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Berlin

Specialty Definition: Berlin

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Specialty Definition: Berlin

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

This article is about the city in Germany. For other articles subjects named Berlin, see Berlin (disambiguation).

Berlin is the national capital of Germany and its largest city, with 3,389,450 inhabitants (as of 2002; down from 4.5 million before World War II, and on the decline since German reunification in 1990).

Berlin is located on the river Spree in the northeast of Germany. It is situated in the German state (Bundesland) Brandenburg, but constitutes a state of its own.

Berlin state colors are red/white/red with a black upright Berlin Bear.

Politics of Berlin

Formerly a part of Mark Brandenburg, Berlin has been a separate state since 1920, making it one of the three city states among today's 16 German Bundesländer.

Berlin is governed by a Regierender Bürgermeister ("ruling mayor"), who is mayor of the city and head of the Bundesland at the same time. Presently, this office is held by Klaus Wowereit; for earlier mayors, see the list of Mayors of Berlin.The city and state parliament is called the Abgeordnetenhaus or House of Representatives, while the executive branch is the Senat or Senate, with Senators holding ministerial portfolios.

Berlin is subdivided into 12 boroughs called Bezirke, which have been combined from the earlier 23 boroughs with effect from January 1, 2001. For a map and a list relating the old and new borough names, see Boroughs of Berlin.

Brandenburg Gate (June 2003)

History

Main article: History of Berlin

Berlin was founded around 1200 as two cities, Berlin and Cölln, which only united in 1307. Berlin is therefore quite old; however, not much is left of these ancient communities. Instead, the impression one gets visiting Berlin today is one of great discontinuity, visibly reflecting mainly the many ruptures in Germany's difficult history in the 20th century.

After having been the residence of the Prussian kings, Berlin only became big in the 19th century, especially after becoming the capital of the 1871 German Empire. It remained Germany's capital in the Weimar Republic and under the Nazis; it was therefore a primary target in the air raids of World War II.

After the city's separation in two, East Berlin was the capital of the GDR (East Germany), while the FRG (West Germany), had its capital in Bonn. An island of the western world in the territory of the east, Berlin was the natural focal point of the two blocks of the Cold War. In 1948, the "Berlin Blockade" led to the Berlin Airlift. In 1961, the Berlin Wall was constructed between East Berlin and West Berlin.

After the German reunification in 1990, the Wall was demolished and Berlin was made the capital of all of Germany again.

Sights

Even though Berlin does have a number of impressive buildings from earlier centuries, the city today is mainly stamped by the key role it played in Germany's history in the 20th century. On the one hand, each of the governments which had their respective seat in Berlin – namely the 1871 German Empire, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, the GDR, and now the reunified Germany – initiated ambitious construction programs, each with its own distinctive character. On the other hand, Berlin was devastated in the bombardments during World War II, and many of the old buildings that were left were eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s in both the West and the East in overambitious architecture programs. Although not much is left of the actual Berlin Wall, one can usually still tell from the architecture if one is in the former eastern or western part.

West Berlin

• Kurfürstendamm with the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche (Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church). The church was bombed out in World War II and its ruin has been preserved in the damaged state.
• Tiergarten (Berlin's biggest park), Tegel, and Grunewald Forests.
• Kreuzberg, Insulaner
• Rathaus Schöneberg with Kennedy Platz

Reichstag (Summer 2000)

Mitte (historic and modern center)

• Alexanderplatz
• Berliner Dom
• Brandenburg Gate
• Cathedral of St. Hedwig (St.-Hedwigs-Kathedrale)
• Checkpoint Charlie, remains and a museum about one of the gates in the Berlin Wall
• Fernsehturm, the TV tower
• Gendarmenmarkt
• Nikolaiviertel, with the Nicolaikirche
• Palast der Republik, old East German parliament building
• Potsdamer Platz, an entire quarter constructed from scratch after 1995.
• Reichstag building, the old and new seat of the German parliament, renovated by Sir Norman Foster.
• Rotes Rathaus, the town hall
• Scheunenviertel, formerly the slums of Berlin, but today the place of alternative culture, with countless clubs, bars, and galleries. This includes holds the New Synagogue in the Oranienburger Straße (originally built in the 1860s in Moorish style with a large golden dome, and reconstructed in 1993) and the Hackesche Höfe, a conglomeration of several buildings around several courtyards, nicely reconstructed after 1996.
• Straße des 17. Juni
• Unter den Linden

Museums

• Museum Island with the Altes Museum, Pergamon Museum and Alte Nationalgalerie
• German Museum of Technology
• Neue Nationalgalerie (New National Gallery), one of the last buildings by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Theaters

• Schaubühne
• Volksbühne
• Deutsches Theater
• Berliner Ensemble
• Theater des Westens
• Grips-Theater

