substituted the mortal part of the colt. Presently another man entered the saloon. "For mercy's sake!" he said, taking it with sugar, "do remove that mule, barkeeper: it smells." "Yes," interposed Clark, "that animal has the best nose in Missouri. But if he doesn't mind, you shouldn't." In the course of human events Mr. Clark went out, and there, apparently, lay the incinerated and shrunken remains of his charger. The boys idd not have any fun out of Mr. Clarke, who looked at the body and, with the non-committal expression to which he owes so much of his political preferment, went away. But walking home late that night he saw his mule standing silent and solemn by the wayside in the misty moonlight. Mentioning the name of Helen Blazes with uncommon emphasis, Mr. Clark took the back track as hard as ever he could hook it, and passed the night in town. General H.H. Wotherspoon, president of the Army War College, has a pet rib-nosed baboon, an animal of uncommon intelligence but imperfectly beautiful. Returning to his apartment one evening, the General was surprised and pained to find Adam (for so the creature is named, the general being a Darwinian) sitting up for him and wearing his master's best uniform coat, epaulettes and all. "You confounded remote ancestor!" thundered the great strategist, "what do you mean by being out of bed after naps? -- and with my coat on!" Adam rose and with a reproachful look got down on all fours in the manner of his kind and, scuffling across the room to a table, returned with a visiting-card: General Barry had called and, judging by an empty champagne bottle and several cigar-stumps, had been hospitably entertained while waiting. The general apologized to his faithful progenitor and retired. The next day he met General Barry, who said: "Spoon, old man, when leaving you last evening I forgot to ask you about those excellent cigars. Where did you get them?" General Wotherspoon did not deign to reply, but walked away. "Pardon me, please," said Barry, moving after him; "I was joking of course. Why, I knew it was not you before I had been in the room fifteen minutes."

Source: compiled by the editor from ICON Group International, Inc.; see credits.

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Spoken Usage: Charles

SpeakerPhrase(s)

David Gest

I think if we could have shown our reality, Liza with Ray Charles. Even Liza with Kelly. Anybody, because she did want to perform, and said she would come back, it would have been so much fun for the viewers to watch.

Liza Minnelli

Well, I, you know, loved singing with Ray Charles. And I'm so glad you're coming to the show. I'm so glad you liked the record.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Speeches: Charles

SpeakerTermPhrase(s)

John F. Kennedy

1961-1963Our aim is not simply to be first on the moon, any more than Charles Lindbergh's real aim was to be the first to Paris.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Usage Frequency: Charles

"Charles" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 99.14% of the time. "Charles" is used about 9,111 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words		Rank in English
Noun (proper)99.14%9,0331,057
Noun (plural)0.84%7737,929
                    Total100.00%9,111N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Name Usage Frequency: Charles

The following table summarizes the usage of "Charles" based on a population census conducted in the United States. Ranks and frequencies are based on all names reported and classified.
NameUsage/GenderUsage per 100
million Persons		Rank in USA
CharlesFirst name Female6,0001,254
CharlesFirst name Male1,523,0008
CharlesLast name22,000537
Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Derived & Related Names: Charles

"Charles" is a name that signifies or is derived from: "a man".
 
The following table summarizes names related to "Charles."
NameGenderLanguageRelated Name
CarolusMaleAncient Germanic (Latinized)Charles
CarlesMaleCatalanCharles
KarelMaleCzechCharles
KarelMaleDutchCharles
CarlMaleEnglishCharles
CharlaFemaleEnglishCharles
CharleneFemaleEnglishCharles
CharlesMaleEnglishN/A
CharleyFemale, MaleEnglishCharles
CharlieMale, FemaleEnglishCharles
CharlotteFemaleEnglishCharles
CharmaineFemaleEnglishCharles
ChasMaleEnglishCharles
ChazMaleEnglishCharles
ChipMaleEnglishCharles
ChuckMaleEnglishCharles
KarleneFemaleEnglishCharles
KarlyFemaleEnglishCharles
KaarleMaleFinnishCharles
KaarloMaleFinnishCharles
CharlesMaleFrenchN/A
CharlineFemaleFrenchCharles
CharlotteFemaleFrenchCharles
CarlMaleGermanCharles
KarlMaleGermanCharles
KarlaFemaleGermanCharles
SéarlasMaleIrishCharles
CarloMaleItalianCharles
CarlosMalePortugueseCharles
KarlMaleScandinavianCharles
KarlaFemaleScandinavianCharles
CarlosMaleSpanishCharles
SiarlMaleWelshCharles
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Usage in Company Names: Charles

CountryNameCountryName
France

Charles de Cazanove SA

Switzerland

Charles Voegele Holding AG

United Kingdom

Charles Baynes PLC

USA

Charles & Colvard Ltd

 (more examples...)  

