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Albert

Specialty Definition: Albert

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Specialty Definition: Albert

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Albert is the name of several historical people:

• Albert The Warlike (1522-1557) Prince of Bayreuth
• Albert I of Brandenburg (c. 1100-1170) Margrave of Brandenburg
• Albert Achilles (1414-1486) Elector of Brandenburg
• Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1819-1861) Prince-consort of Queen Victoria of England
• Albert I of Hapsburg (c. 1250-1308) German king
• Albert II of Hapsburg (1397-1439) German king
• Albert of Mainz (1490-1545) Archbishop of Mainz
• Albert of Prussia (1490-1568) First duke of Prussia
• Albert III of Saxony (1443-1500) Duke of Saxony
• Frederick Augustus Albert (1828-1902) King of Saxony
• Albert The Degenerate (c. 1240-1314)
• Albert Of Aix (c. A.D. 1100)
• Albert Mecklenburg, King of Sweden reigning 1363-1389

Albert is also the name of a commune of the Somme département in France.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Albert."

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Albert Bridge, Brisbane

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Albert Bridge, Brisbane

The Albert Bridge is the ninth crossing of the Brisbane River.

It is exclusively a rail crossing.

A second unnamed railway bridge is situated immediately adjacent to the Albert Bridge. This second crossing was constructed more recently than the Albert Bridge to accommodate additional rail traffic.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Albert Bridge, Brisbane."

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Albert I of Belgium

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

- King Albert I -

Albert I (April 8, 1875 - February 17,1934) was the King of the Belgians

Born Albert Leopold Clément Marie Meinrad in Brussels, he was the younger son of Philip, Count of Flanders, and succeeded his uncle, Leopold II of Belgium, on the throne on December 17, 1909.

He was married on October 2, 1900 to Duchess Elisabeth Gabrielle Valérie Marie in Bavaria, a Wittelsbach princess whom he met at a family funeral. She became Queen Elisabeth of the Belgians. A daughter of Karl-Theodor, Duke in Bavaria, and his wife, the Infanta Maria-Josepha of Portugal, she was born at Possenhofen, Bavaria, Germany on July 25, 1876, and died on November 23, 1965.

Their children:

• Léopold|Leopold Philippe Charles Albert Meinrad Hubertus Marie Miguel, Duke of Brabant, Prince of Belgium, born November 3, 1901, and died at Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe on September 25, 1983.

• Charles|Karel Théodore Henri Antoine Meinrad, Count of Flanders, Prince of Belgium, born Brussels October 10, 1903, and died at Ostend on June 1, 1983.

• Marie-José Charlotte Sophie Amélie Henriette Gabrielle, Princess of Belgium, born Ostend August 4, 1906. She was married at Rome, Italy on January 8, 1930 to Prince Umberto Nicola Tomasso Giovanni Maria, Prince of Piemonte, born on September 15, 1904, and died on March 18, 1983 at Geneva, Switzerland. He became King Humbert II of Italy on May 9, 1946, and died on March 18, 1983. Marie-Jose died January 27, 2001.

At the beginning of World War I, Albert resisted the German advance and held them off long enough for Great Britain and France to prepare for the Battle of the Marne (September 6 - 9, 1914). Leading his army back into its own territory, he re-entered Brussels to a hero's welcome.

King Albert I was killed in a climbing accident at Marche-les-Dames, in the Ardennes region of Belgium near Namur. He is interred in the Royal vault at the Church of Our Lady, Laeken Cemetery, Brussels, Belgium.

Preceded by: Leopold II

List of Belgian monarchs

Succeeded by: Leopold III

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Albert I of Belgium."

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Albert II of Belgium

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Albert II King of the Belgians

Albert II (Albert Félix Humbert Théodore Christian Eugène Marie) (born June 6, 1934), is the reigning King of the Belgians. He is the younger son of King Leopold III (1901 - 1983) and his first wife, Princess Astrid of Sweden (1905 - 1935).

Prince Albert was sent to the exclusive Swiss private school, Institute Le Rosey for his pre-university education. He succeeded his elder brother Baudouin as King of the Belgians, taking the constitutional oath on August 9, 1993. Before his accession he was known as Prince of Liège.