Opera Houses

• Deutsche Oper
• Staatsoper Unter den Linden
• Komische Oper

Airports

• Schönefeld International Airport, to be renamed Berlin Brandenburg International Airport in 2007
• Tegel International Airport, to close after BBI starts operations (in 2007)
• Tempelhof International Airport, to close after BBI starts construction (in 2004)

Universities

• Freie Universität Berlin
• Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
• Technische Universität Berlin
• Universität der Künste

Universities of Applied Sciences

• Alice-Salomon-Fachhochschule für Sozialarbeit/-pädagogik
• Evangelische Fachhochschule
• Fachhochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft
• Fachhochschule für Wirtschaft
• Technische Fachhochschule

Culture

After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, many houses partially destroyed in World War II and not yet rebuilt were situated in the city center (formerly the western part of East Berlin). They became a fertile ground for all sorts of underground and counter-culture as well as many nightclubs, including the world-famous Tresor, which is one of the most important Techno clubs on earth. Berlin has a rich art scene, even though it is increasingly coming under financial pressure, because rents have been increasing since the German government moved back to Berlin from Bonn.

External links

• Official Website
• Berlin Artists
• Berlin Photos 1989 to 1999

States of Germany:
Baden-Württemberg | Bavaria | Berlin | Brandenburg | Bremen | Hamburg | Hesse | Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | Lower Saxony | North Rhine-Westphalia | Rhineland-Palatinate | Saarland | Saxony | Saxony-Anhalt | Schleswig-Holstein | Thuringia
nds:Berlin

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin."

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Berlin (band)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin was the pop group famous for performing the song "Take My Breath Away" in the movie Top Gun. This made their song a hit in 1986. Another one of their hits was "The Metro."

Berlin is also the name of several places in Germany and the USA.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin (band)."

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Berlin (city), Wisconsin

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin is a city located in Wisconsin. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 5,305.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.3 km² (6.3 mi²). 15.5 km² (6.0 mi²) of it is land and 0.9 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 5.23% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 5,305 people, 2,170 households, and 1,425 families residing in the city. The population density is 342.5/km² (887.4/mi²). There are 2,391 housing units at an average density of 154.4 persons/km² (400.0 persons/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 95.70% White, 0.15% African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.77% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.47% from other races, and 0.60% from two or more races. 4.56% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,170 households out of which 31.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.8% are married couples living together, 9.4% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 34.3% are non-families. 30.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.39 and the average family size is 2.96. In the city the population is spread out with 25.1% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $36,896, and the median income for a family is $44,922. Males have a median income of $31,512 versus $21,658 for females. The per capita income for the city is $17,667. 7.0% of the population and 3.6% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 5.3% are under the age of 18 and 11.8% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin (city), Wisconsin."

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Berlin (disambiguation)

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin can mean any one of the following things:

• Berlin, the capital of Germany
• Berlin, Connecticut, a place in the United States
• Berlin, Maryland, a town in the United States
• Berlin, New Hampshire, a city in the United States
• Berlin, New Jersey, a borough in the United States
• Berlin, North Dakota, a city in the United States
• Berlin, Ohio, the name of two places in the United States
  • Berlin, Holmes County, Ohio
  • Berlin, Williams County, Ohio
• Berlin, Pennsylvania, a borough in the United States
• Berlin, Vermont, a place in the United States
• Berlin Township, Michigan, a township in the United States
• Berlin, a 1980s music group.
• Berlin was also the old name for the city of Kitchener, Ontario, Canada.

There is also New Berlin, Wisconsin.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin (disambiguation)."

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Berlin (town), Wisconsin

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin is a town located in Green Lake County, Wisconsin. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 1,145.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 77.6 km² (30.0 mi²). 76.8 km² (29.6 mi²) of it is land and 0.8 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.07% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 1,145 people, 423 households, and 343 families residing in the town. The population density is 14.9/km² (38.6/mi²). There are 434 housing units at an average density of 5.7 persons/km² (14.6 persons/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.08% White, 0.00% African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.70% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.52% from other races, and 0.44% from two or more races. 1.40% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 423 households out of which 36.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.6% are married couples living together, 5.4% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 18.9% are non-families. 16.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.71 and the average family size is 3.04. In the town the population is spread out with 27.0% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 101.0 males. The median income for a household in the town is $44,659, and the median income for a family is $48,750. Males have a median income of $33,625 versus $21,528 for females. The per capita income for the town is $18,767. 5.9% of the population and 3.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 10.6% are under the age of 18 and 6.5% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin (town), Wisconsin."

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Berlin State Opera

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin State Opera (in German: Staatsoper Berlin) is a prominent German opera company. Its permanent home is the Unter den Linden opera house in Berlin.

