BREMSSTRAHLUNG

  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.

BREMSSTRAHLUNG

Specialty Definition: BREMSSTRAHLUNG

DomainDefinition

Aerospace

(German, braking radiation).Electromagnetic radiation produced by the rapid change in the velocity of an electron or another fast, charged particle as it approaches an atomic nucleus and is deflected by it. See bremsstrahlung effect. (references)

Nuclear Energy & Physics

An electromagnetic radiation associated with the deceleration of charged particles. Source: European Union. (references)
 Electromagnetic radiation associated with the deceleration of charged particles. The term is also applied to the radiation associated with the acceleration of charged particles. Source: European Union. (references)

Physics

X-rays generated by deceleration or acceleration of charged particles in the electric field of atoms, atomic nuclei or other charged particles. Technically, Bremsstrahlung is produced preferably by the deceleration of electrons in X-ray tubes or accelerator tubes. The energy spectrum is continuous. Source: European Union. (references)
 Radiation that is emitted when a free electron is deflected by an ion, but the free electron is not captured by the ion. Generally, it is a type of radiation emitted when high energy electrons are accelerated. (German for braking radiation). (references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top     

Specialty Definition: Bremsstrahlung

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Bremsstrahlung, German for "braking radiation," is electromagnetic radiation produced by the acceleration of a charged particle, such as an electron, when deflected by another charged particle, such as an atomic nucleus. The term is also used to refer to the process of producing the radiation. Bremsstrahlung has a continuous spectrum.

"Outer bremsstrahlung" is the term applied in cases where the energy loss by radiation greatly exceeds that by ionization as a stopping mechanism in matter. This is seen clearly for electrons with energies above 50 Mev.

"Inner bremsstrahlung" is the term applied to the more infrequent case of radiation emission during beta decay, resulting in the emission of a photon of energy less than or equal to the maximum energy available in the nuclear transition. Inner bremsstrahlung is caused by the abrupt change in the electric field in the region of the nucleus of the atom undergoing decay, in a manner similar to that which causes outer bremsstrahlung. In electron and positron emission the photon's energy comes from the electron/neutron pair, with the spectrum of the bremsstrahlung decreasing continuously with increasing energy of the beta particle. In electron capture the energy comes at the expense of the neutrino, and the spectrum is greatest at about one third of the normal neutrino energy, reaching zero at zero energy and at normal neutrino energy.

Betatropic substances sometimes exhibit a weak radiation with continuous spectrum that is due to both outer and inner bremsstrahlung, or to one of them alone.

Bremsstrahlung is a type of "secondary radiation," in that it is produced as a reaction in shielding material by the primary radiation (beta particles). In some cases, the bremsstrahlung produced by some sources of radiation interacting with some types of radiation shielding can be more harmful than the original beta particles would have been.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Bremsstrahlung."

Top     

Crosswords: BREMSSTRAHLUNG

Specialty definitions using "BREMSSTRAHLUNG": bremsstrahlung effectPease-Braginskii CurrentRadiative Collapsethermodynamic equilibrium, thindownwhole-body radiation meter. (references)

Top     

Commercial Usage: BREMSSTRAHLUNG

DomainTitle

Books

  • Bremsstrahlung from Radionuclides: Practical Guidance for Radiation Protection (reference)

  • De fotofissie van p238sU met 20 MeV bremsstrahlung (reference)

  • Polarization Bremsstrahlung (Physics of Atoms and Molecules) (reference)

    (more book examples)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top     

Usage Frequency: BREMSSTRAHLUNG

"BREMSSTRAHLUNG" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 71.43% of the time. "BREMSSTRAHLUNG" is used about 7 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Noun (proper)71.43%5157,705
Lexical Verb (past participle)14.29%1339,140
Adjective (general or positive)14.29%1339,140
                    Total100.00%7N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

Top     

Frequency of Internet Keywords: BREMSSTRAHLUNG

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

bremsstrahlung

10
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

Top     

Modern Translation: BREMSSTRAHLUNG

Language Translations for "BREMSSTRAHLUNG"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Danish

  

bestraalinger blev udfoert i bremsestraalingsomraadet med maksimumenergier mellem l00 keV og l7 MeV (irradiations were performed in the bremsstrahlung range between maximum energies of 1OO keV and 17 MeV), halveringstykkelsen for den filtrerede bremsestraaling var lig med halveringstykkelsen for monoenergetisk straaling med en kvanteenergi lig med halvdelen af den hoejeste kvanteenergi i spektret (the HVL of the filtered bremsstrahlung was equal to the HVL of monoenergetic radiation having half the energy of the quanta with the highest energy in the spectrum), den til en atomkerne i sikkerhedsskaermen afgivne energi udsendes igen fra denne som elektromagnetisk straaling, saakaldt bremsestraaling (or bremsstrahlung, the energy imparted to an atomic nucleus of the safety panel is reemitted from the latter as electromagnetic radiation), de karakteristiske linier, som afhaenger af anodematerialet, er overlejret bremsestraalingsspektret (the characteristic lines dependent on the radiation material are superimposed on the bremsstrahlung spectrum). (various references)

   

Dutch

  

bestraald werd met remstralen met een maximale energie tussen 1OO keV en 17 MeV (irradiations were performed in the bremsstrahlung range between maximum energies of 1OO keV and 17 MeV), over het remstralingsspectrum heen vallen dan nog de karakteristieke lijnen die bepaald worden door het anodemateriaal (the characteristic lines dependent on the radiation material are superimposed on the bremsstrahlung spectrum), de in de afscherming aan een atoomkern afgegeven energie wordt weer uitgezonden als elektromagnetische straling, die remstraling wordt genoemd (or bremsstrahlung, the energy imparted to an atomic nucleus of the safety panel is reemitted from the latter as electromagnetic radiation), de HVD van de gefilterde remstraling was gelijk aan de HVD van mono-energetische straling met de helft van de energie van de energierijkste quanta in het spectrum (the HVL of the filtered bremsstrahlung was equal to the HVL of monoenergetic radiation having half the energy of the quanta with the highest energy in the spectrum). (various references)