He married, on July 2, 1959, Donna Paola Margherita Maria Antonia Consiglia dei Principi (of the Princes) Ruffo di Calabria (born 1937), daughter of Principe Don Fulco Ruffo di Calabria, Duca di Guardia Lombarda and his wife, Donna Luisa Gazelli.

He and the Queen have three children:

• Philippe Leopold Louis Marie, Duke of Brabant (born April 15, 1960). He married Jonkvrouwe Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz, daughter of Jonkheer (now Count) Patrick d'Udekem d'Acoz and his wife, Countess Anna Maria Komorowska. They have two children, Princess Elisabeth, who will inherit the throne after her father, thanks to a 1991 alteration of the law of succession from eldest surviving child to eldest surviving son, and Prince Gabriel Baudouin Charles Marie.

• Astrid Josephine Charlotte Fabrizia Elisabeth Paola Marie (born June 5, 1962). She is the wife of Archduke Lorenz of Austria-Este, who was created a Prince of Belgium in 1995.

• Laurent Benoït Baudouin Marie (born October 19, 1963). He is married to Claire Coombs, an Anglo-Belgian real-estate agent.

King Albert also has an acknowledged illegitimate daughter, Delphine Boel (born 1968), by his affair with a Belgian aristocrat, Baroness Sybille de Sélys Longchamps (ex-Madame Jacques Boel). Boel, a sculptor living in London, is reportedly expecting a child by her American boyfriend.

Albert II was sworn into office on August 9, 1993 nine days after the death of his brother, King Baudouin.

In 2001, the Belgian Government threatened legal action against the French publishing company Flammarion for publishing a book by the Luxembourg-based investigative journalist Jean Nicolas, entitled Paedophile Dossier - the Scandal of the Dutroux Case, which suggested that during the 1970s and 1980s Albert had attended parties at which child abuse had taken place. The palace condemned what it saw as "grotesque accusations"; the author said that he made no accusations, but had just published legal documents.

Preceded by: Baudouin

List of Belgian monarchs

Succeeded by: (Albert II is the reigning monarch)

External link

• "Belgium defends king against 'assault'" - BBC News article, dated Tuesday, September 18, 2001

  Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Albert II of Belgium."

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Albert II of Habsburg

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Albert II Habsburg (1397 - 1439), German ruler, king of Bohemia and Hungary, and (as Albert V) duke of Austria, was born on August 10, 1397, the son of Albert IV of Habsburg, duke of Austria. From 1438 until his death in 1439 he was emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

Albert succeeded to the duchy of Austria on his father's death in 1404. After receiving a good education, he undertook the government of Austria in 1411, and succeeded, with the aid of his advisers, in ridding the duchy of the evils which had arisen during his minority. He assisted the German emperor Sigismund, who was also king of Hungary and Bohemia, in his campaigns against the Hussites, and in 1422 married Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Sigismund, who designated him as his successor. (Note that she was not the daughter of Sigismund's first wife Mary of Hungary, and thus not descended from the old Arpád kings of Hungary.)

When Sigismund died in 1437, Albert was crowned king of Hungary on January 1, 1438, and although crowned king of Bohemia six months later, he was unable to obtain possession of the country. He was engaged in warfare with the Bohemians and their Polish allies, when on March 18, 1438 he was chosen German emperor at Frankfurt, an honour which he does not appear to have sought.

Afterwards engaged in defending Hungary against the attacks of the Turks, he died on October 27 1439 at Langendorf, and was buried at Stuhlweissenburg. Albert was an energetic and warlike prince, whose short reign gave great promise of usefulness for Germany.

His children were:

• Ladislas V Posthumus of Bohemia, King of Hungary and Bohemia
• Anne of Austria, (1432-1462), who married William III, Duke of Saxony
• Elizabeth (1438-1505), who married Casimir IV of Poland, and whose son Ladislas VI of Bohemia later became king of Bohemia and Hungary.

Preceded by: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor

List of German Kings and Emperors

Succeeded by: Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor

Intial text from 1911 encyclopedia

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Albert II of Habsburg."

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Albert of Mainz

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Albert (June 28, 1490 - September 24, 1545), elector and archbishop of Mainz (Germany), and archbishop of Magdeburg, was the younger son of John Cicero, elector of Brandenburg.