Early years

Frederick II commissioned the original building on the site and construction work began in July 1741 with what was designed to be the first part of a "Forum Fredericianum". Although not entirely completed, the theater was inaugurated with a performance of Carl Heinrich Graun's Cleopatra e Cesare on December 7, 1742. This event marked the beginning of the successful, 250 year old cooperation between the Staatsoper and the Staatskapelle, the state orchestra, whose roots trace back to the 15th century.

In 1842, Gottfried Wilhelm Taubert instituted the tradition of regular symphonic concerts. In the same year, Giacomo Meyerbeer succeeded Gaspare Spontini as General Music Director. Felix Mendelssohn also conducted symphonic concerts for a year.

On August 18, 1843 the Linden Opera was destroyed by fire. A new opera building, with Carl Friedrich Langhans as architect, was inaugurated the following fall by a performance of Meyerbeer's Ein Feldlager in Schlesien.

In 1821, the Berlin Opera gave the premiered of Weber's Der Freischütz. In 1849, it premiered Otto Nicolai's Die Lustigen Weiber von Windsor, conducted by the composer himself.

20th century

At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the Berlin opera attracted many illustrious conductors. including Felix von Weingartner, Karl Muck, Richard Strauss, and Leo Blech.

After the collapse of the German Empire in 1918, the Opera was renamed "Staatsoper unter den Linden" and the "Königliche Kapelle" became "Kapelle der Staatsoper".

In the 1920s, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Erich Kleiber, Otto Klemperer, Alexander von Zemlinsky, Bruno Walter occupying the conductor's post. In 1925, Alban Berg's Wozzek, was given its premiere in a production conducted by Erich Kleiber in the composer's presence

After having undergone a extensive renovation, the Linden Opera reopened in April 1928 with a new production of The Magic Flute. In the same year, the famous Russian bass Feodor Chaliapin and Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes with conductor Ernest Ansermet are guest performers. In 1930 Erich Kleiber conducted premiere of Darius Milhaud's Christoph Columbus. However, in 1934, when symphonic pieces from Alban Berg's Lulu were performed by Kleiber, the National Socialists provoked a scandal and he was forced into exile.

After Hitler's National Socialist takeover, members of Jewish origin were dismissed from the ensemble. Many German musicians associated with the opera went into exile, including the conductors Otto Klemperer and Fritz Busch. During the Third Reich, Robert Heger, Johannes Schüler and Herbert von Karajan were the "Staatskapellmeister". In 1944, under Karajan's baton that the first stereo recording was made.

During World War II, the opera house was completely destroyed by bombing twice. The first reconstructions happened quickly, but the second one took a long time. In both cases, the "Deutsche Staatsoper Berlin", as the Opera was named in 1945, opened with Wagnerss Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg,

Postwar years

After the Berlin Wall was built in 1961, the Opera was somewhat isolated, but still maintained a comprehensive repertoire that featured the classic and romantic period together with contemporary ballet and operas.

After reunification, the Linden Opera rejoined the operatic world. Important works that had already performed in the past were rediscovered and discussed anew within the framework of a "Berlin Dramaturgy". Baroque Opera in particular was at the center of attention, with Cleopatra e Cesare, Croesus, L'Opera seria and Griselda. These works were performed by Flemish conductor René Jacobs together with the Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin and the Freiburger Barockorchester on period instruments.

In 1992, the Argentine-Israeli conductor Daniel Barenboim was appointed Music Director. During the 2002 Festtage, he led a Wagner cycle in ten parts, a production created in collaboration with director Harry Kupfer.

External link

• Berlin State Opera website (in English)

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin State Opera."

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Berlin Wall

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer) was a long wall isolating West Berlin from East Berlin and the surrounding territory of East Germany. It existed from 1961 until 1989.

Berlin Wall (November 16, 1989)

After World War II, Berlin was divided into four sectors. The Soviet Union, the USA, the United Kingdom and France each had a portion of the city under their control. The Soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern Berlin -- Friedrichshain, Köpenick, Lichtenberg, Mitte, Pankow, Prenzlauer Berg, Treptow, and Weißensee.

In 1948, the "Berlin Blockade" by the Soviet Union led to the Berlin Airlift by the United States.

From 1949 the three sectors controlled by the United States, Britain and France (West Berlin), although nominally independent, were in effect a part of West Germany that was completely surrounded by East Germany.

Initially the citizens of Berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors, but as the Cold War developed movement became restricted; the border between East and West Germany was closed in 1952 and the attractiveness of the Western sectors of Berlin to the citizens of East Germany increased. Around 2.5 million East Germans crossed into the West between 1949 and 1961.

To stop the migration, construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on August 13, 1961, East Berlin. It first consisted of barbed wire, which was later replaced by the actual wall. The wall physically divided the city; as it completely surrounded West Berlin, it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories.

East Germany claimed that it was an "antifascist wall of protection" intended to avoid aggression from the West. It was clear from the beginning that this justification served as a cover for the fact that the citizens of East Germany had to be prevented from entering West Berlin and thereby West Germany (East Germany did not completely control traffic between West Berlin and the rest of West Germany).

