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Archetype

Definition: Archetype

Archetype

Noun

1. An original model on which something is patterned.

Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
 

Date "archetype" was first used: 1545. (references)


Synonyms: Archetype

Synonyms: original (n), pilot (n). (additional references)

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Specialty Definition: Archetype

(From Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia)

An archetype is an original model on which something is patterned or based. The term is often used in literature, architecture and the arts to refer to something that goes back to the fundamentals of the art. Shakespeare, for example, is held up as containing many archetypal roles because he was the first that we know of to write them.

Jungian Archetypes

The archetype is also a concept of psychologist Carl Gustav Jung. In this context, archetypes are innate prototypes for ideas, which may subsequently become involved in the interpretation of observed phenonena. A group of memories and interpretations closely associated with an archetype is called a complex, and may be named for its central archetype (e. g. "mother complex"). Jung often seemed to view the archetypes as sort of psychological organs, directly analogous to our physical, bodily organs: both being morphological givens for the species; both arising at least partially through evolutionary processes. There are many famous forms of archetypes numbered by Jung, such as:

"Archetype" is sometimes broadly and misleadingly used as a substitute for such other words as prototype, stereotype, and epitome. This illustrates the Jungian concept of a complex. Since certain groups of word meanings are closely connected to each other in the mind, to the point of being nearly inseparable, some of those meanings may migrate from the most apt words to other related words.

See also: stereotype

Source: adapted by the editor from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under a copyleft GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) from the article "Archetype."

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Synonyms within Context: Archetype

ContextSynonyms within Context (source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus).

Idea

Noun: idea, notion, conception, thought, apprehension, impression, perception, image, gr/eidolon/gr, sentiment, reflection, observation, consideration; abstract idea; archetype, formative notion; guiding conception, organizing conception; image in the mind, regulative principle.

Prototype

Noun: prototype, original, model, pattern, precedent, standard, ideal, reference, scantling, type; archetype, antitype; protoplast, module, exemplar, example, ensample, paradigm; lay-figure.

Source: adapted from Roget's Thesaurus.

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Crosswords: Archetype

English words defined with "archetype": ArchetypallyTrumpet marine. (references)
Specialty definitions using "archetype": JCL, Jeff K., Job Control Language. (references)

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Modern Usage: Archetype

DomainUsage

Screenplays

We spend our whole lives searching for the embodiment of that female archetype. And there she sits! (Northern Exposure; writing credit: Khadijah Hashim)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Commercial Usage: Archetype

DomainTitle

Books

  • Archetype Design: House As a Vehicle for Spirit (reference)

  • Archetype of the Apocalypse: Divine Vengeance, Terrorism, and the End of the World (reference)

  • Green Man: The Archetype of Our Oneness With the Earth (reference)

  • Marriages: Spring 60, A Journal of Archetype and Culture (reference)

  • Women Who Run With the Wolves: Myths & Stories About the Wild Woman Archetype (reference)

    (more book examples)

  

Music

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Usage Frequency: Archetype

"Archetype" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 98.11% of the time. "Archetype" is used about 53 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English. Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language. Some parts-of-speech are not covered due to the samples used by the British National Corpus. (note: percents less than one-hundredth of one percent have been omitted)
Parts of SpeechPercentUsage per
100 Million Words
Rank in English
Noun (singular)98.11%5247,145
Lexical Verb (base form)1.89%1339,140
                    Total100.00%53N/A

Source: compiled by the editor from several corpora; see credits.

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Frequency of Internet Keywords: Archetype

The following statistics estimate the number of searches per day across the major English-language search engines as identified by various trade publications. Hyperlinks lead to commercial use of the expression at Amazon.com.
 
ExpressionFrequency
per Day

archetype

49

jungian archetype

9

archetype solution

5

jung archetype

4

archetype definition

4

archetype in literature

4

hero archetype

3

archetype warrior

3

archetype literature

2

archetype egyptian

2

archetype shadow

2

archetype myth

2

archetype engine

2

trickster archetype

2

archetype review

2
Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

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Modern Translation: Archetype

Language Translations for "archetype"; alternative meanings/domain in parentheses.