Having studied at the university of Frankfurt an der Oder, he entered the ecclesiastical profession, and in 1513 became archbishop of Magdeburg and administrator of the diocese of Halberstadt.

In 1514 he obtained the electorate of Mainz, and in 1518 was made a cardinal. Meanwhile to pay for the pallium of the see of Mainz and to discharge the other expenses of his elevation, Albert had borrowed a large sum of money from the Fuggers, and had obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of indulgences in his diocese to obtain funds to repay this loan. For this work he procured the services of John Tetzel, and so indirectly exercised a potent influence on the course of the Reformation.

When the imperial election of 1519 drew near, the elector's vote was eagerly solicited by the partisans of Charles (afterwards the emperor Charles V) and by those of Francis I, king of France, and he appears to have received a large amount of money for the vote which he cast eventually for Charles.

Albert's large and liberal ideas, his friendship with Ulrich von Hutten, and his political ambitions, appear to have raised hopes that he would be won over to Protestantism; but after the Peasants' War of 1525 he ranged himself definitely among the supporters of Catholicism, and was among the princes who met to concert measures for its defence at Dessau in July 1525.

His hostility towards the reformers, however, was not so extreme as that of his brother Joachim I, elector of Brandenburg; and he appears to have exerted himself in the interests of peace, although he was a member of the league of Nuremberg, which was formed in 1538 as a counterpoise to the league of Schmalkalden.

The new doctrines nevertheless made considerable progress in his dominions, and he was compelled to grant religious liberty to the inhabitants of Magdeburg in return for 500,000 florins. During his latter years indeed he showed more intolerance towards the Protestants, and favoured the teaching of the Jesuits in his dominions.

Albert adorned the Stiftiskirche at Halle and the cathedral at Mainz in sumptuous fashion, and took as his motto the words Domine, dilexi decorem domus tuae. A generous patron of art and learning, he counted Erasmus among his friends.

He died at Aschaffenburg on September 24, 1545.

Intial text from 1911 encyclopedia - please update as needed

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Albert of Mainz."

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Albert of Prussia

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Albert (May 16, 1490 - March 20, 1568), (Albertus in Latin, Albrecht in German) Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and first duke of Ducal Prussia, was the third son of Frederick of Hohenzollern, prince of Ansbach and Bayreuth, and Sophia, daughter of Casimir IV Jagiello grand duke of Lithuania and king of Poland and his wife Elisabeth Habsburg.

Born at Ansbach on May 16, 1490, he was intended for the church, and passed some time at the court of Hermann, elector of Cologne, who appointed him to a canonry in his cathedral.

Turning to a more active life, he accompanied the emperor Maximilian I to Italy in 1508, and after his return spent some time in Hungary.

In December, Frederick, grand master of the Teutonic Order, died, and Albert, joining the order, was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his uncle, his mother's brother, Sigismund I the Old Grand Duke of Lithuania and king of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over east Prussia, which had been held by the order under Polish suzerainty since the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 (not acknowledged by pope or emperor).

The new master, however, showed no desire to be conciliatory, and as war appeared inevitable, he made strenuous efforts to secure allies, and carried on tedious negotiations with the emperor Maximilian I.

The ill-feeling, influenced by the ravages of members of the order in Poland, culminated in a struggle which began in December 1519. During the ensuing year Prussia was devastated, and Albert consented early in 1521 to a truce for four years.

The dispute was referred to the emperor Charles V. and other princes, but as no settlement was reached the master continued his efforts to obtain help in view of a renewal of the war. For this purpose he visited the diet of Nuremberg in 1522, where he made the acquaintance of the reformer, Andreas Osiander, by whose influence he was won over to the side of the new faith.

He then journeyed to Wittenberg, where he was advised by Martin Luther to cast aside the senseless rules of his order, to marry, and to convert Prussia into an hereditary duchy for himself. This proposal, which commended itself to Albert, had already been discussed by some of his relatives; but it was necessary to proceed cautiously, and he assured Pope Adrian VI that he was anxious to reform the order and punish the knights who had adopted Lutheran doctrines. Luther for his part did not stop at the suggestion, but in order to facilitate the change made special efforts to spread his teaching among the Prussians, while Albert's brother, Georg, prince of Ansbach, laid the scheme before Sigismund of Poland. After some delay the king assented to it provided that Prussia were held as a Polish fief; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty made at Cracow, Albert was invested with the duchy by Sigismund for himself and his heirs on February 10, 1525. However, pope nor emperor acknowledged this treaty.