East German border guard, Hans Conrad Schumann, defects on August 15, 1961; Photo by Peter Leibing.

The Wall was over 155 km long. After the initial construction, it was regularly improved. The "fourth generation wall", begun in 1975, was reinforced concrete, 3.6m high and constructed out of 45,000 separate 1.5m sections at a cost of 16,155,000 East German Marks. The border was also guarded by mesh fencing, signal fencing, anti-vehicle trenches, barbed wire, over 300 watch towers, and thirty bunkers.

At first, there was only one crossing point for Westerners, at Friedrichstraße; the Western powers had two further checkpoints, at Helmstedt on the border between East-Germany and the main part of West-Germany and Dreilinden on the south border of West Berlin. The checkpoints were named phonetically Alpha (Helmstedt), Bravo (Dreilinden), and Charlie (Friedrichstraße) (see map of Berlin with crossings).

During the Wall's existence there were around 5,000 successful 'escapes' into West Berlin; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured.

On August 23, 1989, Hungary removed its border restrictions with Austria and in September 1989 more than 13,000 East Germans escaped via Hungary. Mass demonstrations against the government in East Germany began in the fall of 1989. Erich Honecker resigned on October 18, 1989, and he was replaced by a short-lived successor Egon Krenz a few days later.

The travel restrictions for East Germans were somewhat lifted by the new government on November 9, 1989. After a misunderstanding, Günter Schabowski announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned, and tens of thousands of people immediately went to the Wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through. November 9 is thus considered the date when the Wall fell.

On Christmas Day, December 25, 1989 Leonard Bernstein gave a concert in Berlin celebrating the end of the Wall, including Beethoven's 9th symphony with the chorus' word "Joy" changed to "Freedom". Roger Waters performed the Pink Floyd concept The Wall in Potsdamer Platz on 21 July 1990, with guest including The Scorpions, Bryan Adams, and Van Morrison.

The fall of the wall was the first step to the reunification of Germany, which was formally concluded on October 3, 1990.

Some believe November 9 would have made a good German National Holiday, since November 9 is also the date of the declaration of the Republic in 1918 and of the so-called Kristallnacht in 1938, thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in German history. Instead, October 3 was chosen.

The fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city, and the M-Bahn, a maglev system connecting 3 metro stations over 1.6 km, was deconstructed just months after its official opening in July 1991.

Remainder of Berlin Wall (June 2003)

Not much is left of the Wall in Berlin today. The Wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere, except for three locations: one section of 80m near Potsdamer Platz (see the picture on the right), a second longer one along the Spree River near the Oberbaumbrücke, and a third one in the north at Bernauer Straße, which was turned into a memorial in 1999. Even the parts that are left no longer entirely represent the Wall's original appearance: they are badly damaged (since so many people attempted to pick up "original Berlin Wall" pieces), and today's graffiti are mostly visible on the eastern side of the Wall, which obviously wasn't achieveable while the Wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of East Germany. Previously, graffiti were exclusively on the western side.

Related articles

• Berlin

External link

• www.wall-berlin.org
• Bernauer Straße Memorial website
• Berlin Photos 1989-1999
• Information on the East German border system (in German)
• Photographs of time of the Fall as well as updates on the current situation in Germany

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin Wall."

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Berlin, Connecticut

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin is a town located in Hartford County, Connecticut. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 18,215.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 70.0 km² (27.0 mi²). 68.5 km² (26.5 mi²) of it is land and 1.5 km² (0.6 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 2.18% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 18,215 people, 6,792 households, and 5,155 families residing in the town. The population density is 265.9/km² (688.6/mi²). There are 6,955 housing units at an average density of 101.5/km² (262.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.03% White, 0.36% African American, 0.05% Native American, 1.65% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 0.73% from two or more races. 1.47% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 6,792 households out of which 34.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.5% are married couples living together, 7.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% are non-families. 20.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.67 and the average family size is 3.11. In the town the population is spread out with 24.7% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.7 males. The median income for a household in the town is $68,068, and the median income for a family is $76,756. Males have a median income of $49,714 versus $34,832 for females. The per capita income for the town is $27,744. 2.5% of the population and 1.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 0.9% are under the age of 18 and 6.8% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin, Connecticut."

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Berlin, Georgia

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin is a town located in Colquitt County, Georgia. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 595.