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Expression: Charles

Expressions using "Charles": Albert Francis Charles Augustus Emmanuel ♦ alexis Charles Henri Maurice de Tocqueville ♦ Alfred Charles Kinsey ♦ Alfred Charles William Harmsworth ♦ algernon Charles Swinburne ♦ Cape Charles ♦ Charles A. Lindbergh ♦ Charles Andre Joseph Marie de Gaulle ♦ Charles Augustin de Coulomb ♦ Charles Augustus Lindbergh ♦ Charles Babbage ♦ Charles Baudelaire ♦ Charles Christopher Parker ♦ Charles City ♦ Charles City County ♦ Charles Cornwallis ♦ Charles County ♦ Charles Darwin ♦ Charles de Gaulle ♦ Charles Dickens ♦ Charles Digby Harrod ♦ Charles Dillon Stengel ♦ Charles Dodgson ♦ Charles Dudley Warner ♦ Charles Eames ♦ Charles Edouard Jeanneret ♦ Charles Edward Berry ♦ Charles Edward Ives ♦ Charles Evans Hughes ♦ Charles Farrar Browne ♦ Charles Follen McKim ♦ Charles Fourier ♦ Charles Francis Hall ♦ Charles Francois Gounod ♦ Charles Franklin Kettering ♦ Charles Franklin Peirce ♦ Charles Frederick Menninger ♦ Charles Frederick Worth ♦ Charles Goodyear ♦ Charles Grey ♦ Charles gun ♦ Charles Hardin Holley ♦ Charles Henry Harrod ♦ Charles Herbert Best ♦ Charles I ♦ Charles II ♦ Charles IX ♦ Charles James Fox ♦ Charles John Huffam Dickens ♦ Charles Joseph Clark ♦ Charles Kay Ogden ♦ Charles Kettering ♦ Charles Lamb ♦ Charles Laughton ♦ Charles Lindbergh ♦ Charles Liston ♦ Charles Louis de Secondat ♦ Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte ♦ Charles Lutwidge Dodgson ♦ Charles Martin Hall ♦ Charles Maurice de Talleyrand ♦ Charles Menninger ♦ Charles Mix County ♦ Charles Munroe Schulz ♦ Charles Peirce ♦ Charles Percy Snow ♦ Charles Pierre Baudelaire ♦ Charles Proteus Steinmetz ♦ Charles Ringling ♦ Charles River ♦ Charles Robert Darwin ♦ Charles Robert Redford ♦ Charles Schulz ♦ Charles Simonyi ♦ Charles Stewart Parnell ♦ Charles Stuart ♦ Charles the Bald ♦ Charles the Great ♦ Charles Thomson Rees Wilson ♦ Charles Town ♦ Charles VII ♦ Charles Wilkes ♦ Edmund Charles Edouard Genet ♦ Francois Marie Charles Fourier ♦ George Charles Hevesy de Hevesy ♦ Gilbert Charles Stuart ♦ Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles ♦ Jacques Charles ♦ John Charles Fremont ♦ king Charles spaniel ♦ Lake Charles ♦ Law of Charles ♦ Louis Charles Alfred de Musset ♦ Mickey Charles Mantle ♦ Pierre Charles L'Enfant ♦ prince Charles ♦ Robert Charles Benchley ♦ Robert Charles Venturi ♦ Saint Charles ♦ Sir Alfred Charles Bernard Lovell ♦ Sir Charles Leonard Woolley. Additional references.

Hyphenated Usage

Beginning with "Charles": Charles-adolphe, Charles-albert, charles-dominique, Charles-emmanuel, charles-henri, Charles-jones, Charles-le-chauve, Charles-roux, Charles-victor.