The estates of the land then met at Königsberg and took the oath of allegiance to the new duke, who used his full powers to forward the doctrines of Luther. This transition did not, however, take place without protest. Summoned before the imperial court of justice, Albert refused to appear and was placed under the ban; while the order, having deposed the grand master, made a feeble effort to recover Prussia. But as the German princes were either too busy or too indifferent to attack the duke, the agitation against him soon died away.

In imperial politics Albert was fairly active. Joining the league of Torgau in 1526, he acted in unison with the Protestants, and was among the princes who banded themselves together to overthrow Charles V after the issue of the Interim in May 1548. For various reasons, however, poverty and personal inclination among others, he did not take a prominent part in the military operations of this period.

The early years of Albert's rule in Prussia were fairly prosperous. Although he had some trouble with the peasantry, the lands and treasures of the church enabled him to propitiate the nobles and for a time to provide for the expenses of the court.

He did something for the furtherance of learning by establishing schools in every town and by giving privileges to serfs who adopted a scholastic life. In 1544, in spite of some opposition, he founded the Königsberg University, where he appointed his friend Osiander to a professorship in 1549. Albert also paid for the printing of the Astronomical Tables ("Prutenische Tafeln") compiled by Erasmus Reinhold.

This step was the beginning of the troubles which clouded the closing years of Albert's reign. Osiander's divergence from Luther's doctrine of justification by faith involved him in a violent quarrel with Melanchthon, who had adherents in Königsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town. The duke strenuously supported Osiander, and the area of the quarrel soon broadened. There were no longer church lands available with which to conciliate the nobles, the burden of taxation was heavy, and Albert's rule became unpopular.

After Osiander's death in 1552 he favoured a preacher named John Funck, who, with an adventurer named Paul Scalich, exercised great influence over him and obtained considerable wealth at the public expense. The state of turmoil caused by these religious and political disputes was increased by the possibility of Albert's early death and the necessity in that event for a regency owing to the youth of his only son, Albert Frederick. The duke was consequently obliged to consent to a condemnation of the teaching of Osiander, and the climax came in 1566 when the estates appealed to Sigismund II, Albert's cousin, the son of Sigismund I and Elisabeth Habsburg, Grand Duke of Lithuania and king of Poland, who sent a commission to Königsberg. Scalich saved his life by flight, but Funck was executed; the question of the regency was settled; and a form of Lutheranism was adopted, and declared binding on all teachers and preachers.

Virtually deprived of power, the duke lived for two years longer, and died at Tapiau on the March 20, 1568. In 1526 he had married Dorothea, daughter of Frederick, king of Denmark, and after her death in 1547, Anna Maria, daughter of Eric I, duke of Brunswick.

Albert was a voluminous letterwriter, and corresponded with many of the leading personages of the time.

For switching to Protestantism Albrecht had been put under ban by the pope.The Habsburg imperial rulers of the Holy Roman Empire continued claiming the office of grandmaster of the Teutonic Knights as administrators of Prussia.

In 1891 a statue was erected to his memory at Königsberg.

Original text from a 1911 encyclopedia, altered.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Albert of Prussia."

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Albert of Saxony

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Albert, King of Saxony (Germany) (1828 - 1902, reigned 1873 - 1902), was born April 23 1828. Friedrich August Albrecht was the eldest son of Prince John, nephew of King Anthony Clement of Saxony, who succeeded his brother Frederick Augustus II on the throne as King John in 1854.

Prince Albert's education, as usual with German princes, concentrated to a great extent on military matters, but he attended lectures at the university of Bonn. His first experience of warfare came in 1849, when he served as a captain in the campaign of Schleswig-Holstein against the Danes.

When the Austro-Prussian War broke out in 1866, the Crown Prince took up the command of the Saxon forces opposing the Prussian army of Prince Frederick Charles. No attempt was made to defend Saxony; the Saxons fell back into Bohemia and effected a junction with the Austrians. They took a prominent part in the battles by which the Prussians forced the line of the Iser and in the Battle of Gitchin. The Crown Prince, however, succeeded in effecting the retreat in good order, and in the decisive Battle of Königgratz (3 July 1866) he held the extreme left of the Austrian position. The Saxons maintained their post with great tenacity, but were involved in the disastrous defeat of their allies.