Albanian

  

prototip (antitype, prototype). (various references)

   

Arabic 

  

‏نسخة أصلية, ‏النموذج الأصلي, ‏الطراز البدئي. (various references)

   

Bulgarian 

  

прототип (antitype, prototype), идеален образец. (various references)

   

Czech

  

archetyp, pravzor. (various references)

   

Farsi 

  

نمونه اولیه , طرح یاالگوی اصلی . (various references)

   

French

  

archétype (artwork). (various references)

   

German

  

Urform (prototype). (various references)

   

Greek 

  

πρότυπο (exemplar, model, norm, pattern, standard), αρχέτυπο (incunabulum, original). (various references)

   

Hebrew 

  

אב טיפוס (prototype). (various references)

   

Hungarian

  

archetípus, őstípus. (various references)

   

Indonesian

  

pola dasar. (various references)

   

Italian

  

archetipo. (various references)

   

Manx

  

ard-chaslys. (various references)

   

Pig Latin

  

archetypeay

   

Portuguese

  

arquétipo (prototype), protótipo (paragon, prototype, standard, type). (various references)

   

Romanian

  

arhetip (prototype), prototip (prototype, type), original (air hole, authentic, creative, eccentric, first hand, genuine, odd, original, originally, peculiar, queer, real, true, unique), model (cast, design, example, exemplar, exemplary, fair copy, form, lodestar, make, Mark, mock up, model, nonesuch, number, paradigm, paradigmatic, pattern, shape, sitter, standard, stencil, type). (various references)

   

Russian 

  

оригинал (foul copy, master copy, oddball, original, rough copy), прототип (double, protoplast, prototype). (various references)

   

Serbo-Croatian

  

arhetip, prototip (prototype), prauzor. (various references)

   

Spanish

  

arquetipo. (various references)

   

Swedish

  

arketyp, urtyp (prototype), förebild (example, model, original, paragon, pattern, type). (various references)

   

Thai

  

ต้นแบบ (model). (various references)

   

Turkish

  

prototip (prototype), model (copybook, design, exemplar, fashion plate, form, guide, lay figure, manikin, mannequin, model, norm, pattern, poser, sample, shape, sitter, specimen, standard, stencil, type, type specimen, version, vintage), ilk örnek (prototype). (various references)

   

Ukrainian

  

оригінал (nonconformist, original, protoplast, text), модель (cut out, former, pattern, replica, sampler, type), зразок (assay, cast, example, exemplar, exponent, model, nonesuch, norm, number, paragon, pattern, sample, sampler, specimen, swatch), прототип (antetype, double, original, protoplast, prototype). (various references)

   

Vietnamese 

  

nguyên mẫu (protoplast, prototype), nguyên hình. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various translation references.

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Ancestral Language Translations: Archetype

LanguagePeriodTranslations
Greek700 BCE-300 CE

arkhetypon. (various references)

Source: compiled by the editor from various references.

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Derivations & Misspellings: Archetype

Derivations

Words beginning with "archetype": archetypes. (additional references)


Misspellings

"Archetype" is suggested in spellcheckers for the following: achetype, acrhetype, arcetype, archatype, archeotype, archetpye, archetypej, archetypel, archeype, architype, archtype. (additional references)

Source: compiled by the editor, based on several corpora (additional references).

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Rhyming with "Archetype"

# of Phoneme MatchesPronunciationWord(s) rhyming with "archetype" (pronounced Ä"rkutī'p)
4-u t ī' pferrotype, genotype, Monotype, phenotype, prototype, stereotype.
3-t ī' psubtype, tintype.

Source: compiled by the editor (additional references); see credits.

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Anagrams: Archetype

Scrabble® Enable2K-Verified Anagrams

Words within the letters "a-c-e-e-h-p-r-t-y"

-2 letters: chapter, cheaper, cheater, eparchy, hectare, patcher, peacher, preachy, preheat, prythee, recheat, repatch, reteach, teacher, therapy, yachter.

-3 letters: aether, carpet, cerate, cheery, cherty, create, creepy, crepey, cypher, earthy, eatery, ecarte, ectype, eparch, etcher, hearty, heater, hepcat, hereat, patchy, peachy, preach, preact, rachet, recept, reechy, reheat, repeat, retape, retype, tephra, teraph, thecae, threap, threep.