Ending with "Charles": Jean-charles.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Charles

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day		ExpressionFrequency
per Day

lake charles american press

7,229

david charles

289

charles schwab

5,565

charles shaw

273

charles manson

2,143

charles taylor

266

cavalier king charles spaniel

1,223

angel charles

263

saint charles missouri

1,143

charles babbage

261

charles darwin

1,084

charles de gaulle airport

260

lake charles la

898

king charles spaniel

250

port charles

876

charles de gaulle

239

charles stanley

814

charles barkley

220

charles dickens

798

cavalier king charles spaniels

217

charles de france gaulle paris

769

lake charles louisiana

202

ray charles

684

charles town wv

202

charles bronson

602

charles bukowski

200

saint charles illinois

565

st charles mo

198

charles shaw wine

502

abolitionist charles

197

charles

399

charles david shoes

182

cavalier king charles

360

st charles

177

prince charles

354

port charles spoiler

170

charles lindbergh

305

charles college community st

168

lake charles

291

charles aznavour

161
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translation: Charles

Language Translations for "Charles"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Chinese 

  

查尔斯. (various references)

   

Danish

  

Charles'lov (Charles law), Charles-kanon (Charles gun). (various references)

   

Dutch

  

Charles-kanon (Charles gun), wet van Charles (Charles law). (various references)

   

Finnish

  

Charles-tykki (Charles gun), hänet kastettiin Kaarloksi (he was christened Charles). (various references)

   

French

  

charles. (various references)

   

German

  

Charles. (various references)

   

Greek 

  

ίάρολοσ (Charlie). (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

Károly. (various references)

   

Italian

  

cannone di Charles (Charles gun), legge di Gay-Lussac e Volta (Charles law), legge di Charles (Charles law). (various references)

   

Manx

  

chalse. (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

arleschay.(various references)

   

Portuguese

  

canhão de Charles (Charles gun), lei de Charles (Charles law). (various references)

   

Russian 

  

чарльз. (various references)

   

Spanish

  

charles, Carlos (Carlos). (various references)

   

Swedish

  

Charles-kanon (Charles gun). (various references)

   

Tagalog

  

charles. (various references)

   

Ukrainian

  

чарльз, Карл. (various references)

   

Welsh

  

Siarl. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Misspellings: Charles

Misspellings

"Charles" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: Carlas, Carles, Chagla, Charla, Charle, Charlee, Charlen, Charlet, Charlett, Charolle, charolles, Chatles, Chaulmes, Cheales, Chearell, cherles, Cherlow, Chorlis, Chuzlev, Harles, Khairule. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Anagrams: Charles

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Direct Anagrams: clasher, larches.

Words within the letters "a-c-e-h-l-r-s"

-1 letter: arches, ashler, carles, chares, chaser, chelas, clears, eschar, halers, lacers, laches, lasher, scaler, sclera, search.

-2 letters: aches, acres, alecs, arles, cares, carle, carls, carse, chare, chars, chase, chela, clash, clear, crash, earls, escar, haler, hales, hares, harls, heals, hears, herls, lacer, laces, larch, lares, laser, leach, lears, leash, lehrs, races, rales, reach.

 Words containing the letters "a-c-e-h-l-r-s"
 

+1 letter: charleys, charlies, charnels, choleras, chorales, clashers, hacklers, leachers, shackler, trachles.

 

+2 letters: bachelors, blanchers, bleachers, chandlers, charmless, chelators, chlorates, crushable, housecarl, launchers, shacklers, spherical, trauchles, trochleas.

 

+3 letters: anchorless, archangels, aspherical, backlasher, branchless, branchlets, cartwheels, cathedrals, channelers, charladies, charlottes, cheerleads, chevaliers, chivalries, chloracnes, chloralose, chlordanes, chlorellas, clathrates, housecarls, hysterical, lachrymose, orchestral, orthoclase, parfleches, ramshackle, rechannels, relaunches, schmalzier, searchable, searchless, sepulchral, tracheoles, trochlears.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern 		5. Usage: Commercial
6. Images: Slideshow
7. Images: Photo Album
8. Images: Digital Art 		9. Quotations: Familiar
10. Quotations: Historic
11. Quotations: Fiction
12. Quotations: Non-fiction 		13. Quotations: Spoken
14. Quotations: Speeches
15. Usage Frequency
16. Names: Frequency 		17. Names: Derived from
18. Names: Company Usage
19. Expressions
20. Expressions: Internet 		21. Translations: Modern
22. Derivations
23. Anagrams
24. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.