Geography

Berlin is located at 31°4'3" North, 83°37'25" West (31.067405, -83.623649)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.9 km² (0.8 mi²). 1.9 km² (0.8 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 595 people, 196 households, and 145 families residing in the town. The population density is 306.3/km² (794.7/mi²). There are 249 housing units at an average density of 128.2/km² (332.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 64.87% White, 11.93% African American, 0.00% Native American, 1.68% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 19.66% from other races, and 1.85% from two or more races. 24.87% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 196 households out of which 40.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.7% are married couples living together, 13.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 26.0% are non-families. 20.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.84 and the average family size is 3.25. In the town the population is spread out with 27.7% under the age of 18, 16.0% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 29 years. For every 100 females there are 104.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 107.7 males. The median income for a household in the town is $33,438, and the median income for a family is $39,167. Males have a median income of $37,500 versus $20,536 for females. The per capita income for the town is $15,461. 12.6% of the population and 9.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 9.3% are under the age of 18 and 29.2% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin, Georgia."

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Berlin, Illinois

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin is a village located in Sangamon County, Illinois. As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 140.

Geography

Berlin is located at 39°45'25" North, 89°54'12" West (39.756808, -89.903407)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.6 km² (1.0 mi²). 2.6 km² (1.0 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 140 people, 62 households, and 46 families residing in the village. The population density is 54.1/km² (140.6/mi²). There are 69 housing units at an average density of 26.6/km² (69.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 99.29% White, 0.71% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 62 households out of which 21.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.9% are married couples living together, 8.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.2% are non-families. 19.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.26 and the average family size is 2.51. In the village the population is spread out with 16.4% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 21.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 44 years. For every 100 females there are 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 98.3 males. The median income for a household in the village is $38,125, and the median income for a family is $41,042. Males have a median income of $29,375 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the village is $15,079. 21.1% of the population and 23.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 24.1% are under the age of 18 and 30.8% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin, Illinois."

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Berlin, Marathon County, Wisconsin

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin is a town located in Marathon County, Wisconsin. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 887.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 89.8 km² (34.7 mi²). 89.8 km² (34.7 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 887 people, 313 households, and 256 families residing in the town. The population density is 9.9/km² (25.6/mi²). There are 330 housing units at an average density of 3.7/km² (9.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 99.55% White, 0.00% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.11% from other races, and 0.34% from two or more races. 0.56% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 313 households out of which 37.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.8% are married couples living together, 4.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 17.9% are non-families. 16.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.83 and the average family size is 3.19. In the town the population is spread out with 27.5% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 102.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 103.5 males. The median income for a household in the town is $53,125, and the median income for a family is $60,000. Males have a median income of $35,385 versus $23,125 for females. The per capita income for the town is $20,958. 2.1% of the population and 1.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 1.6% are under the age of 18 and 11.0% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin, Marathon County, Wisconsin."

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Berlin, Maryland

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin is a town located in Worcester County, Maryland. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 3,491.

Geography

Berlin is located at 38°19'52" North, 75°12'50" West (38.331075, -75.213950)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 5.7 km² (2.2 mi²). 5.7 km² (2.2 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 3,491 people, 1,347 households, and 880 families residing in the town. The population density is 612.7/km² (1,587.2/mi²). There are 1,427 housing units at an average density of 250.4/km² (648.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 63.74% White, 32.03% African American, 0.20% Native American, 1.52% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.97% from other races, and 1.52% from two or more races. 3.38% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,347 households out of which 34.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.2% are married couples living together, 21.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% are non-families. 29.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 18.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.46 and the average family size is 3.01. In the town the population is spread out with 26.1% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 20.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 81.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 74.7 males. The median income for a household in the town is $33,438, and the median income for a family is $36,653. Males have a median income of $29,946 versus $20,293 for females. The per capita income for the town is $19,303. 14.3% of the population and 12.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 22.6% are under the age of 18 and 12.5% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin, Maryland."

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Berlin, Massachusetts

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin is a town located in Worcester County, Massachusetts. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 2,380.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.9 km² (13.1 mi²). 33.5 km² (12.9 mi²) of it is land and 0.4 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.22% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 2,380 people, 872 households, and 666 families residing in the town. The population density is 71.1/km² (184.1/mi²). There are 893 housing units at an average density of 26.7/km² (69.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.61% White, 0.17% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.97% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.38% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. 0.50% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 872 households out of which 34.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.8% are married couples living together, 8.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 23.6% are non-families. 18.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.72 and the average family size is 3.13. In the town the population is spread out with 25.0% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 99.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 97.3 males. The median income for a household in the town is $65,667, and the median income for a family is $76,419. Males have a median income of $50,711 versus $32,330 for females. The per capita income for the town is $28,915. 3.9% of the population and 2.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 6.5% are under the age of 18 and 2.7% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin, Massachusetts."

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Berlin, New Hampshire

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin is a city located in Coos County, New Hampshire. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 10,331.