 Words containing the letters "a-c-e-e-h-p-r-t-y"
 

+1 letter: archetypes, hyperacute.

 

+2 letters: hyperactive.

 

+3 letters: cephalometry, chemotherapy, hyperactives, hyperreactor, phylacteries, tracheophyte.

 

+4 letters: archaeopteryx, cryotherapies, hyperacuities, hypermetrical, hyperreactive, hyperreactors, secretaryship, tracheophytes.

 

+5 letters: cyproheptadine, electrotherapy, hyperacidities, hyperaesthetic, hypercatalexes, hypercatalexis, hyperexcitable, hyperkeratotic, hypermetabolic, hyperrealistic, secretaryships.

Source: compiled by the editor from various references; see credits.

SCRABBLE® is a registered trademark. All intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the U.S.A and Canada by Hasbro Inc., and throughout the rest of the world by J.W. Spear & Sons Limited of Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, a subsidiary of Mattel Inc. Mattel and Spear are not affiliated with Hasbro.

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Alternative Orthography: Archetype


Hexadecimal (or equivalents, 770AD-1900s) (references)

41 72 63 68 65 74 79 70 65

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519; backwards) (references)

American Sign Language (origins from 1620-1817 in Italy and, especially, France) (references)

=

Semaphore (1791, in France) (references)

Braille (1829, in France) (references)

Morse Code (1836) (references)

.-    .-.    -.-.    ....    .    -    -.--.    .--.    .

Dancing Men (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1903) (references)

Binary Code (1918-1938, probably earlier) (references)

01000001 01110010 01100011 01101000 01100101 01110100 01111001 01110000 01100101

HTML Code (1990) (references)

&#65 &#114 &#99 &#104 &#101 &#116 &#121 &#112 &#101

ISO 10646 (1991-1993) (references)

0041 0072 0063 0068 0065 0074 0079 0070 0065

British Sign Language (Fingerspelling, BSL; 1992, British Deaf Association Dictionary of British Sign Language) (references)

Encryption (beginner's substitution cypher): (references)

358469747186918271

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Non-English Dictionaries with "Archetype"

LanguageCoverageLanguage Translations

Albanian

fjalor, qartësi, përcaktim, saktësi, transmetim, transferimshqip, ‏الألبانية, ‏الألباني, албанец, албански език, албански, albánský, Albanais, albaner, αλβανικόσ, Αλβανός, αλβανόσ, albán, albanese, Albaneagh, albanês, arnãut, albanez, arnãuţesc, албанский, albanski, albanac, albanés, alban, Arnavut, албанський, албанка, албанець

Arabic

‏معجم, ‏قاموس, ‏الوضوحية في الشيء, ‏حد, ‏تحديد, ‏تعريف, ‏التحديد, ‏الإيضاحية, ‏ترجمة من لغة أجنبية للغة الأم, ‏ترجمة, ‏إفتتانarabishte, ‏العربية, ‏عربي, ‏اللغة العربية, арабски език, арабски, arabský, arabština, arabe, arabisch, αραβικόσ, ערבית, ערבי, arab, arabo, Arabish, arabic, арабский, arapski, árabe, arabisk, าษาหรืออักขระอาหรับ, เกี่ยวกับอาระเบีย, arapça, arap, araplara özgü, арабська мова, арабський, tiếng A-rập, thuộc A-rập

Bulgarian

речник, яснота, сила, очертания, дефиниция, транслация, превеждане, предаване, поддаване, тълкуване, огъване, преводbulgr, ‏البلغارية, ‏بلغاري, български, български език, българин, bulharský, bulgare, 'ούλγαρος, bolgár, bulgaro, Bulgeyragh, Bulgeyrish, болгарский, болгарин, bugarski jezik, bugarski, bugarka, bugarin, búlgaro, bulgar, bulgaristan ile ilgili, болгарський, người Bun-ga-ri tiếng Bun-ga-ri