   

French

  

rayonnement émis dans la zone du bremsstrahlung/ rayonnement de freinage avec une énergie maximale variant entre 1OO keV et 17 MeV (irradiations were performed in the bremsstrahlung range between maximum energies of 1OO keV and 17 MeV), les raies caractéristiques qui dépendent du matériel de l'anode se superposent au spectre du rayonnement de freinage (the characteristic lines dependent on the radiation material are superimposed on the bremsstrahlung spectrum), la couche de demi-atténuation du rayonnement de freinage filtré était égale celle d'un rayonnement monoénergétique engendré par la moitié de l'énergie des quantas les plus énergétiques du spectre (the HVL of the filtered bremsstrahlung was equal to the HVL of monoenergetic radiation having half the energy of the quanta with the highest energy in the spectrum). (various references)

   

German

  

bestrahlt wurde im Bremsstrahlenbereich zwischen 1OO keV und 17 MeV maximaler Energie (irradiations were performed in the bremsstrahlung range between maximum energies of 1OO keV and 17 MeV), die HWD - Halbwertdicke - der gefilterten Bremsstrahlung war gleich der HWD einer monoenergetischen Strahlung der halben Energie der energiereichsten Quanten im Spektrum (the HVL of the filtered bremsstrahlung was equal to the HVL of monoenergetic radiation having half the energy of the quanta with the highest energy in the spectrum), dem Bremsspektrum sind die charakteristischen Linien, die abhaengig vom Bremsmaterial sind, ueberlagert (the characteristic lines dependent on the radiation material are superimposed on the bremsstrahlung spectrum). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

Οι χαρακτηριστικές φασματικές γραμμές,που εξαρτώνται από το υλικό ακτινοβόλησης,επικαλύπτουν το φάσμα ακτινοβολίας πέδησης. (the characteristic lines dependent on the radiation material are superimposed on the bremsstrahlung spectrum), Το πάχος υποδιπλασιασμού της φιλτραρισμένης ακτινοβολίας πέδησης,ήταν ίσο με το πάχος υποδιπλασιασμού μονοενεργειακής ακτινοβολίας που (the HVL of the filtered bremsstrahlung was equal to the HVL of monoenergetic radiation having half the energy of the quanta with the highest energy in the spectrum). (various references)

   

Italian

  

lo strato di dimezzamento della radiazione di frenamento filtrata era uguale a quello di una radiazione monoenergetica con un energia pari alla met di quella dei quanti di maggiore energia dello spettro (the HVL of the filtered bremsstrahlung was equal to the HVL of monoenergetic radiation having half the energy of the quanta with the highest energy in the spectrum), l'irradiazione è stata eseguita nella gamma della radiazione di frenamento con energie massime fra 1OO keV e 17 MeV (irradiations were performed in the bremsstrahlung range between maximum energies of 1OO keV and 17 MeV), allo spettro di frenamento sono sovrapposte le righe caratteristiche che dipendono dal materiale di frenamento (the characteristic lines dependent on the radiation material are superimposed on the bremsstrahlung spectrum). (various references)

   

Japanese Kanji 

  

制動"射 . (various references)

   

Japanese Katakana 

  

せいどうほうしゃ. (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

emsstrahlungbray

   

Spanish

  

se irradió en la gama de radiación de frenado con energías máximas comprendidas entre 100 keV y 17 MeV (irradiations were performed in the bremsstrahlung range between maximum energies of 1OO keV and 17 MeV), las líneas características dependen del material radioactivo y se superponen en el espectro de frenado (the characteristic lines dependent on the radiation material are superimposed on the bremsstrahlung spectrum), el HVL de frenado filtrado resultó igual al HVL de la radiación monoenergética y con un valor igual a la mitad de la energía del cuanto de mayor energía del espectro (the HVL of the filtered bremsstrahlung was equal to the HVL of monoenergetic radiation having half the energy of the quanta with the highest energy in the spectrum). (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

Top     

Derivations: BREMSSTRAHLUNG

Derivations

Words beginning with "BREMSSTRAHLUNG": bremsstrahlungs. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

Top     

Anagrams: BREMSSTRAHLUNG

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "a-b-e-g-h-l-m-n-r-r-s-s-t-u"

-3 letters: bushrangers.

-4 letters: bushmaster, bushranger, hamburgers, heartburns, slaughters, stranglers, subalterns, sunbathers.

-5 letters: abstruser, ambushers, argentums, arguments, assurgent, balusters, barghests, barguests, bluegrass, grumblers, gunmetals, gustables, hamburger, hamstrung, heartburn, laughters, menstrual, rhamnuses, sagebrush, slaughter, staumrels, strangers, strangler, strangles, stumblers, subagents, subaltern, sunbather, sunbathes, surnamers, tarbushes, unstabler.

 Words containing the letters "a-b-e-g-h-l-m-n-r-r-s-s-t-u"
 

+1 letter: bremsstrahlungs.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

Top     



INDEX

1. Crosswords
2. Usage: Commercial
3. Usage Frequency
4. Expressions: Internet
5. Translations: Modern
6. Derivations
7. Anagrams
8. Bibliography


  

Copyright © Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Terms of Use.