Geography

Berlin is located at 44°28'43" North, 71°11'29" West (44.478692, -71.191360)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 161.8 km² (62.5 mi²). 159.9 km² (61.7 mi²) of it is land and 1.9 km² (0.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.17% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 10,331 people, 4,555 households, and 2,901 families residing in the city. The population density is 64.6/km² (167.4/mi²). There are 5,111 housing units at an average density of 32.0/km² (82.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 98.25% White, 0.18% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.15% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. 0.66% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 4,555 households out of which 26.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.6% are married couples living together, 10.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 36.3% are non-families. 31.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 17.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.22 and the average family size is 2.74. In the city the population is spread out with 21.3% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 22.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 91.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.6 males. The median income for a household in the city is $29,647, and the median income for a family is $38,750. Males have a median income of $33,190 versus $21,156 for females. The per capita income for the city is $15,780. 12.4% of the population and 9.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 13.4% are under the age of 18 and 12.4% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin, New Hampshire."

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Berlin, New Jersey

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin is a borough located in Camden County, New Jersey. As of the 2000 census, the borough had a total population of 6,149.

Geography

Berlin is located at 39°47'35" North, 74°56'7" West (39.793015, -74.935180)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 9.3 km² (3.6 mi²). 9.3 km² (3.6 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 6,149 people, 2,205 households, and 1,660 families residing in the borough. The population density is 663.2/km² (1,718.6/mi²). There are 2,275 housing units at an average density of 245.4/km² (635.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the borough is 94.06% White, 2.18% African American, 0.21% Native American, 1.69% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.49% from other races, and 1.30% from two or more races. 2.11% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,205 households out of which 33.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.3% are married couples living together, 11.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.7% are non-families. 19.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.76 and the average family size is 3.19. In the borough the population is spread out with 24.6% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 93.0 males. The median income for a household in the borough is $60,286, and the median income for a family is $68,704. Males have a median income of $44,211 versus $31,980 for females. The per capita income for the borough is $24,675. 3.5% of the population and 1.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 2.7% are under the age of 18 and 5.7% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin, New Jersey."

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Berlin, New York

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin is a town located in Rensselaer County, New York. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 1,901.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 155.2 km² (59.9 mi²). 154.5 km² (59.7 mi²) of it is land and 0.7 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.45% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 1,901 people, 729 households, and 500 families residing in the town. The population density is 12.3/km² (31.9/mi²). There are 1,034 housing units at an average density of 6.7/km² (17.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.42% White, 0.00% African American, 0.05% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.32% from other races, and 1.10% from two or more races. 1.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 729 households out of which 33.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% are married couples living together, 9.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% are non-families. 23.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.61 and the average family size is 3.11. In the town the population is spread out with 27.9% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.6 males. The median income for a household in the town is $38,875, and the median income for a family is $44,464. Males have a median income of $32,500 versus $28,088 for females. The per capita income for the town is $17,733. 12.0% of the population and 9.7% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 19.0% are under the age of 18 and 8.4% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin, New York."

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Berlin, North Dakota

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin is a city located in LaMoure County, North Dakota. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 35.

Geography

Berlin is located at 46°22'42" North, 98°29'16" West (46.378410, -98.487859)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.3 km² (0.1 mi²). 0.3 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 35 people, 15 households, and 10 families residing in the city. The population density is 135.1/km² (340.9/mi²). There are 20 housing units at an average density of 77.2/km² (194.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 100.00% White, 0.00% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 15 households out of which 20.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.3% are married couples living together, 0.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% are non-families. 26.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 0.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.33 and the average family size is 2.73. In the city the population is spread out with 22.9% under the age of 18, 2.9% from 18 to 24, 20.0% from 25 to 44, 37.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 46 years. For every 100 females there are 105.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 145.5 males. The median income for a household in the city is $31,250, and the median income for a family is $46,875. Males have a median income of $26,250 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the city is $18,795. 8.1% of the population and 14.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 0.0% are under the age of 18 and 0.0% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin, North Dakota."

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Berlin, Pennsylvania

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin is a borough located in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. As of the 2000 census, the borough had a total population of 2,192.

Geography

Berlin is located at 39°55'17" North, 78°57'15" West (39.921324, -78.954244)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 2.4 km² (0.9 mi²). 2.4 km² (0.9 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 2,192 people, 881 households, and 577 families residing in the borough. The population density is 930.0/km² (2,420.0/mi²). There are 940 housing units at an average density of 398.8/km² (1,037.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the borough is 99.54% White, 0.05% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.05% from other races, and 0.05% from two or more races. 0.18% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 881 households out of which 29.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% are married couples living together, 8.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% are non-families. 30.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.31 and the average family size is 2.90. In the borough the population is spread out with 22.1% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 23.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 83.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 77.3 males. The median income for a household in the borough is $29,219, and the median income for a family is $35,714. Males have a median income of $27,763 versus $20,156 for females. The per capita income for the borough is $15,614. 10.0% of the population and 5.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 6.3% are under the age of 18 and 12.5% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin, Pennsylvania."