Czech

slovník, definice, překladçek, ‏تشيكي, ‏اللغة التشيكوسلوفاكية, ‏التشيكي أحد أبناء تشيكوسلوفاكيا, чешки, èesky, èeské, èech, èeština, èeský, èeška, tchèque, Tscheche, tschechisch, Tschechin, Τσέχος, cseh, ceco, Sheckagh, Sheckish, ceh, чешский, češki jezik, čeh, češki, checo, tjeck, Çek, çekoslovakyalı kimse, çekoslovakyalı, çek dili, чех, чеська мова, чеський, чешка, người Séc tiếng Séc

French

dictionnaire, définition, traductionfrëngjishte, frëng, franceze, ‏اللغة الفرنسية, ‏فرنسي, ‏الشعب الفرنسي, френски език, френски, francouzský, francouzština, français, französisch, γαλλικόσ, γαλλική γλώσσα, γαλλίδα, γάλλοσ, צרפתית, צרפתי, francia, francese, Ny Frangee, Mooinjey ny Frank, francês, francezii, franţuzesc, francezã, francez, franţuzeşte, французский, francuski jezik, francuski, francuzi, francés, fransk, franska, fransızca, fransız, Fransiz, fransızca ile ilgili, fransa ile ilgili, французька мова, французький

German

Übersetzung, Wörterbuch, Definitiongjerman, ‏ضرب من الرقص, ‏جرماني, ‏الماني, ‏اللغة الألمانية, ‏المانية, германски, немски език, немски, немец, роден, готически, германец, nìmec, nìmecký, allemand, "ερμανός, 'רמ ית, 'רמ י, német, tedesco, Germaanish, Germaanagh, Garmane, Carmane, alemão, neamţ, немецкий, germanski, alemán, tysk, าษาเยอรมัน, เยอรมัน, alman, німкеня, німецький, німець, $sisters german$ chị em ruột, $cousin german$ anh chị em con chú bác ruột, sister

Greek

λεξικό, ορισμός, μετάφραση‏يوناني, ‏اللغة اليونانية, ‏الإغريقي, гръцки език, гръцки, грък, řek, řecký, řeètina, grec, grieche, ελληνικόσ, 'Ελληνας, יו ית, יו י, görög, greco, Greagish, Greagagh, grego, greacã, греческий, грек, grčki, grk, grčki jezik, griego, grek, yunanistan'a ait, yunanca, yunan, Yunanli, yunanlı, Rumca, rum, грецький, гречанка, грецька мова, quân bạc bịp tôi không thể hiểu được điều đó thật l kỳ phùng địch thủ, kẻ lừa đảo, kẻ cắp b gi gặp nhau, người Hy-lạp tiếng Hy-lạp kẻ bịp bợm

Hebrew

אוצר מילים, "'"ר", "'בל", תור'מ ות, תר'ום, "עתק", "עתקhebraishte, ‏اليهودية, ‏اللغة العبرية, ‏يهودي, ‏عبري, ‏العبرية, иврит, староеврейски език, древен жител на юдея, юдейски, израилтянин, евреин, староеврейски, юдей, hebrejský, hebrejec, hebrejka, hebrejština, hébreu, hebräisch, Hebräer, εβραϊκόσ, εβραϊκά, εβραίοσ, עברי, עברית, zsidó, héber, izraelita, ebreo, ebraico, Ewagh, Ewnish, Ew, hebreu, hebraico, limba ebraicã, izraelit, evreu, evreiesc, ebraic, еврей, древнееврейский язык, древнееврейский, еврейский, hibru, hebreo, jude, hebreiska, hebreisk, ชาวฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), าษาฮิบรู (ปัจจุบันคือประเทศอิสราเอลและปาเลสไตน์), musevi, ibranice, ibrani, іудей, іврит, старо"врейська мова, старо"врейський, "врейський, "врей, người Hê-brơ

Hungarian

szótár, meghatározás, definíció, fordítás‏مجري, ‏المجري, ‏الهنغاري, ‏هنغاري, ‏اللغة الهنغارية, унгарски език, унгарски, унгарец, maïarský, maïarština, maïar, hongrois, Ungar, Ούγγρος, "ו 'רי, magyar, ungherese, Ungaarish, Ungaaragh, unguresc, limba ungarã, limba maghiarã, ungureşte, ungur, maghiar, венгр, венгерский, mađarski jezik, mađarski, mađar, húngaro, ungrare, ชาวฮังการี, macarca, macar, угорська мова, угорський, угорка, угорець, người Hung-ga-ri tiếng Hung-ga-ri