During these operations the Crown Prince won the reputation of a thorough soldier; after peace was made and Saxony had entered the North German Confederation, he gained the command of the Saxon army, which had now become the XII army corps of the North German army, and in this position carried out the necessary re-organisation. He proved a firm adherent of the Prussian alliance. On the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 he again commanded the Saxons, who were included in the 2nd army under Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia, his old opponent. At the Battle of Gravelotte they formed the extreme left of the German army, and with the Prussian Guard carried out the attack on St Privat, the final and decisive action in the battle.

In the re-organisation of the army which accompanied the march towards Paris the Crown Prince gained a separate command over the 4th army (army of the Meuse) consisting of the Saxons, the Prussian Guard corps and the IV (Prussian Saxony) corps. He was succeeded in command of the XII corps by his brother Prince George, who had served under him in Bohemia.

Frederick Augustus Albert took a leading part in the operations which preceded the battle of Sedan, the 4th army being the pivot on which the whole army wheeled round in pursuit of MacMahon; and the actions of Buzancy and Beaumont on 29 and 30 August 1870 were fought under his direction; in the Battle of Sedan itself (1 September 1870), with the troops under his orders, he carried out the envelopment of the French on the east and north.

His conduct in these engagements won for him the complete confidence of the army, and during the siege of Paris his troops formed the north-east section of the investing force. After the conclusion of the armistice he was left in command of the German army of occupation, a position which he held till the fall of the Paris Commune. On the conclusion of peace he was made an inspector-general of the army and field-marshal.

On the death of his father King John on 29 October 1873 the Crown Prince succeeded to the throne as King Albert. His reign proved uneventful, and he took little public part in politics, devoting himself to military affairs, in which his advice and experience were of the greatest value, not only to the Saxon corps but to the German army in general. In 1897 he was appointed arbitrator between the claimants for the principality of Lippe.

Albert married in 1853 Carola, daughter of Prince Gustavus of Vasa, and granddaughter of Charles XIII, the last king of Sweden of the house of Holstein-Gottorp.

He died childless on June 19 1902, and was succeeded by his brother, who became King George.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Albert of Saxony."

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Albert of Sweden

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Albert of Mecklenburg or Albrekt av Mecklenburg (appr. 1336-1412), King of Sweden, Duke of Mecklenburg, son of Albert II of Mecklenburg and Eufemia Eriksdotter, who was daughter to Magnus II of Sweden.

His reign in Sweden spanned from 1363 to 1389. The principal agents behind the throne were his father Albert II of Mecklenburg and the advisors of the Privy Council. He was deposed by Swedish forces.

Preceded by: Magnus II

List of Swedish monarchs

Succeeded by: Margareta

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Albert of Sweden."

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Albert The Warlike

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Albert (March 28 1522-1557), prince of Bayreuth, (Germany), surnamed the Warlike, and also Alcibiades, was a son of Casimir, prince of Bayreuth, and a member of the Franconian branchof the Hohenzollern family.

He was born at Ansbach and having lost his father in 1527 he came under the guardianship of his uncle George, prince of Ansbach, a strong adherent of Protestantism. In 1541 he received Bayreuth as his share of the family lands, and as the chief town of his principality was Kulmbach he is sometimes referred to as the margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach.

His restless and turbulent nature marked him out for a military career; and having collected a small band of soldiers, he assisted the emperor Charles V in his war with France in 1543. The Peace of Crepy in September 1544 deprived him of this employment, but he had won a considerable reputation, and when Charles was preparing to attack the Schmalkaldic League, he took pains to win Albert's assistance. Sharing in the attack on the Saxon electorate, Albert was taken prisoner at Rochlitz in March 1547 by John Fredeack, elector of Saxony, but was released as a result of the emperor's victory at the Battle of Muhlberg in the succeeding April.