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Berlin, Vermont

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Berlin is a town located in Washington County, Vermont. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 2,864.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 95.6 km² (36.9 mi²). 94.5 km² (36.5 mi²) of it is land and 1.2 km² (0.5 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.25% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 2,864 people, 1,109 households, and 774 families residing in the town. The population density is 30.3/km² (78.5/mi²). There are 1,172 housing units at an average density of 12.4/km² (32.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 96.82% White, 0.17% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.03% from other races, and 2.20% from two or more races. 0.66% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,109 households out of which 33.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.9% are married couples living together, 10.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% are non-families. 23.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.46 and the average family size is 2.88. In the town the population is spread out with 23.5% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 91.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.2 males. The median income for a household in the town is $42,014, and the median income for a family is $52,895. Males have a median income of $31,703 versus $26,210 for females. The per capita income for the town is $20,312. 7.1% of the population and 6.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 9.1% are under the age of 18 and 7.5% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Berlin, Vermont."

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Cinema of Germany

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

When the movie industry first flowered in the period from 1900 to 1915, it took hold in Europe as well as America. But World War I shattered the economies of the European continent and stunted the growth of the industry there, allowing Hollywood to gain a dominance in the motion picture industry that it has never relented.

The story of German cinema in particular began in the period following World War I, as Germany slowly recovered from the horrors of war. Movies were a popular escape into fantasy for many people, and the film industry boomed, but German filmmakers could not afford to create high-budget films. The need for low budgets, combined with a desire to move forward and embrace the future that swept most of Europe at the time, led to the rise of German expressionist films: movies that relied heavily on symbolism and artistic imagery rather than stark realism to tell their stories. The film usually credited with sparking the popularity of expressionism is The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919), which is still studied by film scholars today. It painted a picture on the cinema screen with wild, non-realistic sets built with overexagerrated geometry, images painted on the floors and walls to represent objects (and often light and shadow), and a story involving the dark hallucinations of an insane man. The Expressionist movement died down during the mid-1920s, but it continued to influence cinema for years after.

The film studio Universum Film A.G. (better known as UFA) was founded by the German government before the end of World War I to produce pro-war films, though after the war ended it grew to prominence with the success of German cinema in the 1920s. It produced a number of lavish, surreal spectacles, the most famous of which is Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1927 movie). Other noted UFA films include Madame Dubary (1919), Lang's epic production of Die Nibelungen, and F.W. Murnau's The Last Laugh (1925). UFA overextended its budgets in the mid-1920s and had to declare bankruptcy; they signed an agreement with Paramount Pictures that relegated the studio to a lesser role.

The rise of the Nazi party in the 1930s sparked an abrupt change in German cinema. Several prominent German directors emigrated (or fled) to America, bringing their substantial talents to bear in Hollywood and having a substantial influence in American film as a result. The Universal Studios horror films of the 1930s were directed by German emigree filmmakers, including Tod Browning and Karl Freund, while famed director Michael Curtiz came from Germany to become a top Warner Bros. director. Fritz Lang's exodus to America is legendary: it is said that Metropolis so greatly impressed Joseph Goebbels that he asked Lang to become the head of his propaganda film unit. Lang close to flee to America instead, where he had a long and prosperous career.

The flight of many talented German filmmakers, combined with a new era of censorship and control over the German film industry, has made German cinema of the Nazi era infamous for its contributions to the field of propaganda. Leni Riefenstahl, perhaps the most famous and talented of all propaganda filmmakers, enjoyed a prosperous career during this period. She produced a number of motion pictures, though her two most famous are her documentaries Olympia (1936) and especially Triumph of the Will (1935).

The German film industry collapsed, along with that of most of Continental Europe, with the defeat of Germany in 1945. Germany was especially hard hit, and its film industry suffered a severe decline that lasted for over twenty-five years, as Europe was flooded with American films and European filmmaking talents were swiftly discovered and enticed into coming to America. European films slowly recovered and evolved in different ways (Italian neorealism was a product of the post-World War II era), though Germany's film industry foundered. The advent of television further sapped at Germany's film talent, and the period of the 1960s saw it at its lowest level, producing little more than low-budget pornographic films that were barely worth mentioning.

But German film did stage a recovery during the late 1960s into the 1970s, with the emergence of a new generation of directors. Working with low budgets, and influenced by the maverick Hollywood directors of the Vietnam era, such directors as Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Werner Herzog, Volker Schlöndorff and Wim Wenders made names for themselves and produced a number of "small" motion pictures that caught the attention of the art-house crowd. Their success sparked a renaissance in German films which may not have returned the country to the glory days of UFA, but did bring the film indsutry back to Germany and encouraged other German filmmakers to make quality movies.