Indonesian

indonezian, ‏الماليزي أحد أبناء ماليزيا, ‏اللغة الأندونيسية, индонезийски език, индонезийски, indonéština, indonéský, indonésan, indonésien, Indonesier, Ινδονήσιος, indonéz, indonesiano, Indoneesagh, indonésio, indonésia, индонезийский, индонезиец, indonezijski, indonežanin, indonesio, endonezya'ya ait, endonezyalı, endonezya dili, endonezya, індонезі"ць, індонезійська мова, індонезійський, індонезійка, người In-ddô-nê-xi-a tiếng In-ddô-nê-xi-a

Italian

dizionario, definizione, traduzione‏الإيطالي, ‏اللغة الإيطالية, ‏إيطالي, ‏شخص إيطالي, италиански език, италиански, италианец, italský, italština, ital, italien, italienisch, Ιταλός, איטלקית, איטלקי, olasz, italiano, Iddaalish, italienesc, italieneşte, italian, italianã, итальянский язык, итальянец, итальянский, italijan, italijanski jezik, italijanski, italiensk, italienska, italienare, ชาวอิตาลี, เกี่ยวกับอิตาลี, าษาอิตาลี, italyanca, italyan, італі"ць, італійська мова, італійський, італійка

Manx

fockleyr, geyrid, meenaghey, keeayllaght, baghtgjuha e popullsisë së ishullit men, manština, manský, manx, mann-szigeti nyelv, Manninish, Manninagh, Gaelgagh, Yn Ghaelg, язык жителей о-ва мэн, с о-ва мэн, s ostrva mana, los habitantes de la isla de man, lengua de la isla de man, de la isla de man, från ön man, man adası, man dili, менський, менський діалект

Portuguese

dicionário, definição, traduçãoportugez, portugalisht, ‏اللغة البرتغالية, ‏البرتغالية, ‏البرتغالي, португалски, португалски език, португалец, portugalský, portugais, portugiesisch, πορτογάλοσ, ορτογάλος, portugál, portoghese, Portiugish, Portiugagh, português, portughez, португальский, portugalski jezik, portugalac, portugalski, portugués, portugis, portekizce, portekiz, Portekízlí, portekizli, португальський, португальська мова, португалець, người B"-đ o-nha tiếng B"-đ o-nha

Romanian

dicţionar, definiţie, determinare, definire, translaţie, traducere, tãlmãcirerumun, румънски език, румънски, румънец, rumunský, rumunština, Roumain, rumäne, ρουμανόσ, Ρουμάνος, román, rumeno, Roomainagh, romeno, român, румынский, румын, rumunski jezik, rumunski, rumano, rumänsk, румунський, румунка, румунська мова, румун

Russian

словарь, определение, трансляция, сдвиг, перевод, перемещение‏روسي, ‏اللغة الروسية, ‏الروسية, руски език, руски, руснак, ruština, ruský, Russe, russisch, Ρώσος, רוסי, orosz, russo, Rooshish, Rooshagh, русский, ruski jezik, ruski, ruso, ryss, ชาวรัสเซีย, Rusça, росіянка, росіянин, російська мова, російський, người Nga tiếng Nga

Serbo-Croatian

leksikon, rečnik, definicija, tumačenjeserbokroatisch, servo-croata, sârbo-croat, srpsko-hrvatski jezik, srpsko-hrvatski, serbokroatiska, serbokroatisk, เกี่ยวกับ าษาเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย, าษาหลักของชาวเซอร์เบียและโครเอเชีย

Spanish

diccionario, definición, traducciónspanjoll, ‏اللغة الأسبانية, ‏الأسبانية, ‏أسباني, испански език, испански, španìlský, španìlština, espagnol, spanisch, ισπανικά, ισπανικόσ, ισπανοί, ספר"ית, ספר"י, spanyol, spagnolo, Spaainish, Spaainagh, espanhol, spaniol, spaniolesc, spanioleşte, испанский, španski, španski jezik, español, spanska språk, spansk, ispanyollar, ispanyol, ispanyolca, іспанський, іспанська мова