He then followed the fortunes of his friend Maurice of Saxony, deserted Charles, and joined the league which proposed to overthrow the emperor by an alliance with Henry II of France. He took part in the subsequent campaign, but when the Treaty of Passau was signed in August 1552 he separated himself from his allies and began a crusade of plunder in Franconia. Having extorted a large sum of money from the citizens of Nuremberg, he quarrelled with his supporter, the French king, and offered his services to the emperor. Charles, anxious to secure such a famous fighter, gladly assented to Albert's demands and gave the imperial sanction to his possession of the lands taken from the bishops of Würzburg and Bamberg; and his conspicuous bravery was of great value to the emperor on the retreat from Metz in January 1553.

When Charles left Germany a few weeks later, Albert renewed his depredations in Franconia. These soon became so serious that a league was formed to crush him, and Maurice of Saxony led an army against his former comrade. The rival forces met at Sievershausen on July 9 1553, and after a combat of unusual ferocity Albert was put to flight. Henry II, duke of Brunswick, then took command of the troops of the league, and after Albert had been placed under the imperial ban in December 1553 he was defeated by Duke Henry, and compelled to flee to France. He there entered the service of Henry II of France and had undertaken a campaign to regain his lands when he died at Pforzheim on January 8 1557.

Intial entry from 1911 encyclopedia

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Albert The Warlike."

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Albert, Kansas

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Albert is a city located in Barton County, Kansas. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 181.

Geography

Albert is located at 38°27'11" North, 99°0'45" West (38.453153, -99.012461)¹. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²). 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.

Demographics

As of the census² of 2000, there are 181 people, 76 households, and 54 families residing in the city. The population density is 291.2/km² (762.4/mi²). There are 87 housing units at an average density of 140.0/km² (366.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 98.34% White, 0.00% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.55% from other races, and 1.10% from two or more races. 2.21% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 76 households out of which 27.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.2% are married couples living together, 5.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 28.9% are non-families. 28.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.38 and the average family size is 2.91. In the city the population is spread out with 26.5% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 19.3% from 25 to 44, 30.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 44 years. For every 100 females there are 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $39,375, and the median income for a family is $44,792. Males have a median income of $30,250 versus $22,083 for females. The per capita income for the city is $15,948. 4.1% of the population and 6.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 3.8% are under the age of 18 and 0.0% are 65 or older.

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Albert, Kansas."

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Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Francis Charles Augustus Albert Emmanuel, of the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha branch of the House of Wettin) (26 August 1819 - 14 December 1861) was the husband and consort of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He was the only husband of a British queen regnant to have formally held the title of Prince Consort ₁. Upon Queen Victoria's death in 1901, the name of the British Royal House changed from the House of Hanover to the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.²

Birth and family background

His Highness Francis Charles Augustus Albert Emmanuel, Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Duke of Saxony was born at Schloss Rosenau, near Coburg (now in Bavaria), as the second son of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, later Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and his first wife, Princess Dorothea (Louise) Pauline Charlotte Fredericka Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. His father's sister, Victoire of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, married Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, the fourth son of King George III of the United Kingdom and Queen Charlotte. She was the mother of the future Queen Victoria. Thus, Albert and Victoria were first cousins. They were born in the same year.

Early life and marriage

Albert and his elder brother, Ernest, spent their youth in a close companionship scarred by their parents' turbulent marriage and eventual separation; their adored mother, exiled from court and barred from seeing her children again due to an affair, died young, at age 31, of cancer. The brothers received a good education, attending the university of Bonn. There Albert studied natural science, political economy, and philosophy. His teachers included Fichte and Schlegel. He also studied music and painting and excelled in gymnastics, especially in fencing.

The idea of a marriage between Albert and his cousin Victoria had always been cherished by their uncle, King Leopold I of Belgium, and in May 1836 the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and his two sons paid a visit to Kensington Palace, where Princess Victoria of Kent, as she then was, lived, for the purpose of meeting her.

The visit did not by any means suit Victoria's uncle, King William IV, who disapproved of the match with his heir and favored Prince Alexander of Orange. But Princess Victoria knew of Leopold's plan, and William's objections went for naught.

Princess Victoria, writing to her uncle Leopold, said that Albert was "extremely handsome" and thanked him for the "prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me in the person of dear Albert. He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy." The parties undertook no formal engagement, but privately understood the situation as one which would naturally develop in time.