Important directors in German Film History:

• Classics:
  • Fritz Lang
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau

• World War II:
  • Leni Riefenstahl

• Auteurss (mainly 1960s to 1980s):
  • Rainer Werner Fassbinder
  • Werner Herzog
  • Wim Wenders
  • Volker Schlöndorff

• Contemporary:
  • Roland Emmerich
  • Caroline Link
  • Wolfgang Petersen
  • Tom Tykwer

See also : Film History

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Cinema of Germany."

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Humboldt University

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Humboldt Universität zu Berlin (the Humboldt University) is Berlin's oldest university, founded in 1810 by the liberal Prussian educational reformer and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt, it was re-named Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität in 1828, and renamed again in 1949 in honor of von Humboldt.

The University has been home to many of Germany's greatest thinkers of the past two centuries, among them the subjective idealist philosopher J.G. Fichte, the theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher, the absolute idealist philosopher G.W.F. Hegel, the Romantic legal theorist Savigny, the pessimist philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, the objective idealist philosopher Friedrich Schelling, and famous physicists Albert Einstein and Max Planck. Founders of Marxist theory Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels attended the university, as did German unifier Otto von Bismarck.

The university is home to 29 Nobel Prize winners.

External links

• Homepage Humboldt-Universität
• History of Humboldt-Universität

See also

• Free University of Berlin
• Technical University of Berlin

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Humboldt University."

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Universities of Berlin

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

There are four universities of Berlin.

• Humboldt University (Humboldt Universität zu Berlin)
• Technical University of Berlin (Technische Universität Berlin)
• Free University of Berlin (Freie Universität Berlin)
• Berlin University of the Arts (Universität der Künste Berlin)

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Universities of Berlin."

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Abbreviations & Acronyms: Berlin

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Synonyms within Context: Berlin

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Modern Usage: Berlin

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Commercial Usage: Berlin

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Image Slideshow: Berlin

Photos: Berlin More pictures...

Illustrations: Berlin More pictures...

Computer Images: Berlin More pictures...

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Photo Album: Berlin

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Shows photo of Dr. Hans J. Fuchs sitting behind a blood digestion apparatus that detects cancer. Veterinary University of Berlin, Germany in 1931. Credit: Unknown photographer/artist.		In: "The Meteor Expedition," by F. Spiess, German Atlantic Expedition 1925-1927. Alfred Merz, Director of the Meereskunde in Berlin and planner and organizer of the METEOR Expedition. Unfortunately he died in Buenos Aires in 1925 at the beginning of the expedition. Library Call Number C/La S755. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.
	Possibly the earliest 3-D image of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This model was made from observations on board the German research vessel METEOR between 1925 and 1927. The model resided in the German Museum of the Sea in Berlin prior to the Second World War. In: Bessmertny, Alexander, 1932. "Das Atlantis Ratsel," plate 7, p. 72. Leipzig, R. Voightlander, Publisher. 572.4 B559a. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.		Retired Air Force Col. Gail Halvorsen, known as the Candy Bomber during the Berlin Airlift after World War II, writes a message Dec. 12 to the people of the Micronesian Islands who were receiving cartons of humanitarian supplies during this year's Christm.
	Caption: Office of Phonograph Distributor, Mr. Grusser, Center; Berlin, Germany; Unknown Date; {29.200/28} (jpg).		Caption: Phonograph Works, Berlin, Germany; Berlin, Germany; Unknown Date; {29.410/80} (jpg).
	[Army Nurses relax on the sunroof of the 113th Evacuation Hospital, Berlin, Germany]. Credit: National Library of Medicine.		Dr. J.G. Bernstein : Professor der Medicin an der Königl. Universität in Berlin. / Nach der Natur gez. v. L. Buchhorn und gest. v. J. F. Krethlow. Credit: National Library of Medicine.
	Artwork by Adolf Bock, 1941, published in a book on the German Navy published by Erich Klinghammer, Berlin, during World War II. It depicts the light cruisers Köln and Königsberg landing troops at Bergen, Norway, on 9 April 1940. Credit: NAVY.		British Prime Minister Winston Churchill's automobile parked in front of the "Little White House", where President Harry S. Truman lived during the conference. This house was located at Number 2, Kaiserstrasse, in Babelsberg, between Berlin and Potsdam. Photographed circa 16 July, when Churchill and Truman first met during the conference, and 25 July, when Churchill left Potsdam. Credit: NAVY.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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Digital Photo Gallery: Berlin
 

"Subway station in berlin" by Hanna Huber Commentary: "This subway station is only partly-finished, so it's very lonely in there."	"Berlin subway" by Robert Mijdendorp Commentary: "Yellow flash!."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Familiar Quotations: Berlin

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Historic Usage: Berlin

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Use in Literature: Berlin

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Non-Fiction Usage: Berlin

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Speeches: Berlin

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Usage Frequency: Berlin

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Name Usage Frequency: Berlin

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Usage in Company Names: Berlin

Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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Cities: Berlin

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