Swedish

ordbok, lexikon, översättningsuedez, ‏اللغة السويدية, шведски, шведски език, швед, švédský, švédština, suédois, schwedisch, σουηδικόσ, σουηδικά, svéd, svedese, Soolynish, Soolynagh, шведский, švedski jezik, švedski, sueco, svensk, เกี่ยวกับคน าษาและวั'นธรรมของประเทศสวีเ"น, isveççe, isveç dili, isveç, Ísveçlí, шведська мова, шведський, người Thuỵ điển tiếng Thuỵ điển

Thai

พจนานุกรมThaïlandais, thailändisch, Thailänder, Ταϊλανδός· Ταϊλανδέζος, tailandese, tailandês, tailandés, thailändare, าษาไทย, เกี่ยวกับคนไทย, ที่เกี่ยวกับประเทศไทย, คนไทย, Tayland, Taylandlı, Tayland Dili, Tai Dili, Та"ць, Тайська Мова, Тайський

Turkish

sözlük, ansiklopedik sözlük, açıklama, belirleme, belirtme, kesinleştirme, tanım, tarif, seçiklik, tanımlama, tercümeturk, ‏تركي أحد أبناء تركيا, ‏اللغة التركية, турски език, турски, turecký, tureètina, turque, türkisch, τούρκικοσ, טורקי, török, Yn Turkish, Turkagh, turcesc, turc, турецкий, turski jezik, turski, turco, turkisk, türkçe, türk, турецький, турецька мова, tiếng Thổ nhĩ kỳ

Ukrainian

словник, довідник, чіткість, тлумачення, виразність, визначення, дефініція, ясність, чітка чутність, процес перекладу, переклад, пояснення, переміщенняukrainisht, ukrainas, ‏أوكراني أحد أبناء أوكرانيا, ‏الأوكراني, украинец, украински език, ukrajinec, ukrajinština, ukrajinský, ukrajinka, اهل اوکرانی درکشورشوروی , ukrainien, ukrainisch, ukrainerin, Ukrainer, ουκρανικόσ, Ουκρανός, ουκρανόσ, ukrán, ucraino, Ookraanagh, Ookraanish, ucraniano, ucrainean, украинский язык, украинский, украинец украинский, ukrajinski, ukrajina, ucranio, ukrainare, ukraynalı, ukrayna, ukraynaca, український, українець, người U-kren tiếng U-kren

Vietnamese

có tính chất sách vở, sự định rõ, sự định nghĩa, lời định nghĩa sự định, sự dịch, sự biến th nh sự giải thíchvietnamisht, vietnamez, виетнамски език, виетнамски, vietnamec, vietnamský, vietnamka, vietnamština, vietnamien, vietnamesin, vietnamesisch, vietnamese, 'ιετναμέζος, vietnami, vietnámi, vietnamita, вьетнамский, vijetnamski jezik, vijetnamski, vijetnamac, vietnames, vietnamlı, vietnam dili, vietnam, в'"тнамець, в'"тнамський, người Việt nam tiếng Việt

English

Dictionary, Definition, Translationanglezët, anglez, gjuhë zngleze, anglishte, anglisht, ‏الإنجليزية, ‏الأنكليزي, ‏إنكليزي, ‏ترجمة إنكليزية, ‏اللغة الإنكليزية, английски език, английски, англичаните, anglicky, anglais, englisch, εγγλέζοσ, αγγλικόσ, א 'לית, angol, inglese, Sostynagh, Sostnagh, Baarlagh, inglês, englezesc, английский, engleski, englez, engleski jezik, inglés, engelsk, เกี่ยวกับประเทศอังกฤษ, ชาวอังกฤษ, าษาอังกฤษ, ingiltere, ingiliz, Íngílízce, ingilizce, Íngílíz, ýngilizce, англійський, англійці, англійська мова
 


INDEX

1. Definition
2. Synonyms
3. Crosswords
4. Usage: Modern
5. Usage: Commercial
6. Usage Frequency
7. Expressions: Internet
8. Translations: Modern
9. Translations: Ancient
10. Derivations
11. Rhymes
12. Anagrams
13. Orthography
14. Bibliography


  

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