After Victoria came to the throne on 20 June 1837, her letters show her interest in Albert's being educated for the part he would have to play. In the winter of 1838 - 1839 the prince traveled in Italy, accompanied by the Queen's confidential adviser.

In October 1839 he and Ernest went again to England to visit the Queen, with the object of finally settling the marriage. Mutual inclination and affection at once brought about the desired result. They became definitely engaged on 15 October 1839 and the Queen made a formal declaration of her intention to marry to the Privy Council on November 23. The couple married on 10 February 1840 at the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace. Four days before the wedding, his future wife granted Prince Albert the style of Royal Highness and made him a member of the Privy Council. However, the British prime minister at the time, Lord Melbourne, advised the Queen against granting her husband the title of "King Consort."

Apparently Prince Albert did not wish to become a British peer, unlike Prince George of Denmark, the husband of the future Queen Anne, who was created Duke of Cumberland by King William III in April 1689. He wrote, "It would almost be step downwards, for as a Duke of Saxony, I feel myself much higher than as a Duke of York or Kent."³ Although he was formally titled "HRH Prince Albert," he was popularly known as "HRH the Prince Consort" for the next seventeen years. On 25 June 1857, Queen Victoria formally granted him the title Prince Consort.

The position in which the prince was placed by his marriage, while one of distinguished honor, also offered considerable difficulties; and during his lifetime the tactful way in which he filled it was inadequately appreciated. The public life of the Prince Consort cannot be separated from that of the Queen, so most of what he accomplished was tied to her accomplishments.

Nonetheless, he was thought to have undue influence in politics, and the prejudice against him never fully dissipated till after his death.

The Great Exhibition of 1851

Prince Albert, a man of cultured and liberal ideas, proved well qualified to take the lead in many reforms which the United Kingdom of that day sorely needed. He had an especial interest in applying science and art to the manufacturing industry. The Great Exhibition of 1851 originated in a suggestion he made at a meeting of the Society of Arts and owed the greater part of its success to his intelligent and unwearied efforts.

He had to fight for every stage of the project. In the House of Lords, Lord Brougham denied the right of the crown to hold the exhibition in Hyde Park; in the House of Commons, members prophesied that foreign rogues and revolutionists would overrun England, subvert the morals of the people, filch their trade secrets from them, and destroy their faith and loyalty towards their religion and their sovereign.

Prince Albert served as president of the exhibition commission, and every post brought him abusive letters, accusing him, as a foreigner, of being intent upon the corruption of England. He was not the man to be balked by talk of this kind but quietly persevered, trusting always that bringing the best manufactured products of foreign countries under the eyes of the mechanics and artisans would improve British manufacturing.

The British people at this time generally lacked a sense of the artistic. One day the prince had a conversation with a great manufacturer of crockery and sought to convert him to the idea of issuing something better than the eternal willow-pattern in white with gold, red, or blue, which formed the staple of middle and lower class domestic china. The manufacturer held out that new shapes and designs would not sell; but the Prince Consort induced him to try, and he did so with such a rapid success that it revolutionized the china cupboards of Britain.

The Queen opened the exhibition on 1 May 1851, and it proved a colossal success; and the surplus of 150,000 pounds sterling it raised went to establish and endow the South Kensington Museum (afterwards renamed "Victoria and Albert") and to purchase land in that neighborhood.

Other public activities

Prince Albert involved himself in promoting many similar, smaller public, educational institutions. Chiefly at meetings in connection with these he found occasion to make the speeches collected and published in 1857. One of his memorable speeches was the inaugural address he delivered as president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science when it met at Aberdeen in 1859.

The education of his family and the management of his domestic affairs furnished the prince with another very important sphere of action, in which he employed himself with conscientious devotedness.

The estates of the Duchy of Cornwall, the hereditary property of his son, the Prince of Wales, improved so greatly under his father's management that the rent receipts rose from 11,000 pounds to 50,000 pounds per year. Prince Albert, indeed, had a peculiar talent for the management of landed estates. His model farm at Windsor was in every way worthy of the name; and he designed the layout of the grounds at Balmoral and Osborne.

As the prince became better known, public mistrust began to give way. In 1847, but only after a significantly keen contest with Earl Powis, he was elected chancellor of the University of Cambridge; and he was afterwards appointed master of Trinity House. In June 1857 the formal title of Prince Consort was conferred upon him by letters patent, in order to settle certain difficulties as to precedence that had arisen at foreign courts.

But in the full career of his usefulness he was cut off. During the autumn of 1861 he was busy with the arrangements for the projected international exhibition, and it was just after returning from one of the meetings in connection with it that he was seized with his last illness. Beginning at the end of November with what appeared to be influenza, it proved to be an attack of typhoid fever, and, congestion of the lungs supervening, he died on 14 December.

The Queen's grief was overwhelming, and the sympathy of the whole nation erased the tepid feelings the public had for him during his lifetime. Queen Victoria wore mourning for him for the rest of her long life.

The magnificent mausoleum at Frogmore, in which his remains were finally deposited, was paid for by the queen and the royal family; and many public monuments were erected all over the country, the most notable being the Royal Albert Hall (1867) and the Albert Memorial (1876) in London. His name also lives on in the queen's institution of the Albert medal, (1866), in reward for gallantry in saving life, and in the Order of Victoria and Albert (1862).

Many credit Prince Albert with introducing the principle that the British Royal Family should remain above politics. Before his marriage to Victoria the Royal Family supported the Whigs; early in her reign Victoria managed to thwart the formation of a Tory government by Sir Robert Peel by refusing to accept substitutions which Peel wanted to make among her ladies-in-waiting.

Apocryphal stories

According to repeatedly reported stories, the Prince Albert piercing is named after Prince Albert, who allegedly used this body piercing to enable him to make his clothes fit more neatly. The truth of these stories is undetermined.

Footnotes

^1. See article on John Brown.

^2. Queen Victoria remained a member of the House of Hanover, even though, upon marriage her personal surname, if any, is sometimes said to have changed from Hannover (or Guelph) to Wettin. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was not Prince Albert's surname, but rather the dynastic name of the branch of the Saxon ducal family to which he belonged. Victoria and Albert's eldest son, King Edward VII, was the first and the only British monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

^3. Quoted in Kurt Jagow, ed., The Letters of the Prince Consort, 1831-61 (London, 1938).

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha."

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Photo Album: Albert

Thumbnail	Description & Credit	Thumbnail	Description & Credit
	Albert Siepert Points Out Highlights of Apollo 10 Liftoff to Belgium King and Queen. Credit: NASA.		Astro setup in Mojave Desert Richard Cohen preparing to record in truck Astro party of Lt.(j.g.) Albert Theberge. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.
	Vernon Burns at twilight - determining initial azimuth Astro party of Lt.(j.g.) Albert Theberge. Credit: Coast & Geodetic Survey Historical Image Collection.		Return of large Prince Albert bow net. Plate III, print 5. In: "Results of the Scientific Campaigns of the Prince of Monaco." Vol. 89. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.
	Figure 16. Combination water sampling bottle and sounder designed by John Y. Buchanan after his return from the Challenger expedition in 1877. This instrument worked better than preceding models for water sampling and was used regularly by Prince Albert I of Monaco. The first tests took place on board the PRINCESS ALICE in 1894 off Morocco in 2782 meters water depth. Credit: Sailing for Science - the NOAA Fleet Then and Now.		Migrant workers load watermelons fresh from the fields of the Albert Salzzars Farm near Raymondville, Texas. Credit: USDA.
	Harvested watermelons fresh from the fields of the Albert Salzzars Farm near Raymondville, Texas. Credit: USDA.		Watermelons fresh from the fields of the Albert Salzzars Farm near Raymondville, Texas. Credit: USDA.
	Albert Day and Chester Sabeck. Credit: Alaska Historical Image Library.		"A female demonstrator offers a flower to military police on guard at the Pentagon during an anti-Vietnam demonstration." By S.Sgt. Albert R. Simpson, Arlington, Virginia, October 21, 1967. Credit: National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer.
Source: pictures compiled by the editor from various references; see picture credits.

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"Garden by Albert" by Albert Gouws Commentary: "Its just an unoptimized pic i took of a garden. please dont make money from this photo."	"Roller skating" by Vi Xs Commentary: "Skating rink at Albert Park, Middlesbrough."
Source: photographs selected by the editor, with permission from the photographers.

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Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Source: compiled by the editor from Icon Group International, Inc.

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